IOSR-JBM   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: With the emergence of supermarkets, kirana stores have been depleting day by day. Government is in the grave situation to decide whether to allow 50% FDI or not in the retail sector. There are certain retail outlets such as Walmart, Metro which are better in quality, cheaper in rates, and offering a range and variety of products under one roof. These malls have entered in India but they are into cash and carry business only and not in the multi brand retail sector. Many of them have entered through joint ventures. If government allow them to enter in India, it can be said that all the small shops and kirana stores will not be able to stand in the market. They cannot compete with them. Now the question arise how the kirana stores can be saved from these big giants in the market. It is the need of the hour today to save these kirana stores because in a developing country like India where the income of an average man is low, such types of small business can make them able to earn their living. The present research is an attempt to find out the weaknesses of kirana stores as compared to the malls and to find out the solutions for the betterment of the stores. The research is conducted on various kirana stores in Punjab. The study identifies the problems being faced by kirana merchants such as recovery of credit, inventory management, goodwill in terms of quality, low space, and lack of variety etc. But during the research it has been found out that there are certain areas where these kirana stores have an edge over the market such as emotional attachment with the customer, to fulfil the timely need of credit of the customer, easy availability etc. It is concluded that both kirana stores and malls are important to the Indian economy. FDI is important for the growth of the economy but it should come for the rescue of the existing business and not as a threat. Secondly government intervention is seeked to make improvements in the functioning of the kirana stores. If kirana stores starts using their strategic advantages to the optimum level, they can make can make their existence strong in the market.

Key Words: supermarkets, FDI, Strategic advantage

[1]. Berman Barry, Evans R Joel, Retail Management: A Strategic Approach, edition 9th, Prentice Hall.
[2]. Bajaj Chetan, Retail Management, Oxford University Press.
[3]. Annual Report 2006-2007, Ministry of agriculture, Department of Agriculture and cooperation.
[4]. ICRIER Report on Impact of Organised Retailing on the unorganised sector, May 2008.
[5]. Mattoo, A.D, Mishra, and A Narain, 2007, From competition at home to competing abroad: A case study of Indian Horticulture.
[6]. www.ibef.org/attachdisplay.aspx
[7]. www.en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailing-in-india
[8]. www.slideshare.net/.../retail-scenario-india-and-global
[9]. www.indiafdiwatch.org/fileadmin/india
[10]. www.dnaindia.com/money/report-secretaries-panel-clears-51pact-fdi-in-multi-brand-reail-1568468
[10]. Engel J. F, Roger D. Balckwell dan Paul W. Miniard 1990, Consumer Behavior, Sixth Edition, Dryden Press. Chicago

Abstract: This study sought to analyze the effect of the delegation of authority and responsibility in the decision-making and influence of accounting controls on performance as measured by election staff, planning, supervision, representation, investigation, coordination, negotiation, evaluation and overall performance. The method of analysis used in this study is a multiple linear regression test while the sample used in this study are structural and non-structural Officials existing environment PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya in 2013, from the Head of School to the Head of Sub Division. On the results of hypothesis testing using Individual Parameter Significance (t-test), indicating that the decentralization of decision-making than the most dominant influence on the performance of accounting control system.

Keywords: Decentralization of decision-making, accounting and control system performance.

[1]. Faisal, 2000, The Effects of Task Characteristics on the Effectiveness of Shape Control Accounting, Behavior and Performance Improvement Personal.
[2]. Gordon and Miller, 1976., A contingency Framework for the Design of Accounting Information Systems, Accounting Organization and Socity, 56-59.
[3]. Chenhall, RH and Morris, 1986, The Impact and Structure, Environment and Interdependence on the Perceived Usefulness of Management Accounting System, The Accouting Review LXi (1), 16-35.
[4]. Oktaviani, Ayu, 2003, Effect of Decentralized Decision-making Managerial Performance Against Office: Accounting Control System as an intervening variable (Empirical Study: Autonomous Region of South Kalimantan.
[5]. Pramita DSU, 2012, Effect of Environmental Uncertainty and Decentralization Of Managerial Performance with Characteristics of Accounting Information Systems Management as anintervening variable (Empirical Study on Industry Hospital in Central Java).
[6]. Anthony, RN and Govindarajan, Management Control Systems, 9th Edition, Richard D.Irwin Inc., 1998. Mia, L. and Clarke, 1999, Market Competition, Use of infromation Management Accounting System, Business Unit Performance, Management Accouting Research, 137-138.
[7]. Miah, NZ and Mia, L, 1996, Desentralization, Accounting Control System and Performance of Government Organization, A New Zaeland empirical Study, Financial Accountability and Management, august.
[8]. Desmiyawati, 2010, Effect of Decentralization, Environmental Uncertainty and ManagementAccounting Systems on Managerial Performance, Pekbis Journal, Vol.2, No.3, 2010: 346-354.
[9]. Herdiansyah, Singgih, 2012, Effect of Characteristics of Information Systems and Management Accounting Managerial Performance Against decentralization with Environmental uncertainty as Moderating Variable.
[10]. Lucyanda, Y, 2001, Relationship between Budget Participation by Manjerial Performance: The Roleof Locus of Control as Moderating Variables and Motivation as a variable Intervaning.

Abstract: This study aims to, knowing what aspects can be developed to increase the service capacity of village government, knowing the role of village and community in carrying out the functions and enhanced customer service and public administration, the factors that affect the improvement of rural public administration system to improve service capacity of village government, get a picture of the service capacity building and development of public administration system at the level of village government. The target to be achieved is to increase public administration system in the country so as to improve the capacity of government services to the rural community.From the study of theory, analysis and discussion on the findings of the field, it was found that the embodiment of the village administration, particularly on the object of research is still not optimal. Not optimal realization of the village administration, mainly reflected in: Still unclear performance standards that can be measured to determine the quality of the resulting output.

Key Words: Program Development, Development, Public Administration System, Service.

[1]. Denhardt, Robert B., and Denhardt, Janet Vinzant, (2003) The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering, Journal of Public Administration Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, p: 549-559.
[2]. Keban, Yeremias T, (2004), Enam Dimensi Strategis Administrasi Publik Konsep, Teori dan Isu, Gava Media, Yogyakarta.
[3]. Simmons, Robert H. and Dvorin, Eugene P., (1977) Public Administration: Value, Policy and Change, Alfred Publishing Co. Inc.: Washington, D.C.
[4]. Tjokroamidjojo, B. (2002) Good Governance: Paradigma Baru Manajemen Pembangunan. Jurnal Administrasi Negara Vol. II, No. 1.
[5]. Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1993) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spritit is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading MA, Addison-Wesley.
[6]. LAN-BPKP, (2000) Akuntabilitas dan Good Governance, Jakarta: (Modul AKIP).
[7]. Rhodes, R.A.W. (1996) The New Governance: Governing without Government, Political Studies. XLIV, 652-667.
[8]. Stoker, G. (1998) Governance as Theory: Five Propositions, UNESCO.
[9]. LAN-BPKP, (2000) Akuntabilitas dan Good Governance, Jakarta: (Modul AKIP).
[10]. Thoha, Miftah, (2003) Birokrasi dan Politik di Indonesia. Rajawali Press, Jakarta.

Abstract: Waiting lines and service systems are important parts of the business world. In this article we describe several common queuing situations and present mathematical models for analyzing waiting lines following certain assumptions. Those assumptions are that (1) arrivals come from an infinite or very large population, (2) arrivals are Poisson distributed, (3) arrivals are treated on a FIFO basis and do not balk or renege, (4) service times follow the negative exponential distribution or are constant, and (5) the average service rate is faster than the average arrival rate. The model illustrated in this Bank for customers on a level with service is the multiple-channel queuing model with Poisson Arrival and Exponential Service Times (M/M/S). After a series of operating characteristics are computed, total expected costs are studied, total costs is the sum of the cost of providing service plus the cost of waiting time. Finally we find the total minimum expected cost.

Keywords: Service; FIFO; M/M/s; Poisson distribution; Queue; Service cost; Utilization factor; Waiting cost; Waiting time, optimization.

[1]. V.K. Kapoor  Operations Research . Fourth Edition, July, 1999.
[2]. CHASE.R.ET AQUILANO N.  Production and operations management . Irwin, 1973.
[3]. COOPER R.B.  Introduction to queuing theory . 21e, Elsevier, North Holland, 1980.
[4]. www.islamibankbd.com
[5]. LEE A.M.  Applied queuing theory . St Marints press, New York, 1966.
[6]. MORSE PHILIP.  Methods of operations research . London : Chapan and Hall, 1971.
[7]. TAHA H.  Operations research . Fourth Edition, Collier Mac Willam, 1987
[8]. WAGNER H.M.  Principles of operations research . International edition, Printice-Hall, 1975.
[9]. WINSTON WAYANE L.  Operations research : applications and algorithms . 2nd edition, Boston, Pws-Kent publishing company 1991.
[10]. HUI LIAND TAO YANG.  Theory and methodology queues with a variable number of servers . European journal of operational research, vol. 124, pp.615-628, 2000.

Abstract: Conditions of competition between colleges service providers, both private and state, require leaders and college administrators to do everything possible in order to gain competitive advantage compared with other similar institutions. In the perspective of RBV attempt to gain competitive advantage through the utilization of internal resources of the organization consisting of tangible aspects, intangible aspects, as well as the capability aspects. So far, in the research of Competitive Advantage on RBV perspective, in the context of universities has not existed yet that combine the aspects of tangible, intangible, and capability in a research model to study. This study aims to analyze the effect of market orientation, HR Competencies and Territory Management in creating a competitive advantage, as well as its impact on organizational performance. The survey research is conducted at 142 Institutions of Higher Education of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia, represented by the head of each institutions. The research findings indicate that Competitive Advantage is significantly influenced by market orientation and HR (Human Resources) Competence. Meanwhile, HR Competency directly no significant effect on organization performance, but must be mediated by a Competitive Advantage. Meanwhile, the Territory Management can directly affect the performance of organizations, but has no effect on Competitive Advantage.

Keywords - Competitive Advantage, Human Resources Competencies, Market Orientation, Organizational Performance, Territory Management.

[1] Warnars, Spits (2010):"Tata Kelola Data Base Perguruan Tinggi yang optimal dengan Data Warehouse". TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930. Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2010 : 25 – 34

[2] Kotler, P. (2010). Marketing management, 19th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.

[3] Johnson, G., Scholes, K. (2003). "What is strategy", available from http://www.tutor2u.net/business/ strategy /what_is_strategy.htm [accessed at Januari 12, 2012].

[4] Thompson, A.A., Strickland III, A.J. (2003). Strategic management: Concepts and cases, 13rd edn, New York, Mc Graw-Hill Companies.Inc.

[5] Porter, Michael (1980):"Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors." Qfinance Jurnal [6] Teece, D.J. (1984). "Economic analysis & strategic management", California Management Review, 26, (3), Spring, pp. 87-110.

[7] Barney, Jay B(1991):"Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", Journal of Management, 17, 99-120

[8] Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., Camp, S.M., Sexton, D.L.(2001). "Guest editors‟ introduction to the special issue strategic entrepreneurship: Entrepeneurial strategies for wealth creation", Strategic Management Journal, 22. pp. 479- 491.

[9] Aaker, D. A. (1989), "Managing Assets and Skills: The Key to a Sustainable Competitive Advantage", California Management Review, 31(Winter), pp. 91 - 106.

[10] Barney, J.B., (1986a)."Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck and Business Strategy", Management Science, Vol.32, pp.1231-1241.

Abstract: The agriculture sector which employs more than 55% of the country workforce whereas share of agriculture and allied sector to total GDP is 14.1% (2011-12). The farm sector achieved 3.6% growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), falling short of the 4% growth target, although it was much higher than growth of 2.5 and 2.4% during 9th and 10th plan respectively. Thus, the sector needs urgent reforms to boost crop yields and private investment in infrastructure so as to motivate farmers and feed the growing population. At the latest Economic Survey (2012-13) points out that "India is at a juncture where further reforms are urgently required to achieve greater efficiency and productivity in agriculture for sustaining growth. There is a need to have stable and consistent policies where markets play a deserving role and private investment in infrastructure is stepped up. An efficient supply chaim that firmly establishes the linkage between retail demand and the farmer will be important"

Keywords: Green Revolution, efficiency, productivity, sustainable grwoth

[1]. Amrit Patel (June 2012) : ―Empowering Women in Agriculture‖ — Yojna p.19-22.
[2]. Dr. Anita Modi (March 2012) : Challenges to provide food for all — Kurukshetra, Vol. 60, No. 5 p. 26-28.
[3]. Dr. Arvind Singh (2012): Green Revolution in India: Its Environmental & Health Effects — World of Science – www.world of science.in
[4]. Dr. David Malone (Feb 7, 2009) : ―India Challenges in Agriculture‖ The Hindu. Editorial Page.
[5]. Dr. K. K. Tripathi (Dec 2012) : India's Agricultural Growth and stagnation A Review : Kurukshetra Vol. 60 No. 2, p. 3-10.
[6]. Kamal Pandey (Nov 1998) : Agriculture An Era of self Sufficiency – Yojana Vol. 42 No. 11, p. 25-26.
[7]. Dr. R.S. Paroda (July 1998): Towards sustainable Growth of Agriculture Yojana Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 40–41.
[8]. S. Chandrasekhar, S. Manickam and D. Solomon Raj (Feb 2011) : Role of Agriculture in Employment Generation – Southern Economist – Vol. 49 No. 19 p. 21-24.
[9]. Faizan Ahmad (March 22, 2012) : Agriculture revolution takes shape silently, Times of India.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among demographics, personality traits and level of confidence. The impact of this paper is twofold, one is to measure the determinants of overconfidence in employees and other is in students. This paper adopts the primary data approach, collected from employees and students through questionnaires .Two diverse populations have been selected and various statistical technique (Pearson correlation, Pearson regression, Chi-square, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests) are used for analysis purpose using SPSS software on a 100 sample size. Research findings shows that in employees when Openness to experience increase , overconfidence level decrease, however all remaining personality traits(conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability and openness to experience) is correlated with overconfidence. In students there is no correlation between overconfidence and any of the personality traits. The regression analysis findings show that no linear relationship exists between independent and dependent variable in employees for individual personality traits except of emotional stability. Only emotional stability has a significant predictor of overconfidence among all five personality traits. However the overall personality is the significant predictor of overconfidence in employees. For students, neither individual personality traits nor overall personality has linear relationship with overconfidence.

Key Words: Behavioral Finance, Personality Traits, Level of Confidence, Demographics variables

[1]. Geffert. & Christensen. (1998), "Things they carry: Attitudes toward, opinions about, and knowledge of libraries and research among incoming college students".
[2]. Dittrich, Güth & Boris. (2001). "Overconfidence in Investment Decisions An Experimental Approach",Institute of interdisciplinary business research.
[3]. Alvaro, S. and Francesco, S. (2004). A Survey on Overconfidence, Insurance and Self-Assessment Training Programs.
[4]. Ulrike, M. & Geoffrey, T. (2005). "Does Overconfidence Affect Corporate Investment? CEO Overconfidence" ,Measures Revisited European Financial Management, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2005, 649–659
[5]. Hayat Bukhari & Ghufran,(2006). "Understanding Investment Behavior Of Individual Investors: How They Handle Investment Decisions? Do They Act Rationally?"
[6]. Shefrin, & Hersh (2007) "Behavioral Corporate Finance. Decisions that Create Value. McGraw- Hill/Irwin". New York.
[7]. Grinblatt, M., & Keloharju, M. (2009). Sensation Seeking, Overconfidence, and Trading Activity. Journal of Finance 64(2), 549-578.
[8]. Abreu, M. & Mendes, V. (2011). "Information, Overconfidence And Trading: Do The Sources Of Information Matter?", Working paper CMVM, vol.01.
[9]. Trinugroho, I. (2011). "Overconfidence and Excessive Trading Behavior: An Experimental Study", International Journal of Business and Management, Vol 6, No. 7
[10]. Fernandes, & Barros, J. L. (2011). "Availability and overconfidence biases: a study over Brazilian small companies", European Journal of Management Publisher.

Abstract: The study aimed to analyze the relationship of demographic variables with the investment preferences consisting of stock investment and gambling decisions of salaried individuals of finance teachers and bankers of Gujrat and Sialkot .The questionnaires were distributed to analyze the significant differences in risk level and investment preferences by taking a sample of 120 individuals. Findings of this research indicated that females are more risk averse than males whereas young and educated people are attracted more towards new risky investment opportunities and want to invest their money but they are reluctant because of limited resources and lack of investment opportunities and absence of investment trends. In addition the emergence of frequent religious issues, non conducive economic environment and culture are found to be the main factors having negative relationship with gambling while making investment decisions.

Key Words - demographic factors, gambling, Investment preferences, salaried individuals

[1]. M. Weing, C. Keller & M. Siegrist, The less you know, the more you afraid of- A survey on risk perception of investment products.
[2]. R. SreePriya & P. Gurusamy., Investment Pattern of Salaried People – A Study in Coimbatore District, International journal of Scientific Research, Volume: 2, No 1, ISSN No 2277 - 8179
[3]. N. Geetha & Dr. M. Ramesh, A Study on People's Preferences in Investment Behavior, IJEMR – Vol 1 Issue 6 - Online - ISSN 2249 – 2585
[4]. C. Elisa, G. Gloria & U. Rigoni, Risk Taking, Diversification Behavior and Financial Literacy of Individual Investors, Working Paper Series, Working Paper n. 17, ISSN: 2239-2734.
[5]. Y. A. Jasim, Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors in an Emerging Market, Journal of Risk and Diversification, ISSN 1986-4337 Issue 2
[6]. M. Giridhari & Dr. S. D. Sathya , A Study on Investment Preferences among Urban Investors in Orissa, Prerana - Journal of Management Thoughts and Practices, Volume: 3, Issue: 1, ISSN: 0974-908X
[7]. B.B.S. Parihar & K.K.. Sharma, An Empirical Study of the Investment Preferences of Salaried Employees, Technofame- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research, Vol.1 No. 2, 39-48
[8]. M. C. Enrico, F. Pino & P. Pierpaolo, Individual Investor Behavior: Evidence from the Clients of a Small Credit Cooperative Bank, Working Paper version 2011
[9]. C. Inga, A. Michael & T. Barry, Behavioral Bias within the Decision Making Process, Journal of Business & Economics Research, Volume 6, Number 8
[10]. J. S. Robert, Human Behavior and the Efficiency of the Financial System, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Paper No. 1172

Abstract: Mutual funds work on the basis of two maxims - maximization of returns and diversification of risk, the attainment of which requires healthy operational practices and efficient investment management. Now, systematic investment management involves a wide variety of activities among which selectivity plays the pivotal role in the return generation process. This study is an attempt to evaluate the investment management of Indian mutual funds in terms of selectivity skills of fund managers during May 31, 2000 to March 31, 2012. The results pertaining to the selectivity skills of fund managers, as found in the study, has revealed that although majority of the schemes have shown positive alpha they are not statistically significant. Only some of the fund managers (around twenty five percent) possess superior selectivity skills based on both unconditional and conditional Jensen model. Conditioning on public information however improves the coefficient of determination. JEL classification: G11; G23

Keywords: CAPM, Conditional performance evaluation, Investment management, Mutual funds, Selectivity.

[1]. Jensen, M.C. (1968): 'The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964', Journal of Finance, Vol.23 (2), pp.389-415.
[2]. Fama, Eugene F. (1972): 'Components of Investment Performance', Journal of Finance, Vol.27 (3), pp.551-567.
[3]. Grinblatt, M. and S. Titman (1989): 'Portfolio Performance Evaluation: Old Issues and New Insights ', Review of Financial Studies, Vol.2 (3), pp. 393-422.
[4]. Ferson,W.E. and R.W. Schadt (1996): 'Measuring Fund Strategy and Performance in Changing Economic Conditions', The Journal of Finance, Vol. L1(2), pp. 425-461.
[5]. Swaicki, J andF.Ong (2000): 'Evaluating Managed Fund Performance Using Conditional Measures: Australian Evidence', Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol.18, pp.505-528.
[6]. Jayadev, M. (1998): Investment Policy and Performance of Mutual Funds, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.
[7]. Irissapane. Aravazhi D, Murugesan B and Rao, Chandrasekhara K.C.S.(2000): 'Portfolio Selection Skill and Timing Abilities of Fund Managers: An Empirical Evidence on Indian Mutual Funds' Fourth Capital Market Proceedings, UTI Institute of Capital Markets, Mumbai.
[8]. Gupta, O.P. and A. Gupta (2004): 'Performance Evaluation of Selected Indian Mutual Fund Schemes: An Empirical Study', The Icfai Journal of Applied Finance, Vol.10 (12), pp.81-98.
[9]. Anand,S. and V.Murugaiah V. (2006): 'Analysis of Components of Investment Performance: An Empirical Study of Mutual Funds in India.' http:// ssrn.com.
[10] Chander, R. (2005): 'Investment Performance of Manager's Stock Selection Abilities: Empirical Evidence from the Indian Capital Market', Decision, Vol. 32 (1), pp. 65-89.