IOSR-JBM   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: The oil sector has generated huge revenue to the Nigerian Economy, yet the prevalence economic situation rather than showcasing the benefits from this economic driver of Nigeria, depicts a divergence view about the economy. The question is what happens to the manufacturing sector, human capital development and the agricultural sector of the economy? This paper attempted to descriptively analyze the trends of oil revenue and oil export as it relates to other potential economic variables required for the transformation of the Nigerian economy. The paper also make a comparative analysis of how such chosen variables behave before and after democracy to determine the period where oil revenue management impacted positively on the economy as a means of enhancing the standard of living of the ordinary Nigerian, their health status, infrastructural facilities like power etc. However, recommendations has been proffer for policy makers and the stakeholders, which if adequately implementated will enhance efficient and effective management of Nigeria oil revenue with the broad aim of transforming the economy and positioning it for global relevance.

Key Words: Oil Revenue, Export, National development, Nigerian economy.

[1]. Akoma, E. (2010) Vanguard Newspaper, September 27,Abuja: Nigeria Vanguard Corporations Ltd.
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[3]. Auty, Richard (1993) Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies. The Resource Curse Thesis, London Rout ledge.
[4]. Agbah,Edorch (1997) "‟Petroleum in subsidiaries: illusion and realities‟‟, Central Bank of Nigeria Economics and Financial Review,vol.34,Dec.,Lagos.
[5]. Basedau,Mathias(2005) Context matter-Rethinking the Resource Curse in Sub-Saharan Africa, working Papers Global and Area Studies, working paper No.1,edited by the German overseas Institute(DUI),Hamburg.
[6]. Beblawi, Hazem (1987), The Rentier State in the Arab World, in Beblawi, H and Luciani,G(Cord): The Rentier State. New York: Croom Helm.
[7]. Beck, M (2007)Der Rentierstaats- An satz und das problem abweichender Fälle, in : Zeitschrift für international Beziekungen,14,1 pp.43-70
[8]. Collier,Paul/Hoeffler,Anke(2001) Greed and Grievance in Civil war.Washington,DC:World Bank.
[9]. C.B.N (2009) Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, CBN, Abuja.
[10]. De Soysa,Indra(2000) Are Civil wars driven by Rapacity or paucity?in:Berdal,M./Malone.(eds.):Greed and Grievance.Boulder:Lynne Rienner,pp.113-135.

Abstract: In this research, we examined the relationship between determinants of satisfaction (environmental factors, price, utilitarian criteria, factors of atmosphere and peripheral services) and satisfaction, on one hand, and the relation between satisfaction, access and the level of attendance on the other hand. So, we used in this research, simple linear regression and logistics regression. We chose conveniently, the customers of Tunisian supermarkets and hypermarkets to answer our quiz.

Keywords – access, level of supermarkets and hypermarkets's attendance, logistic, regressions, satisfaction

[1]. Lichtlé Marie-Christine, Llosa Sylvie, Plichon Véronique. La contribution des différents éléments d'une grande surface alimentaire à la satisfaction du client, Recherche et Application en Marketing. Vol. 17, n°4/2002. Pg. 23, 12 pgs.
[2]. Léo Pierre –Yves, Philippe Jean. Positionnement concurrentiel des zones commerciales et satisfaction du consommateur. Recherche et Application en Marketing. Vol. 18, n°3/2003. Pg. 45, 19 pgs.
[3]. Huff, David L. (1964), Defining and estimating a trading area, Journal of Marketing, 39, 34-38.
[4]. Rulence David. Gestion des réseaux de points de vente : l'importance de la dimension spatiale. Recherche et application en marketing. Vol. 18, n°3/2003. Pg. 65, 16 pgs.
[5]. Negro Y. (1985), Le positionnement : une arme pour le petit commerce spécialisé, Revue Française de Marketing, n° 103/3.
[6]. Volle P. (2000), Du marketing des points de ventes à celui des sites marchands : spécificités, opportunités et questions de recherche, Revue Française de Marketing, 177/178, 83-100.
[7]. Jones T. O. et Sasser W. E., (1995), Why satisfied customers defect, Harvard Business Review, 73, 6, 88-99.
[8]. Westbrook R. A. (1987), Product/Consumption-based affective responses and post purchase processes, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 3, 258 – 270.
[9]. Tauber T. (1972), Why do people shop? Journal of Marketing, 36, 4, 46-59.
[10]. Roussel, P., Durrieu, F., Campoy, E., El Akremi, A., (2002), Méthodes d'équation struturelles : recherche et application en Gestion, Paris, Economica.

Abstract: The paper explains the mechanism of Reverse Mergers in great detail. It deals with an explanation of Reverse Mergers, their advantages over traditional IPO route, the actual process involved in a reverse merger and SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) of this method. Further, the paper discusses the global scenario with respect to this mechanism, particularly in countries like United States and China where it is highly preferred for public listing. The paper also details this concept with respect to its acceptance in our country, India, where traditional methods like IPOs are losing relevance and newer faster methods for public listing and fund raising are gaining importance with each passing year. For greater understanding, some case studies have been used spanning various companies which have taken this route for public listing and have reaped great benefits from it. The paper also highlights the ill effects attached with Reverse Mergers if not done properly and without enough checks and audits.

[1] Full Speed Reverse! The Reverse Merger: Backing into Wall Street's Worst Idea By JAMES MOLLOY (Associate) and MICHAEL FUNG (CFA) Mirus' Technology Group.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_corporation: details about a shell company [3] http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/rights-issues/costly-ipos-may-lose-out-to-hassle-free-reverse-mergers/articleshow/17946104.cms : article revealing the benefits of reverse mergers
[4] UNDERSTANDING REVERSE MERGERS: A FIRST APPROACH , By: Augusto Arellano-Ostoa and Sandro Brusco
[5] http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Reverse_merger_concept_may_find_takers_in_India_-nid-38218-cid-3.html
[6] COMMENTS ON SEASONING OF REVERSE MERGER COMPANIES BEFORE UPLISTING TO NATIONAL SECURITIES EXCHANGES --David N. Feldman [7] http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/reverse-mergers-exit-option-in-new-cos-bill-111122100059_1.html
[8] http://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/09/introduction-reverse-mergers.asp#ixzz2J6aUMeMI
[9] http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/reverse-mergers-exit-option-in-new-cos-bill/459179/--------------------IMP : Future Prospects of reverse mergers
[10] http://hkcompanylawblog.com/2012/11/14/uncover-the-reverse-merger-game/

Abstract: Fire Department Employee Performance Jakarta Indonesia was marked by people had not been maximized yet since in the fire cases always come late. Society always expected the performance of the fire department in carrying out their duties on time. The purpose of this research was to measure and describe the extent to which performance of the Jakarta Fire Department when it was affected by the variable of organizational commitment and strength of organizational identity and organizational citizenship behaviour. The method used in this research was quantitative. Data analysis techniques used was SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) with the help of AMOS program. The data were collected by using a research instrument that was distributed to the sample of 355 employees. The results showed that organizational commitment was significantly influence organizational citizenship behaviour, but having no significant effect on employee performance. While organizational citizenship behaviour had a significant effect on employee performance. Organizational citizenship behaviour was mediating the relationship between commitments to employee performance. On the other hand, it did not significantly influence organizational identity on organizational citizenship behaviour, and also no significant effect on the employee performance. The implication of research was organizational citizenship behaviour of Fire Department employee to be important in improving employee performance.

Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Organizational Identity, OCB and Employee Performance.

[1] Fauji Bowo,(2011)"Monitoring and Evaluation "Fire Department And Disaster Employee Performance in Jakarta.
[2] Bacal,Robert,2004, Management Performance, translated Suryadharma & Yanuar Irawan, Gramedia, Jakarta.
[3] Davis, Keith dan John W. Newstrom. 2001, Organizational behaviour. 1a. Translated Jakarta: Erlangga.
[4] Truckenbrodt, Yolanda B. 2000, "Leader-Member Exchange and Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour", Acquisition Review Quarterly—Summer,
[5] Hughes, Richard L., Robert C. Ginnett, dan Gordon J. Curphy, 2002, Leadership: Enhancing The Lesson of Experience, New Jersey.
[6] Byrne, Zinta S., 2003, "Perceptions of Organizational Justice, Identification, and Support Within Work Teams", Working Paper, Presented at the 18th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Colorado, April 11-13, 2003.
[7] Scholl, Richard W., 2002, Human Resource Strategies: Commitment and Control Approaches to Workforce Management, University of Rhode Island, pp. 233-244,
[8] McNeese-Smith, Dona, 1996, "Increasing Employee Productivity, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment", Hospital and Health Services Administration, Vol.41, No.2, pp.160-175

[9] Luthans, Fred, 2006, "Organizational Behaviour", ten edition, Andi, Yogyakarta

[10] Meyer , BM, Ravlin, E.C and Adkins, C.L. 1989. A Work value Approach to corporate culture : a field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of applied psychology. 7 (3)

Abstract: The paper aims to see the effect of Nominal, Real (External) and Effective Exchange rates (EER) of the U.S dollar on its Terms of Trade with two of its APEC trading partners Australia and New Zealand for the period 1991 to 2010. For analysis, the whole values, percentage changes and relationships between Nominal, Real, EER and Terms of Trade of U.S with the two countries has been taken into consideration. In order to fully access the relationship between the EER and TOT of the U.S with the two trading partners, the Classical Regression analysis is used. It was found that the Real Exchange rate was overvalued as compared to the Nominal Exchange Rate. It was also found that when compared to Nominal exchange rate, Real exchange rate is more effective in explaining the TOT. The Real AUD/USD had both short run and long run impacts on the TOT of U.S.A with Australia but the Real NZD/USD had no impact on the TOT of U.S.A with New Zealand. The EER has been found to be the most effective in determining the TOT balance. The regression analysis showed a regression function of "Terms of Trade= -122.026 + 2.1 Effective Exchange Rate". The relationship is found by coefficient correlation (r) and there is found to be a positive and strong relationship between the two variables. The 𝑟2 value shows that although some values of the TOT are caused by the EER, there are also other variables that might be influencing the EER as well. The t-values show that the values of β0 and β1 are significant. Also the F-test confirms the overall significance of the model and terms the results as authentic.

[1]. Aftari, M.O. (2004). Measuring the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) in Ghana. Credit Research Paper. University of Nottingham. Pg: 1-24.
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[9]. Bacchetta, P and Eric van, W. (2000). Does exchange-rate stability increase trade and welfare? In S.J. Baak. (2005). Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade among the Asia Pacific Countries. IUJ Research Institute Working Paper. International University of Japan. PG: 1-19.
[10]. URL:http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/workingpapers/EMS_2004_02.pdf

Abstract: Purchasing the home of your dreams is not an easy task. Especially when you plan to buy a home on loan. Home loans means that you buy a house on installments. In simpler terms when you want to own a home and cannot afford to pay the amount in lump sum, you can pay it in monthly installments with an interest rate. There are number of companies offer cheap loans at a low interest rate You can avail loan against existing house for renovation or expansion etc. The demand for home loans will not sag much. The reason is a substantial rise in the income-generating capability of Indian youth. So this particular section will keep the housing loan demand high and increased lending rates can only shelve their plans for some time.

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the influence of behavioral biases on investment decisions made by students and employees. This objective was achieved by administering a questionnaire and collecting empirical data from graduate & post graduate students and employees about their own perceptions of biases. Questionnaire was distributed among the sample of hundred students/employees from which 45% were students and 55% were employees. Two statistical techniques were used to analyze collected data. Correlation was used to analyze the relationship of overconfidence bias with illusion of control bias, familiarity bias, loss aversion bias and confirmation bias. Chi-square was used to determine the significant difference between the responses of male and female about overconfidence bias. Results of this study reports weak negative correlation between overconfidence bias and other behavioral bias discussed in the study. This study concludes there is no significant difference between the responses of male and female decision making regarding overconfidence bias.

[1]. Adetiloye, K. A. (2012). Investors' Behavioral Biases And The Security Market: An Empirical Study Of The Nigerian Security Market . Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 1,No. 1.
[2]. Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001). Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence, And Common Stock Investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261–292.
[3]. Chira, M. Adams & B. Thornton. (2008). Behavioral Bias Within The Decision Making Process. Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol. 6, No. 8.
[4]. E. Ert and I. Erev. (2010). On The Descriptive Value Of Loss Aversion In Decisions Under Risk. Working paper.
[5]. F. Gino, Z. Sharek and Don A. Moore. (2011). Keeping The Illusion Of Control Under Control: Ceilings, Floors, And Imperfect Calibration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
[6]. J. Park, P. Konana, A. Kumar and R. Raghunathan. (2010). Confirmation Bias, Overconfidence, and Investment Performance: Evidence from Stock Message Boards.
[7]. K. Jeremy Ko, Z. (2007). Arrogance Can Be A Virtue: Overconfidence, Information Acquisition And Market Efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics.
[8]. Knoll, M. A. (2010 ). Role Of Behavioral Economics And Behavioral Decision Making In Americans' Retirement Savings Decisions. social security bulletin , vol. 70, No .4.
[9]. Moran Ofir, Zvi Wiener. (2008). Investor Sophistication And The Effect Of Behavioral Biases In Sturctured Products Investment .
[10]. Paluch, D. (2011). Overconfidence Bias In Decision Making At Different Levels Of Management . Gorden Institute of Business Science.

Abstract: Investment decision is an important part of strategic decision making. This is because such decision has involves the allocation of money as is known currently over a period of time, in order to make a profit in future and also be subject to different degrees of risk and uncertainty. However, this paper has an objective to validate the measurements of investment decision in the banking sector in Libya. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive information on the investment decision in Libyan commercial banks, as well as gaining an understanding on the dimensions of customers' decisions to invest. Structural equation modeling using 2nd order CFA was employed to validate the measurements. The findings confirmed financial ability, perceived usefulness, product and company attributes and knowledge and past experiences as dimensions of investment decision. The present study has a fundamental contribution as a role model for the investment decision measurements in Libya.
Keywords: Investment Decision, Libyan commercial banks, Construct Validity, Structural Equation Modeling.

[1] Al-Marafi, A. (2008). Financial institutions and the missing role. The magazine of Arab Markets. Journal of Finance, 552, 1143.
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[4] Al-Jasir, M. S (2002, October). Development of the financial sector to achieve better economic growth: Future Vision for the Saudi economy until (2020). Paper presented at the Ministry of Planning, Riyadh.
[5] Ghassan, I. A and Vaiq, N (1993) .The Management of Banks (1st Ed). Amman: Al Safa publication.
[6] Abraham, A. A. I. and Al-Hamdani, S. Y (1990). Specialized financial institutions. (1stEd). Amman: Al Safa Publication.
[7] Bloemer, J, Ruyter, K. D. and Peeters, P (1998). Investigating drivers of bank loyalty: the complex relationship between image, service quality and satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16(7), 276–286.
[8] The World Bank (2009) Middle East and North Africa Region (2009) Economic Developments and Prospects Navigating through the Global Recession. Washington, DC
[9] Central Bank of Libya. (2008). Second Annual Report Fifty. Review Final Report. Libya: Central Bank of Libya.
[10] Anthony, E and Mustapha, I (2010). Factor Analysis of Investment Decision in Nigerian Insurance Companies. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(8).

Abstract: It is an interactive paper which has been made to explain the association between leadership and its impact on employee's work-life and employee retention. Both the expressions have gained a lot of magnitude in these day's Organizations. Leadership has been taken up as a foundation in the study as it builds up the essence of our Organizations; Work-life balance has also been addressed as a basic issue for the employees as well the employers. The study undertaken tries to explain in a theoretical and a very interactive way how effective leadership can help balancing the work-life of employees and consecutively leads to help the Organization identify its quality employees and tap their efficiencies for a long-term through employee retention.
Keywords: Leadership, Leadership Focus, Work-life Balance, Employee Retention, Leadership Continuum.

[1]. Chaminade B (2007). A retention checklist: how do you rate? www.humanresourcesmagazine.co.au. Accessed, 28 November, 2007.
[2]. Hays S (1999). Generation X & Y and the art of the reward. Workforce. 78(11): 44-48.
[3]. Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178–199.
[4]. Fisher, A. (2001). Is your business taking over your life? Fortune Small Business, 11(9), 32–40.
[5]. Friedman, S. D., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2000). Work and family—allies or enemies? What happens when business professionals confront life choices. New York: Oxford University Press.
[6]. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Collins, K. M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work–family conflict and withdrawal from a profession. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 91–100.
[7]. Gwavuya, F. (2011). Leadership Influences on Turnover Intentions of Academic Staff in Institutions in Zimbabwe. Academic Leadership Journal, 9 (1), 1-15.
[8]. Mat, J. (2008). The Influence of Leadership Style on Internal Marketing in Retailing. PhD Thesis. University of Stirling
[9]. Muindi, F.,(2010). The relationship between Participation in Decison making and Job Satisfaction among academic Staff in the School of Business University of Nairobi. Master of Business Administration Thesis, University of Nairobi.
[10]. Michael, S.O. (2008). Using Motivational Strategy as Panacea for Employee Retention and Turnover in Selected Public and Private Sector Organisations in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Master of Commerce Thesis, University of Fort Hare.

Abstract: Rate of failed projects in information technology system project remains high in comparison with other infrastructure or high technology projects. The objective of this paper is to determine and represent a broad range of potential failure factors during the implementation phase and cause of IS/IT Project defeat/failure. Challenges exist in order to achieve the projects goal successfully and to avoid the failure. In this research study, 12 articles were studied as significant contributions to analyze developing a list of critical failure factors of IT projects.
Keywords: Project failure, IS/IT projects.

[1] K.C. Iyer, K.N. Jha Critical Factors affecting schedule performance: evidence from Indian construction projects ASCE J Constr Eng Manage, 132 (8) (2006), pp. 871–881.

[2] Chow, T., and Cao, D.-B. 2008. "A Survey Study of CriticalSuccess Factors in Agile Software Projects," The Journal of Systems and Software (81:6), pp. 961-971.

[3] K. Yeo Critical failure factors in information systems projects Int J Project Manage, 20 (2000), pp. 241–246.

[4] Wong, A. et al. (2005) "Critical Failure Factors in ERP Implementation", Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) [5] y. shou and y. ying, "Critical Failure Factors of Information System Projects in Chinese Enterprises," presented at International conference on service systems and services management, 2005.

[6] Kaur, B. P., Aggarwal, H., & Singh, G. Information System Planning Failures in Indian Telecommunication Industry.

[7] Alimohammadinavid, R. (2007). IS/IT Projects Failure:–An Investigation in Iranian Organizations.

[8] Nasir, M. H. N., & Sahibuddin, S. (2011). Critical success factors for software projects: A comparative study. Scientific Research and Essays, 6(10), 2174-2186.

[9] Winters, F. (2003). " The top ten reasons projects fail(part 7). Retrieved March, 10, 2005.

[10] Marchewka, J. T. (2006). Information technology project management. John Wiley & Sons.

Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of E-advertisement on customer purchase intention. Beside, this study examined the effect of mediating and moderating demography factors on customer purchase intention in Malaysia. Data from 570 respondents with previous experience on online purchasing products and services were collected. To do so, SPSS 19 was applied to analyze the collected data. Our findings revealed that service quality, social network and brand recognition can highly influence customers' perception toward web-based advertisement. Consequently, consumers who are more optimistic in web-based advertisement (E-advertisement) have most likely higher intention to online purchase. In other words, the effectiveness of E-advertisement is undoubtedly highlighted in this study. Besides, the results of this study showed that the demography factors cannot mediate the customer perception toward advertisement nor the effectiveness of E-advertisement toward customer purchase intention. On the basis of our results, companies must stress the intrinsic attributes of online advertisement to attract highly-involved consumers and must present a benevolent corporate image for consumers.
Keywords: Quality of website, Social network, Brand recognition, Effectiveness of E-advertisement, and Customer perception toward E-advertisement.

[1] Adam, R. (2003). www.advertising: Advertising and Marketing on the World Wide Web.

[2] Aladiwani, Adel M. and Prashant C. Palvia, "Developing and Validating an Instrument or Measuring User-Perceived Web Quality," Information &Management, 39 (6), 2002,467–76.

[3] Anda " E-satisfaction A Comprehensive Framework", Second International Conference on Internet and Web Application and Service (ICIW‟07), 13(19), 2007, 55-60.

[4] Baltas, G. "Determinants of Internet advertising effectiveness: An empirical study", International Journal of Market Research" 45(2), 2003, 505.

[5] Boyd, D. and Ellison, N, "Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 2007, 210-218.

[6] C. Ranganathan and Shonha Ganapathy. "Key Dimension of Business to Customer Website", Journal of Information and Management, 39 (24), 2002, 457-465.
[7] Choi, Junho, James Watt, Ad Dekkers, and Sung-He Park (2004) "Motives of Internet uses: crosscultural perspective" 2004" available at: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/1/2/8/.

[8] Dutton, William H., Ellen J. Helsper, and Monica M. Gerber "Oxford Internet survey: the Internet in Britain". Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. 2009.

[9] Glass, Z. "The effectiveness of product placement in video games", Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(1), 2007, 111-134.

[10] Haque, A and Khatibi, A. "E-Shopping: Current practices and future opportunities towards Malaysian customer perspective" Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), .2005, 41-46.