IOSR-JBM   Volume-12 ~ Issue-2 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: Working capital is an integral part of overall business finance for the smooth operations of a business enterprise. An optimal management of working capital is one of the pre-conditions for the success of an enterprise. Efficient management of working capital ensures that the business operating cycle keeps moving without any hurdles in terms of payment of liabilities and procurement of raw materials. Efficient management of working capital means management of various components of working capital in such a way that adequate amount of working capital and liquidity is maintained for smooth running of an enterprise. The flow of money gets choked, the supplies are interrupted and payments are delayed in the event of inefficient management of working capital. While inadequate working capital has the potential to disrupt production or sales operation and is a disastrous, excessive working capital has an adverse impact on profitability and is a criminal waste. Management of working capital is regarded as an essential tool of business finance focusing on maintaining optimum levels of both the components viz. current assets and current liabilities. Thus there is an imperative need to manage working capital effectively. In this study, we have selected National Plastic Industries Limited as a sample and taken the financial data for the period of five years from 2006-07 to 2010-11 and studied the effect of different components of working capital. Key Words: Working capital, Optimum level, Inadequate, Liquidity, Inefficient, Profitability.

[1]. Anusha Agrawal (2011). "How to Manage Working Capital: An Empirical Study of Maruti Suzuki India Limited". Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2 pp 85-92.
[2]. Deloof, M. (2003). "Does working capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms?" Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. Vol. 30, No. 3-4. pp 573-588.
[3]. Garcia-Teruel, P.J. and Mertinez-Solano, P. (2007). "Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability." International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 3, No.2. pp 328-342.
[4]. Smith, K.V. (1973). "State of the Art of Working Capital Management". Financial Management. Vol. 2, No. 3. pp 50-55.
[5]. Jain P.K. Shveta Singh and Sunny Kapoor (2011). "Working Capital Management of Reliance Industries Limited- A case study".Journal of Accounting and Finance.Vol. 25, No.2 pp 3-16.
[6]. Jain Anupam (2010). Effect of Working Capital Management on Profitability of Firms: A study of the Indian Oil drilling and Exploration Industry, Global Journal of Business Management, Vol.4, No. 1 pp42-49.
[7]. Raheman, A. and Nasr, M. (2007). Working Capital Management and Profitability- case of Pakistani firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(1), 279-300
[8]. Janaki Ramudu P. and Parasuraman N.R.(2011). Growth in Sales Compared with Changes in Profitability and in Working Capital –A Study of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol.26, No.1 pp3-12.
[9]. Prasad R. Sivaram, Working Capital Management in Paper Industry, Finance India, Vol. XIV No. 2, June 2000, pp 125-127.
[10]. Agrawal N.K.., Cash Management in Indian Industries, The Chartered Accountant, July 1978, pp21-27.

Abstract: Stress at the workplace is the major cause of most of the health problems. The study focus on an Analysis of Work Stress among College Teachers in Self-financing College, Perambalur District, Tamilnadu. The data collected from 50 respondents with the objectives of To find opinion about teaching and handling students, to find out the stress creators, to analysis of sharing stress problems, to find out techniques applied by the College teachers for managing stress.

[1]. Ajay Shukla, Stress Management, 2nd Edition, Unicorn Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
[2]. Beck,CJ,Nothing Special:Living Zen,San Francisco:Harper San Francisco,1993
[3]. Neil Nievn, Health Psychology, 2nd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London.
[4]. Shelley E.Taylor, Health Psychology, 3rd Edition. McGraw Hill Internnational Editions, 1995.
[5]. Swami Sukhabodhananda,Stress Management-Fourth Edition, Sudhindra Malleswaram, Bangalore
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Abstract: The bread market is growing at about 5% per annum, according to the Ministry of Food Processing Industries. 85% bread production is in the hands of the unorganized sector. With a lot of competition building up to tap this potential market, the onus lies with the customer, who will turn to the brand which offers him complete satisfaction. This paper studies the factors which lead to customer satisfaction and brand awareness, by a random sampling of 100 customers in Cochin. The paper analyses customer satisfaction of a particular bread brand – Elite Bread and attempts to find out how well known it is to the customers, compared to its competitors. Limitations of the study and recommendations to improve customer satisfaction are put forth.

Keywords: Branded bread, customer satisfaction, brand awareness, attributes ranking, preference rating.

[1]. Ministry of Food Processing Industries website http://mofpi.nic.in/ContentPage.aspx?CategoryId=184 accessed on 15.07.2013.
[2]. Upadhyay, Y(1998). "Consumer Behaviour – An Applied Research Approach‟ B.S. Sharma & Brother's, 1998, 189 pp.
[3]. Krishnamurthy,S , "Charge of the biscuit brigade‟, THE HINDU, Sunday, July 30, 2000.
[4]. Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.C. (2005), Consumer Behavior & Marketing Strategy, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
[5]. Howard, J.A. and Sheth, J.N., The Theory of Buyer Behavior, New York, Wiley, 30, 1969.
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Abstract: Purpose: This research paper aims to explore a research question: Why Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) should be popularized instead of imposed? Methodology: Answering the question CSR literature with the test of both theoretical and practical perspectives by following qualitative interview method. This research paper reviews the practical assessment of latest thinking about CSR. This research investigates three questions, these are: who are the investors of CSR, who makes decisions about CSR and potential implications of CSR? Findings: Most relevant theoretical framework offers guidance to managers where CSR is morally attractive force of business through legislative power. Imposed questions are revealed to answers of first two questions are quiet apparent. The answer of third question is inference that indicates three major findings. These are: the costs of CSR remain unrecognized, it helps the managers to take decisions, and CSR have government and civil society implications which we scarcely think. Practical Implications: The capacity of business can contribute to society that has proved through huge expenditure of firms. This paper concludes to encourage the business sensibly by using the popularity CSR as business duty. Value: This paper provides vital information on CSR as a business function. Keywords: Business Ethics, Corporate Citizen, Corporate Social Responsibility, Investors, Stakeholders

[1] A. Mackey, T.B. Mackey, and J.B. Barney, Corporate social responsibility and firm performance: investor preferences and corporate strategies, Academy of Management Review, 32 (3), 2007, 817-35.
[2] D. Grayson, and A. Hodges, Corporate Social Opportunity: Seven Steps to Make Corporate Social Responsibility Work for Your Business (Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield, 2004).
[3] M. Hopkins, The Planetary Bargain: CSR Matters (2nd ed., Earthscan, London, 2003).
[4] J.M. Logsdon, and J.D. Wood, Business citizenship: from domestic to global level of analysis, Business Ethics Quarterly, 12 (2), 2002, 155-87.
[5] M. Hirschland, Taking the Temperature of CSR Leaders, Business for Social Responsibility (San Francisco, CA, 2005).
[6] McKinsey and Company, The McKinsey Global Survey of Business Executives: Business and Society (McKinsey & Company, New York, NY, 2006).
[7] G.P. Lantos, The ethicality of altruistic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19 (2/3), 2002, 205-28.
[8] I. Davis, What is the business of business?, McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 2005, 105-13.
[9] S. Waddock, Parallel universes: companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship, Business and Society Review, 109 (1), 2004, 5-42.
[10] F. Robins, Why corporate social responsibility should be popularised but not imposed, Corporate Governance, 8 (3), 2008, 330 – 341

Abstract: Blend of technology prowess and entrepreneurial skills are known to be the important drivers of enterprise growth in many nations. In Nigeria new policies, structures and strategies are being explored and formulated to help technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises grow and to offer a promising future for the country's businesses within the global market place. In the same vein, Central Bank of Nigeria recently intensified effort to further promote the development and expansion of Microfinance banking activities in the country with a view to availing Nigeria's entrepreneurs the opportunity to exploit economic benefits of such banks. This article explores the role microfinance banks can play in promoting technoprenuership derive and growth among micro, small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria by employing Pearson Correlation to establish relationship between the variables and Multivariate Analysis of Variance to show causal effects. The coefficients results show strong positive association between the variables as well as significant causal effect between the predictor variable and the two criterion variables. Hence it is recommended that creating favourable financial conditions for entrepreneurs will hasten the development of technopreneural drive and subsequent enterprises growth in Nigeria Keywords: Technopreneurship, Enterprise Growth, Microfinance in Nigeria

[1] SMEDAN (2010) Survey Report on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria; Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria Report, (Online Resource) Retrieved from on 20/2/12

[2] Babajide, A., (2012) Effects of Microfinance on Micro and Small Enterprises (MSES) Growth in Nigeria Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2(3), pp. 463-477.
[3] Shola, E. S., (2012) Entrepreneurship in Innovation, Phenomena Growth of Enterprises and Industrial Organisations in Nigeria, online resource, retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/39258972/Entrepreneurship-in-Innovation on 23/1/2013

[4] Miller, D. (1983) The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms, Management Science, 29, (7) 770-791.

[5] Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P. (1989) Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments, Strategic Management Journal, 10: 75-87.

[6] Covin J.G. and Covin, T.J. (1990) Competitive Aggressiveness, Environmental Context and Small Firm Performance, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 14(4):35-50

[7] Lumpkin, G. T., and Dess, G. G. (2001) Linking Two Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment and Industry Life Cycle, Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429−451.
[8] Jusoh, M. A. and Abdul Halim H. (undated) Role of Technopreneurs in Malaysian Economy, retrieved from http://www.jgbm.org/page/1%20Mohd%20Abdullah%20Jusoh.pdf, on 16/2/13

[9] Egge, K., Tan, W., and Mohamed, O. (2003) Boosting Technopreneurship through Business Plan Contests: Malaysia's venture 2001 & 2002 competitions, Hawaii International Conference on Business: June 18-20, 2003.
[10] Nwaobi, G. C. (2012) Business Entrepreneurship (Technopreneurship): Evolution and Practice, online Resource, Retrieved from SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2044854 on 25/6/2013

Abstract: The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust (negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah, considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers.

Keywords: Authentic Transformational Leadership, Emotional Intelligence, Muhammadiyah Primary School, Trust, Value Congruence.

[1]. Boyatzis, R. E. &Saatcioglu, A. (2008). A twenty-year view of trying to develop emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies in graduate management education. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 92-108.
[2]. Bass, Bernard M., and Paul Steidmeier. 1998. Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership (electronic version), Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-218. Available from http://cls.binghamton.edu/BassSteid. html.
[3]. Kezar, Adrianna. 2004. Philosophy, Leadership, Scholarship: Confucian Contributions to a Leadership Debate, Leadership Review, Vol. 4, Fall pp. 110-131.
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[5]. Kirkpatrick, S.A. and Locke, E.A. 1996. Direct and Indirect Effect of three core charismatic leadership component on performance and attitudes, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81 No.1 pp. 36-51.
[6]. Podsakoff, P.M., Niehoff, B.P., Moorman, R.H. & Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizen behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142.
[7]. Shamir, B., House, R.J. & Arthur, M.B. 1993. The motivational effects charismatic leaders: A self-concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577-594.

Abstract: Every aspect of the economic life in India is influenced by the agriculture. Agriculture contributes nearly 32% of the national income of India and it offers live hood nearly 70% of the total population and the agriculture is influenced by the tractors industry. Tractor industry plays an important role on the development of agriculture. Indian tractor market is very complex so marketer must care in analysing consumer behaviour. Green Revolution in India had its origin in northern India where Haryana is situated. Thus Haryana's Contribution to Green Revolution in India is the maximum, In 1966-67 production of food grains in Haryana was 2090 thousand tones. In 1970-71 it increased to 3939 thousand tones and in 1994-2000 it further rose to 131 lakh tones, all this due to the development of tractor manufacturing industries like FARMTRAC, HMT, EICHER, TAFE etc. Present work covers studying sales of different tractor brands in Haryana (India) and how various brands have become the choice of agriculturist on the basis of getting experienced by others. The best brand so for is found to be FARMTRAC by agriculturist by the recommendation of relatives who have experinecd the same. It was depicted from the studies that farmers purchasing tractors by recommendations of relatives are not much educated.

Keywords – Tractor, Tractor brands, Tractor Industry, Tractor sales, Tractor sales sources

1] Kotler, P; Marketing Management (New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India)

[2] Gupta, S.P; Statistical Methods (Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, 1984)

[3] Sherlekar, S.A; Marketing Management (Himalaya Publishing House 1984)

[4] Kotler, Philips & Armstrong Marketing Management (New Delhi-Prentice Hall of India Private Limited 1995)

[5] Ramaswamy VS & Namakumari S, Marketing Management- Planning, Implementation and Control, Second Edition (Macmillan India Limited, 1998)

Abstract: The economic development of any nation, without equipping the youth with the skills they are supposed to put on, undoubtedly will lose its charm in the progress of lifting up the nation. So called skills are the well knit set of actions to be taken by a young mind hunting for job before finishing the graduation. Honing of employability skills a need of the hour to be proclaimed in the campus of the educational institutions.

Key words: Employability skills, Educational Institutions, Corporate sectors, Parents

[1] CULT The IIPM Alumini Magazine, July 2012 Vol1 Issue 9

[2] Rural Employment Strategies for India/MSS Research Dt 12/13/12 [3] The Smart Manager May-June, Volume 11, Issue 3

[4] Turning Eastside Kids Into Westside Kids: Employability Skills in the Britist Columbia Career and Personal Planning Curriculum. Journal of Educational Thought Vol. 43, No.2, 2009,151-169.

[5] The IIPM Alumini Magazine, July 2012, Volume 1 Issue-9.

[6] The IIPM Alumini Magazine, July 2012, Volume 1 Issue-9

[7] Indian Management, The Journal of All India Management Association Volume 51 Issue 6 June 2012.

[8] The Smart Manager, May-June 2012, Volum4e 11, Issue 3.

[9] Indian Management, The Journal of All India Management Association Volume 51 Issue 6 June 2012

[10] Small Medium Entrepreneur Magazine, Volume 1 No.2, June – July 2012.

Abstract: This research paper was attempted to determine the human resource management which focused on all issues related to "people‟ in the organization. They are undoubtedly the most important assets. Therefore the special care must be exercised for managing them. Human resource management is concerned with activities involved in acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of people. These are the important to achieve the organizational goals. The aim of this research was to examine the blue formation in HMIL. The significance of this research intended to help HMIL to know about the employee career prospects & also analyze this factor which influence the organization productivity.100 samples were collected from employees (Middle level employee) of different departments [such as "HR – Recruitment, Industrial & Employee Relation, Training & Development", "Body Shop", "Paint Shop" & "Press"] in HMIL.

[1] THE HINDU-Wednesday, nov10, 2004, online edition of India's newspaper

[2] P. Subba Rao, Personnel and Human Resource Management, 4th Edition (Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd)

[3] P.N. Arora and S. Arora, Statistics for Management, 4th Edition (S. Chand & Company Ltd)

Abstract: The rational utilization and allocation of public expenditure would result into an economic development of the country. It has been observed that allocation and utilization of expenditure in Pakistan have been very little towards development. The allocation of current expenditure such as debt servicing and defense has increased by a greater percentage every year as compared to education. Money borrowed by the economy over the years, if had been put to the development of projects, the economy would have seen much higher development and growth. The objective of the research lies in evaluating the public expenditure and its role in economic development by considering education as an indicator to social development in Pakistan.

Key Words: Public Expenditure, Economic Development, Education.

[1]. Abbas, F., Mushtaq, K. (December 25, 2006). Defense spending and Economic Development, Daily Dawn.
[2]. Ahson, U., & Aftab, K. Finanicial Sustainability of Higher Education in Pakistan: A Public Sector University's Perspective. SAARC Journal of Human Resource Development, 5(1), 2009 67-87.
[3]. Bhatia, H. Public Finance (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House 1996).
[4]. Development Education program, "Economic Development", World Bank Group.
[5]. Dewett, K. K. Modern Economic Theory (New Delhi, India: Shyam Lal Charitable Trust 2005)
[6]. Farooq, O. "Education", Economic survey of Pakistan 2009-10
[7]. Federal Budget 2009-12, Ministry of Finance Pakistan.
[8]. Herrick B., & Kindleberger, C. P. Economic Development (Singapore: mcgraw-Hill 1983)
[9]. Huda, S. The Economic Development of Pakistan (Karachi: Royal book Company 1996)
[10]. M., H. B. Razi, S. Social Welfare Measurement in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social review, 45(1), 2007 55-58.

Abstract: Quality of Human Resource represent one of the factor which to increase performance productivity an institution or organization. Therefore, needed Human Resource having high interest because interest or membership will be able to support the make-up of employees performance achievement. During the time at generally in governance institution not yet had officer with adequate interest, proved with still lower officer productivity and is difficult measure officer performance [in] governance institution scope.

Keywords – OCB, Jobdescription, job grading, Key Performance Indexs.

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[9]. Maslow, A. H. 1954. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.dalam Introduction to special Topik Forum the Future of Work Motivation Theory,
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Abstract: The study aimed toanalyzethe role of individual's level of cognitive abilities in making financial decisions and whether these abilities are affected by their behavioral biases. Cognitive reflection test (Fredrick, 2005) was used to investigate that whether behavioral biases that play major role in financial decisions are relatedwith cognitive abilities. The research found that individuals who scored high on CRT are less likely to overconfidence, conjunction fallacy and conservatism biases. The research also related CRT with subjects such as time preferences and risk preferences and found that high score group are more patient and more risk seeker in domain of gain and less risk seeker in domain of losses. However behavioral biases are lower for people having higher cognitive abilities but they are still present in financial decisions.

Key words: behavioral biases, cognitive abilities, cognitive reflection test, time preferences, risk preferences

[1]. Agarwal S., B. Mazumder (2013), ―Cognitive Abilities and Household Financial decision making‖ American economic journal: Applied economics 2013,5(1):193-207
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[3]. Barberis, N., and R. Thaler (2003): ―A Survey of Behavioral Finance,‖ in Handbook of the Economics of Finance, ed. by H. M. Constantinides, G., and R. Stulz, pp. 1051—1121. Elsevier Science B.V.
[4]. Cole S., and G.K. Shastry, (2009), ―Smart Money: The Effect of Education, Cognitive Ability and Financial literacy on Financial Market Participation‖ Havard Business school, working paper No.09-071
[5]. Christelis, D., T. Jappelli, and M. Padula (2006), ―Cognitive Abilities and Portfolio Choice‖. CSEF Working Paper No. 157.
[6]. Dohmen, T., A. Falk, D. Huffman, and U. Sunde (2007), ―Are Risk Aversion and Impatience Related to Cognitive Ability?‖, IZA Discussion Paper n. 2735.
[7]. Frederick, S. (2005), ―Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making.‖ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, 25-42.
[8]. Kumar A., (2009), ―who gambles in the stock market‖ journal of finance 64:4, 1889-1933.
[9]. Kumar A., and G.M. Korniotis, (2008), ―cognitive abilities and financial decisions‖
[10]. KustererD.J., and E.I. Hoppe, (2010), ―Behavior Biases and Cognitive Reflection‖ CGS in Management, Economics and social sciences, Vol 1/No 3

Abstract: Community involvement and support for the conservation of natural resources is a prerequisite for the long term sustainability of protected areas. Benefits' sharing has been appraised by many as an important management requirement since it can positively affect communities' perceptions of protected areas. Using the qualitative methodology this study sought to assess the extent to which the community is involved in and is benefiting from tourism in Ngezi Recreational Park. The study elucidated that community involvement was very low. There were few benefits that were available from tourism in the park which however were not evenly distributed to all community members. Little understanding of what is meant by park tourism, lack of financial resources, absence of outdoor activity culture, failure to participate in recreation or income generating activities and exclusion from park tourism management contributed to unequal distribution of tourism benefits. The paper concludes that more still need to be done to boost the level of community involvement in park tourism and recommends that the park restock its game, aggressively market the park and the activities it offers, include the community in park tourism management, and put up a trust fund to evenly distribute tourism benefits amongst community members. The findings of this study help provide a stepping stone in assessing the level of community support for protected areas which is important for wildlife conservation and tourism. Without community support, cases of poaching, habitat encroachment and hostility towards tourists may be the end result which is detrimental to the tourism industry.

Keywords: Benefits, benefits' sharing, community, conservation, protected area tourism

[1] E. Barbier, and C. Burgess, The Economics of tropical deforestation, Journal of Economic Surveys 15(3), 2001.

[2] M. Novelli and A. Scarth, Tourism in Protected Areas: Integrating Conservation and Community Development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi) (Centre for Tourism Policy Studies, University of Brighton,UK, 2009).
[3] K. Doohan, Making things come good: Relations between Aborigines and miners at Argyle (Broome: Backroom Press, 2008).
[4] L. Mhlanga, Conflict Between Wildlife and People in Kariba Town, Zimbabwe, Zambezia, 28(1), 2001.

[5] R.K. Hawkes, Crop and livestock losses to wild animals in the Bulilimamangwe Natural Resources Management Project Area (Harare, University of Zimbabwe, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, 1991, Unpublished).

[6] M. Murphree, Communities as Resource Management Institutions (Harare, University of Zimbabwe, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, 1991, Unpublished).

[7] S.K. Nepal, and K.Weber, Struggle for existence: park-people conflict in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Bangkok, 1995.

[8] N. Baral, J.T. Heinen, M.J. Stern, Integrated conservation and development project life cycles in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Is development overpowering conservation? International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 2007.

[9] P.F.J. Eagles, and S.F. McCool, Tourism in national parks and protected areas: planning and management (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002).

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Abstract: Uses of social network sites (SNSs) are diversifying in an astounding fashion. SNSs (e.g. Facebook) can no more be seen as online platforms solely for socializing. This study examines the Facebook users' perceptions, attitudes and continuance intentions of the site (Facebook). To meet this objective data was collected from a purposive sample of 211 respondents who have been using Facebook for more than one year. Results show that users perceive Facebook as a useful source of information and entertainment. Furthermore, results reveal that users perceive Facebook as a platform for self-expression, building social capital and meeting offline and new contacts. Perceptions about Facebook as a source of information and a platform of self-expression have a positive effect on users' continuance intentions of the site (Facebook). Attitudes toward the Facebook mediate the relationship between users 'perceptions of the site as a source of entertainment and a platform of building social capital and their continuance intentions of the site.

Keywords: Perceptions, Attitudes, Continuance Intentions

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