IOSR-JBM   Volume-13 ~ Issue-2 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: This study is investigated Earning manipulation or Income Smoothing by Timing of asset sales in listed companies of Iran Stock Exchange (ISE). Objective of this study is recognition of earning manipulation by Timing of fixed asset sales and investments sales in ISE. The variables of research (Income/Loss of fixed asset sales, Income/Loss of investments sales and Earning/Loss before Interest and Tax) are analyzed in SAS statistical software from 2010 to 2013. when "Earnings before interest and tax" minus (plus) income (loss) from sale of fixed assets and investments, as compared to last year are increasing, managers try to reduce profit with selling fixed assets and investments to loss or with delaying their sales so as to control that profit and in this way they can achieve their objectives .In other words, it appears to be a negative relation between "Earnings before interest and tax minus (plus) income (loss) of fixed asset sales and investments" and "income (loss) of fixed asset sales and investments. The results of study show that Managers of ISE companies try to attract users of financial statements to increase their confidence in the company in other to achieve their intended objectives. Also, there are instruments or methods by which numbers and digits related to earning are smoothed or controlled. It means that when companies encounter income fluctuations, their managers try to reduce these fluctuations to the expected level so as to show results and actions for financial statements' users desirable.

Key words: earning manipulation, Income Smoothing, Financial Statements and Accounting Information.

[1]. http://webpage.pace.edu/pviswanath/notes/corpfin/earningsmanip.html
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[3]. Rakhshani M.H, 1998, analytical study of timing asset sales and earning manipulation, Islamic Azad university, Mashhad department.
[4]. Bartov. E, October.1993, Timing of asset sales and earning manipulation, Accounting Review.
[5]. Chi-Wen Jevons Leea, Yue Lia, Heng Yueb, September, 2005, Performance, Growth and Earnings Management , A.B.Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA ,Guanghua School of Management Peking University, Beijing, China .
[6]. Ronen, J., and S. Sadan. 1981. Smoothing Income Numbers: Objectives, Means, and Implications.Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
[7]. Gordon, M. J. 1964. Postulates, principles and research in accounting. The Accounting Review 39.
[8]. Bartov, E., and P. Mohanram. 2004. Private information, earnings manipulations, and executive stockoption Exercises. The Accounting Review 79.

Abstract: Prescribing behaviour is a dynamic and multifaceted process involving the intermediate customers who follow the norm of reciprocity as one of the fundamental guiding principle for taking decisions. The past studies have shown that the prescriber's decisions could depend upon factors from core aspects of drugs to their habitual aspects. The aim of the present study is to find out the impact of psychosocial factors on different age groups and different area of specialty of doctors in Rajasthan, India. A total of 431 doctors responses were gathered through a questionnaire method from different cities of Rajasthan. The results showed that the Paediatricians rated psychosocial (nonmedical) factors as least important factors influencing prescribing as compared to other specialties. Moreover senior doctors who are looked upon as KOL (key opinion leaders) to make rational prescribing decisions based on clinical facts also rated these psychosocial factors as less influencing as compared to younger doctors. The pharmaceutical marketing and doctors relationship is always a debate which raises not only ethical issues but also social issues. The findings of the study would be helpful to the pharmaceutical industry to curb any wasteful expenditure on the marketing of drugs to the doctors and indicate the factors that can act as a meaningful segmentation tool for the pharmaceutical marketers influencing the prescribing behaviour.

Keywords: Doctors prescribing behaviour, Doctors prescribing pattern, Non medical factorsPharmaceutical marketing, psychosocial factors

[1]. (2010) GOI website. [Online]. Available at http://www.pharmaceuticals.gov.in/
[2]. Hartzema Abhraham, Christensen Dale, Nonmedical Factors Associated with Prescribing Volume among Family Practitioners in an HMO, Medical care, 21 (10), 1983, 990-1000.
[3]. Armstrong David, Reyburn Hugh, Jones Roger, A Study of General Practitioners Reasons For Changing Their Prescribing Behavior, BMJ, 312, (l), 1996, 949-952.
[4]. Waheed Abdul Kareem, Jaleel Mohammad, Laeequddin Mohammad, Prescription Loyalty Behaviour of Physicians: An Empirical Study in India, International Journal Of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 5(4), 2007, 279-298.
[5]. Rahmner Bastholm, Gustafsson Lars, Larsson Jan, Rosenqvist Urban, Tomson Goran, Holmstrom Inger, Variations in Understanding the Drug Prescribing Process: A Qualitative Study among Swedish GP's, Family Practice, 26, 2008, 121-127

Abstract: The essence of a Mutual Fund is the portfolio of investment, which diversifies and reduces the risk by spreading out the investor's money across available different types of investments. Through our study we have analyzed how few selected Mutual Fund Schemes behave during the period of December 2008 to December 2012, i.e. during the global meltdown and the period thereafter. We have analyzed the coefficient of variation of the return generated by the Sensex, Company Scrips and the Mutual Fund Schemes to determine a more stable series, the Managerial Efficiency of the selected Mutual Fund Schemes in stock selection, the Sharpe ratio and the pattern of return generated by the selected Mutual Fund Schemes before 2008 and after 2008.We found that the variability in the return of the Mutual Fund Schemes are between moderate to high and thus these Mutual Fund Schemes may not be as stable as they seem to be. The investors should weigh their options carefully before deciding to invest in a Mutual Fund Scheme.

Key Words: Equity Diversified Mutual Fund Schemes, Sensex Return, Variability in return.

[1]. Treynor, How to Rate Management of Investment Funds, Harvard Business Review, 43 (1), January-February, 1965, 63-75.

[2]. Sharpe, Mutual Fund Performance, Journal of Business, 39, 1966, 119-138.

[3]. Jensen, The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964, Journal of Finance, 23(2), 1968, 389-416.

[4]. Fama, Components of Investment Performance, Journal of Finance, 27, 1972, 551-567.

[5]. Shashikant, Accounting Policy and Practices of Mutual Funds: The Need for Standardization, Prajan, 24 (2), 1993, 91-102.

[6]. Narasimhan and Vijayalakshmi, Performance Analysis of Mutual Funds in India, Finance India, 15 (1), March, 2001, 155-174.

[7]. Badrinath, Contra Fund in India: A Quick Look, Portfolio Organizer, January, 2008, 31-34.

[8]. Swaminathan, Performance of Mutual Funds in India: a Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Mutual Funds (New Delhi, Gyan Publishing House, 2011).

[9]. Shitole and Thyagarajan, Performance Evaluation of Mutual Funds in India (New Delhi, Adhyayan Publishers and Distributors, 2012).

Abstract: Every businesses main motive is to earning profit, to earn or maximize profit companies are chasing various practices which are significantly influence on company's profit strength. Some companies in the core of earning profit with shorter period forget the ethics of their business and adopt the unethical practices which can maximize their profit but simultaneously harm to the society. The unethical practices adopted by companies pessimistically influence on various fractions of society such as customers, Government, Environment etc. The unethical practices not only negatively influence on society but in forthcoming days it also threatens the growth of the organization and threatens on the credibility of the company. This paper evaluates and examines how the ethical practices moderately and unethical practices unduly influence on Company's Credibility.

Keywords: Credibility, Ethical, Marketing, Optimistic, Pessimistic, Relationship, Unethical

[1]. Ans Kok, Rob Van Tunder(2004), Ethics in International Business, Multinational approaches to Child Labor, Journal of World Business, pp.49-60.
[2]. Brain Hilton, Chong Ju Choi, Stephen Chen(2004), The Ethics of Counterfeiting in Fashion Industry: Quality Credence and Profit Issues, Journal of Business Ethics, pp.345-354
[3]. James Kanwachale Komba, and Frans N.S.Vermack(2012), Business Ethics and Corporate Government: An African Social Cultural Framework, African Journal of Business Management, Vol.6, pp.3510-3518.
[4]. Jernej Belak, Borut Milfelner(2011), Informal and Formal Institution Measures of Business Ethics Implementation at Different Stages of Enterprise Life Cycle, Act Polytechnica Hungaria, Vol.8, No.1, pp.105-119.
[5]. Iraj Mahdavi(2009), International Business Ethics, Strategies and Responsibilities, Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, pp.1-6
[6]. Linda Klebe Treviho and Michael E Brown(2004), Managing to be Ethical Debunking Five Business Ethics Myths, Journal of Academy of Management Excecutive, Vol.8, No.2, pp.69-81.
[7]. Shukurat Moronke Bello(2012), Impact of Ethical Leadership on Employee Job Performace, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol.3, No.11, pp.228-236.
[8]. W.Edward Stead, Dan L.Worell, Jean Gamer Stead(1990), An Intergrative Model for Understanding and Managing Ethical Behavior in Business Organisations, Journal of Business Ethics, pp.233-242 .
[9]. Gioia, D. (1992.) Pinto fires and personal ethics: A script analysis of missed opportunities. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 11(5,6), pp. 379–389
[10]. Emons, W.: 1997, "Credence Goods and Fraudulent Experts‟, The Rand Journal of Economics 28(1), pp.107- 120.

Abstract: This paper examines the implication of using taxation to manage the Nigerian Economy and the influence of such measure on macroeconomic aggregates, especially balance of payments over the period 1970 – 2008. The analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used for the estimations. Our findings indicate that the historical trends in balance of payments showed no significant response to tax policy. A positive relationship between tax policy and balance of payments was obtained, which is in line with the theory, but with insignificant coefficient. Further, we found that taxation was not effective in tackling balance of payments problems in the economy during the period of study largely because of inconsistency in the use of tax measures. Among other recommendations, the paper submits that Nigeria should apply tax measures much more carefully than was observed over the period studied.

[1]. Adawo, M. A. (2001). Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion at the Local Level: Any End in Sight. In: A. H. Ekpo and O. J. Umoh, (Eds.) Revenue Generation and Tax Administration in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Uyo: Foundation for Economic Research and Training (FERT) Publishers. Pp 13 – 22.
[2]. Akpakpan, E. B. (1999). The Economy: Towards a New Type of Economics. Port Harcourt: Belport Publishers.
[3]. Angelopoulos, K. G. Economides and Kammas, P. (2006). "Tax – Spending Policies and Economic Growth: Theoretical Predictions and Evidence from the OECD". European Journal of Political Economy 23: 885 – 902.
[4]. Anyanwu, J. C. (1997). Nigerian Public Finance. Nigeria: Joanee Educational Publishers.
[5]. Anyanwu, J. C. and H. E. Oaikhenan (1995). Modern Macroeconomics: Theory and Applications in Nigeria. Onitsha, Joanee Educational Publishers.
[6]. Appleyard, D. R. and A. J. Field (2001). International Economics. USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
[7]. Ariyo, A. (1997). Productivity of the Nigerian Tax System: 1970-1990. An AERC Publication. Paper 67.
[8]. Bovenberg, A. L. (1985). Indirect Taxation in Developing Countries: A General Equilibrium Approach. Economics Letters (Amsterdam), 14: 333 – 373.
[9]. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Report and Statement of Accounts. Various Issues.
[10]. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Several Issues.

Abstract: During this time, many cooperative development programs have been implemented in the Keerom Regency, but its impact is only visible to the growing number of cooperatives, and have not been able to touch the main targets, namely poverty reduction and employment growth. This is an indication of unsuccessful implementation of the empowerment programs. Starting from this reality, it is necessary to understand the implementation of cooperative empowerment programs in the Keerom Regency; identify the constraints faced; and to formulate strategies for the empowerment of cooperatives.

Keywords: cooperative, empowerment, institutional aspects, environmental aspects, phenomenology.

1. Dinas Koperasi, UKM, Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kabupaten Keerom. 2011. Keragaan Koperasi di Kabupaten Keerom Tahun 2011. Dinas Koperasi, UKM, Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kabupaten Keerom. 

2. Miller, Nolan. 2005. Notes on the Principle-Agent Problem. http://www.people. fas.harvard.edu/~aeggers/patheory.pdf. 

3. Mishkin, Frederic S. 1997. The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. Fifth Edition. Addison-Wesley, USA. 

4. Nicholson, Walter. 1995. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extentions. Sixth Edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers dan The Dryden Press, USA. 

5. Republik Indonesia. 1992. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 Tentang Perkoperasian. Pasal 26. 

6. Sumodiningrat, Gunawan. 1999. Butir-butir pemikiran strategi menghapus kemiskinan dalam pembangunan pedesaan. Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Rakyat di Pedesaan Sebagai Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (Penyunting Hasan Basri), Cetakan Pertama, hal 140-154. Bina Rena Pariwara, Jakarta. 7. Van Bastelaer, T. 2000. Does Social Capital Fasilitate The poor's Access to Credit? A Review of Microeconomic Literature. Social Capital Inisiative Working Paper No. 8, World Bank. 

8. Varian, Hal R. 1993. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. Third Edition. W.W. Norton & Company, New York dan London. 

9. Williamson, Oliver E. 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance. Oxford University Press, New York. 

10. Yustika, Ahmad Erani. 2006. Ekonomi Kelembagaan; Definisi, Teori dan Strategi. Penerbit Bayumedia, Malang.

Abstract: The purpose of this report is to define the quality, productivity and improvement problems that face Wahda Bank considered it as one of the banks operating in Tripoli - Libya, which seeks to provide the best administrative services. The Total Quality Management takes a form of approach or a comprehensive management system within the wahda bank based on the radical changes for all the processes that take place in the bank in which include changes thought, behavior, values, beliefs ,organizational, management concepts, management leadership style, systems and work procedures and performance in order to improve and development of all the components in the organization to reach the highest quality in their output of services, in order to achieve the highest degree of satisfaction to its customers by satisfying their needs and desires according to their expectations. This report aim to study and examining the gains of apply total quality management with particular reference to wahda bank in Tripoli and also to see how TQM can prevent future threats in the bank.

Keywords - Total Quality Management, human resource, Definition, impact.

[1]. Abdel-Mohsen, Tawfik Mohamed. (1996) "Planning and quality control of products / entrance of Total Quality Management", Egypt, the Arab Renaissance House Publishers.
[2]. Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hamad. (2008). "The mass entrance of TQM", Saudi Arabia.

[3]. Aalbregtse, R.J., Heka, J.A. and McNeley, P.K.(1991). "TQM: How do you do to do it?".

[4]. Banfield, Paul. Kay, Rebecca. (2008). "Introduction to Human Resource Management". 1st edition, p63. [

5]. Berry, T. (1991). "Managing the Total Quality Transformation". N.Y: McGraw-hill, Inc.

[6]. Currie, T.A. (1997). "Total Quality Management in Georgia Post Secondary Technical Institutes" Ph. d. diss. University of Georgia. [7]. Dessler, Gary. (2011-12). "Human Resource Management". 12th Edition. Florida international University: Pearson Book Company. [8]. Flippo, Edwin B. (1984). "Personnel Management" Sixth Edition, McGraw- Hill, New York, p. 114. 3.

[9]. Gilbert, G. (1992). "Quality Improvement in a Defense Organization." Public Productivity and Management Review, 16(1), 65-75.
[10]. Hussein, Khaled Sami Abulkhair Mohamed. (2006). "Performance management - lessons learned": total quality management and human resources management.

Abstract: This research paper examines the effect of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance through self- regulatory mechanism. The self- regulatory mechanism includes state hostility and self-control. Sleep deprivation decreases individual's self-control while increasing state hostility leads to increased workplace deviance. The sample has been taken from medical residents from 6 hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Findings suggest that self-control does not mediate the relation between sleep deprivation and workplace deviance but state hostility fully mediates the relationship between sleep deprivation and workplace deviance.

Keywords: Workplace Deviance, Sleep deprivation, Structural Equation Modeling, Mediation

[1] Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. 2000.Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 349–360.

[2] Harper, D. 1990.Spolight abuse-save profits. Industrial distribution, 79: 47-51.

[3] DePaulo, P.J., & DePaulo, B.M. 1989. Can deception by salespeople and customers be detected through nonverbal behavioural cues?, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19: 1552-1577.

[4] Kidwell, R. E., & Bennett, N. 1993. Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research. Academy of Management Review, 18: 429–456.

[5] Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. 1999.A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 20: 915-913.

[6] Johns, G. 1997. ―Contemporary research on absence from work: correlates, causes, and consequences‖, In Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T. (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 12,John Wiley & Sons, London, 115-174.

[7] Fisher, C.D. 2003. Why do lay people believe that satisfaction and performance are correlated? Possible sources of a common sense theory. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 24: 753-777.

[8] Griffin, R.W., & Y. P. Lopez. 2005. ―Bad behaviour‖ in organizations: a review and typology for future research. Journal of Management, 31: 988.

[9] Fisher, C.D. 2002. Antecedents and consequences of real-time affective reactions at work. Motivation & Emotion, 26: 3-30.

[10] Peterson. 2002. Deviant workplace behaviour and the organisation's ethical climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17: 47-56.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyse how emotional intelligence and transformational leadership are interrelated. Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence are defined and critically discussedexploring the components of both the leadership theories. Following theoretical perspective the paper constructs the coherent linkage among the competencies of transformational leadership and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behavior are found interconnected and complementary.

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Transformational leadership.

[1]. Abraham, R., 2000. The role of job control as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence outcome relationships. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 169-84.
[2]. Miller, M (1999) Emotional intelligence helps managers succeed. Credit Union Magazine, 56 (7), 25-26.
[3]. Goleman, D., 1998. What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76, 93-104
[4]. Watkin, C., 2000. Developing emotional intelligence.International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8, 89-92.
[5]. George, J. nM. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027-1055.

Abstract: Taxes do not only provide sustainable revenue for government to carry out its activities and provide development to its citizens, it also puts citizens in the role of stakeholders who are directly contributing to national development. In this way, wealth and employment opportunities can be created for those who are currently outside the tax net, due to low or no income, so, that they in turn also earn income on which taxes are paid and the circle of growth and development in the economy is sustained. It was based on this premise that, this study sought to examine the effect of government taxes on Nigerian unemployment, in doing this ,the weighted least square regression techniques was utilised. The result showed that a positive relationship exist between unemployment, company income tax and custom and excise duty, while a negative relationship exist between the unemployment, petroleum profit tax and value added tax. The study therefore recommended that proper and adequate attention should be given to revenue generated through company income tax and custom and excise duty to reduce waste and enhance productivity towards job generations in Nigeria.

Keywords: Unemployment, Taxes & Tax Evasion and Avoidance

[1]. Aimurie, I. (2012). Taxation as a tool for wealth and employment creation. Tax Justice Network-Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: Bright Wood Apartments.
[2]. Anyanfor, A. M. O. (1996). Public finance in a developing economy: The Nigerian case. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria.
[3]. Bhartia, H. L. (2009). Public finance. (14th Edition). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd.
[4]. David, L. B. (2001). Employment generation strategies for small Towns: An Overview of Alternatives. REDRL Research Report. Regional Economic Development Research Laboratory, Clemson, SC 29634-0355.
[5]. Hull, K. (2009). Understanding the relationship between economic growth, employment and poverty reduction. Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment- OECD, 2009.
[6]. Ibrahim, Y. (2011). The impact of tax management on the economic growth of Kano State. M.Sc. thesis work: Department of Accounting & Finance, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[7]. Ogbonna, G. N. & Ebimobowei, A. (2012). Impact of tax reforms and economic growth of Nigeria: A time series analysis. Maxwell Scientific Organisation: Research Journal of Social Sciences. 4(1): 62-68. ISSN: 2041-3246.
[8]. Ogbonna, G. N. (2007). Burning issues and challenges of the Nigerian tax systems with analytical emphasis on Petroleum profit tax.
[9]. Ohaka, J. & Agundu, P. U. C. (2012). Tax incentives for industry synergy in Nigeria: A pragmatic proprietary system advocacy. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia. 6(3): 26. ISSN 1994-9057.
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Abstract: Indian families of the 21st century are experiencing a revolution due to increased modernization and globalization. Women are making an entry into the paid occupations for acquiring independence and growth in career. But the career women of the 21st century are challenged at every front of modern life. This paper tries to explore the complexities of majority of women struggling to achieve work-life balance i.e. handling multiple responsibilities at a time. This paper also tries to explore the perception of women professionals of the major barriers in their advancement towards a flourishing career. The sample taken for study is professional women in the age group between 25 -40 years. The sample size is 92 women professionals. The study used in depth qualitative interviews with the sample under consideration and a 5 point Likert scale is used to cumulate the results ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The study highlighted that overload of multiple roles, responsibility of dependents, lack of proper family support and above all time management are the major constraints.

Keywords: Professionals, Modernization, Work-life balance, responsibility, Perception

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