IOSR-JBM   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Work-life balance is the term used to describe practices in achieving a balance between the demands of employees family and work lives. The demands and pressures of work make difficult to stretch time for balancing work-life activities. Women taking up work life balance challenge have an impact on women's advancement. Organization also may create work place culture and climates that reflect concern for employees' lives outside of work. It is important for organizations to periodically review current work processes and practices to determine which ones lead to work in efficiencies and employee stress. In this background the present study was undertaken to determine the work-life balance and challenges faced by working women. The sample consists of 200 career women working in Kerala, India. The questionnaire was collected from respondent .After analyzing by using various tools like percentage analysis, chi-square and correlation, results show that there is a work-family conflict and lack of organizational satisfaction among working women.

Key words: Work life balance, career growth, organizational satisfaction

[1]. Anil Dutta Mishra(1994).Problems & Prospects of Working Women in Urban India. Mittal Publications, 1994 - 139 pages
[2]. Anderson, A. K. (2005). Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 154, 258–281. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.258
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[4]. Donald Copper,Pamela Schindler.(2003)Business Research Method .The M Graw-Hill Irwin Series in Operations&Decision Sciences Business Statistic, McGraw-Hill Education, 12,
[5]. Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetric
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Abstract: Retention is a biggest challenge as compare to hiring best talents and fairly described by the level of employee commitment and employee satisfaction. Both of these factors are very important for organizational success and share a favorable association however, it does not invariably signify that a satisfied employee is always being committed and thereby retain in the organization. The purpose of this research is aimed to provide a focus on the link between employee satisfaction on overall employee commitment in a Pharmaceutical Contact Research Organization based at Bangalore, India. In this study, employee commitment is viewed as the overall level of commitment including commitment to organization as well as to work and employee satisfaction is functioned by two broad constructs- organizational factors and personal characteristics, which further subdivided into nine predictors including organizational polices & support, supervisor support, job characteristics, reward & recognition, teamwork & cooperation, feedback, maximizing potential and retention intension The study adopts a multiple regression model and results suggest that out of these nine predictors, only organizational support and reward & recognition are significantly related to the organizational aspect of employee commitment (organization commitment), whereas the predictors like job characteristics and feedback have higher influence on work aspect of employee commitment (work commitment). Maximizing potential is only predictor which has significance on the overall level of employee commitment. On contrary, retention intension has an inverse relationship with the overall employee commitment indicating that the workforce is dominated by career oriented professionals having a tendency for opting better extrinsic opportunities thereby leading to organizational knowledge drain. The study tries to draw management attention on restructuring its existing strategies for maximizing the withholding capacity of talent pool which is absolutely vital for its competitive existence in global market.

Keywords: Employee satisfaction, employee commitment, organization commitment, work commitment, retention.

[1.] Naseem A.,Shaik Ejaz S., Malik P.K GPHR (2011), "Impact of Employee Satisfaction on Success of Organization : Relation between Customer Experience and Employee Satisfaction", International Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering, Vol.2, No.5,pp.41-46
[2.] S.Sengupta, Employee Attrition and Retention: Exploring the Dimensions in the urban centric BPO Industry, doctoral diss., Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India , 2011. Judge T.A, Watanasbe S. (1994), "Individual Differences in Nature of the Relationship between Job and Life Satisfaction", Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 67, Issue.2, pp.101-107.
[3.] Edgar, F. and Geare, A. (2005), "HRM practice and employee attitude: different measures –different results", Personnel Review, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 534- 549.
[4.] Ulrich, Dave, & Smallwood, Norm, Capitalizing on Capabilities [Electronic version]. Harvard Business Review, June 2004, pp-119-127
[5.] W.L French, Human Resource Management (3rd Edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston,1994)
[6.] R.T Grant, BSG-620: Human Resources Strategy & Organizational Structure, Human Resources & Valuation of Intangible Assets, Patrick Kelsey, Nyack College, Nyack, New York, Summer 2004. (Dr.) Khan M.M, Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad W.A.(2012), "The Impact of Employee Commitment on Employee Satisfaction role of Employee Performance as a Moderating Variable", Singapore Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 1, No.2, pp.68-80.-1INtro
[7.] Sageer A, Rafat S & Agarwal P. (2012), "Identification of Variables Affecting Employee Satisfaction and Their Impact on the Organization.", IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol.,5 No1. , pp.32-39
[8.] Chen, S.H., Yang, C.C., Shiau, J.Y., and Wang, H.H. (2006), "The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education", The TQM Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp.484-500.
[9.] Khanifar H.(2012), "Analysis of Job Satisfaction and Professional Commitment between Staffs." Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, Vol.2, No.7, pp.6424-6429.
[10.] Annamalai T, Abdullah A. G. K and Alazidiyeen N. J4 (2010), "The Relationships between Organizational Justice, Trust and Performance Appraisal in Malaysian Secondary Schools" European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 13, No.4,pp. 623-632

Abstract: The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has announced its decision to adopt IFRS in India with effect from 1 April, 2011. The standards will have a significant impact on capital markets but students and investors know remarkably little about these standards. Many European countries shifted to IFRS as early as 2005. They are ahead of India in including IFRS in the curriculum for students. An understanding of Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and IFRS standards is an urgent need for today's students. The commerce and management post- graduates are the future accounting professionals working in various companies s; thus, they must be aware about the newer concepts in accounting. In this backdrop, the study seeks to explore the degree of awareness about the newer concept of accounting standards called as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) amongst students of Commerce and Management in Kashmir.

Keywords: Indian GAAP; ICAI, IFRS, awareness, convergence

[1]. Jamil Khatri "What stakeholders need to do" "Head of Accounting Advisory Services; KPMG; IFRS convergence: the Hindu business line.
[2]. Samir S. Mogul ,Harmonization of Accounting Standards, CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT JANUARY 2003
[3]. Nilsen, Kim (2008), "On the Verge of an Accounting Revolution: How IFRS is Affecting Accounting Education," Journal of Accountancy
[4]. Survey by "Resources-Global Professionals D'souza, Dolphy August 2009
[5]. Bimal R. Bhatt, C.A , Accounting and Financial Polices , Practices , Standards & Reporting , (Snow White Publication Pvt. Ltd , , New Edition 2004-05)
[6]. Concept Paper on Convergence with IFRSs in India : ICAI
[7]. Cooper .W.W and Yuji Ijiri; Koehler's Dictionary for Accountants, Prentice Hall of India; New Delhi, 1984.
[8]. D.S Rawat , Students Guide to Accounting Standards (Taxman Publication 12th edition 2008)
[9]. P.Krishna Prasanna ,Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS : A comparison , The Icfai Business School
[10]. Dr. A.L. Saini, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) ,US GAAP,U.K GAAP and Indian GAAP, (Snow White Publication Pvt. .Ltd, 2005 )

Abstract: This study aimed at understanding the concepts in making rational choices in procuring benefits of geothermal energy management in Lahendong, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data was collected through focus group discussion. The results of the study showed that Lahendong had become an action arena, meaning that the management of the geothermal energy reconciled many interests as well as caused conflicts of interests among stakeholders. Those considered as stakeholders consisted of the government, the management staff, and the local people. Each party possessed their interests, which were influenced by the values and the culture they belonged to, as well as situation and condition. The government's goal is to provide public needs for the welfare of the society. The company intends at gaining as much profit as possible from the products it sells, which is the geothermal energy for power plants. The company will not achieve the Break Even Point in 25-30 years, and from the perspective of business, it has to stop its business activity. The company survives merely on the cross-subsidy by PT Pertamina. The local people aim at procuring benefits through their externality by means of profit-oriented behavior, satisfaction-oriented behavior, and the combination of profit-and-satisfaction-oriented behavior. All these actors use the direct and indirect actions, positive and negative ways, as well as the legal and illegal methods.

Keywords: rational choices, geothermal energy, sustainable development

[1] M.M. Conroy and P.R. Berke, What makes a good sustainable development plan? An analysis of factors that influence principles of sustainable development. Environment and planning A, 36(8), 2004, 1381-1396.

[2] P. Lawn, Sustainable Development Indicators in Ecological Economics.(Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensande Home Montpellier Parade Cheltenham Glos GL. 501 UA. UK, 2006).

[3] F. Fukuyama, Social capital, civil society and development. Third world quarterly, 22(1), 2001, 7-20.

[4] D.S. Sasradipoera, and D. Hantono Strategies for developing Lahendong geothermal field, Indonesia. Proceedings of Twenty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, 2003, 27-29.

[5] R. Bertani, World geothermal power generation in the period 2001–2005.Geothermics, 34(6), 2005, 651-690.

[6] S. Hariyadi, B. Polii, and B. Yanuwiadi, Feasibility Analysis of Geothermal Power Plant Wastewater Utilization: A Case Study on Lahendong Geothermal Power Plant, North Sulawesi. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science 12(6), 2012,187-190.

[7] K. Bäckstrand, Multi‐stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness. European Environment, 16(5), 2006, 290-306.

[8] R. Ramirez, Stakeholder analysis and conflict management. Cultivating peace: conflict and collaboration in natural resource management, 1999, 101-126.

[9] PT PGEA Lahendong, Geothermal Enegry Development, Lahendong, North Sulawesi. PT Pertamina, Tomohon, North Sulawesi, 2012.

[10] G. Mansuri and V. Rao, Community-based and-driven development: A critical review. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 2004, 1-39.

Abstract: Top Management of an organization plays an important role in designing Human Resource policies and their execution. Human Resource policies of an organization are mainly based on top management's assumption about people working in the organization. It reflects the attitude of the top management about the 'people'. Human Resource Development (HRD) is somehow related with the type of approach and commitment of the top management towards its people. Human Resource Development (HRD) has been given due importance by all the organizations in India as it aims at developing all the employees of an organization in a planned manner to acquire and apply their existing capabilities as well as their inner potentials. Theory X and Theory Y developed by McGregor further strengthen the view that the managements who consider its people as its assets plays a positive role in their development and those who consider that they need to be directed and are just a means of production like other means don't make policies for their development and believe it to be wasteful expenditure.

Keywords: Perception of the Top Management, HRD Climate, People as Assets, Willingness, Commitment, Trust etc.

[1] Aurora Rajinder and VaziraniNitin G. (2001): "Management and Human Resource Development", Pune: Everest Publications.

[2] Bansal, M.P. (1991): "HRD in Public Enterprises", RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.

[3] Chauhan Daisy & Chauhan S.P. (2002): "Future directions for HRD: Aligning the HR Function To Organizational Goals", Management & Change, Vol.6 No. 2 (Winter 2002)]

[4] Jain, V K, Singhal, K C, Singh, U C (1995), "HRD Sub-Systems at the top Management Level", South Asian Journal of Management, April-June. [5] Rao, T.V., Readings in Human Resource Development, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1991.

[6] Reddy A. Jagan Mohan (2006): "HRD: Origin, Concept and Future", PJMR, Vol.10, No.1 & 2, April-Oct. 2006.

[7] Sadri Jayashri (2006): "HRD in the Era of LPG", Personnel Today, Oct-Dec. 2006.

[8] Singh, Anil Kumar (2005), "HRD Practices and Philosophy of Management in Indian Organizations", Vikalpa, Vol. 30 No. 2, April-June.

[9] Swarajya, Laxmi C. (2005): "HRD in select public enterprises in Andhra Pradesh", Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.

[10] Youndt, M A (2000), "Human Resource Considerations and Value Creations: The Mediating Role of Intellectual Capital", Paper Delivered at National Conference of US Academy of Management, Toronto, August.

Abstract: This paper describes the significance and the catalytic nature of air transport/aviation sector for the nation and global economic development through job creation, tourism and facilitation of global trade. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of air transport to economic development via- income generation, trade and other social opportunities to Nigeria. The air transport sector supports Gross Domestic Product and the employment of Nigerians through four different routes: direct route, indirect route, induced route and catalytic route. Airlines contribute over NGN58 billion to the economy of country and support 61,000 jobs in Nigeria. Furthermore, air freight may only account for 0.5% of the tonnage of global trade with the rest of the world and in value terms it makes up around 34.6% of the total freights.

Keywords: Air transport, global economy, passenger and development.

[1]. Aderamo, J.A. 2010, Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria, Journal of Economics, vol. 1 (1), 23-31.
[2]. Aderamo, A.J. 2006a, Changing pattern of Air Traffic in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3 (1): 77-89.
[3]. Adeyemi, O. 2001, Moving Nigeria Forward: The Development Planning Approach. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
[4]. ATAG, 2005, The Economic and Social Benefit of Air Transport by Oxford Economic Forecast Brochure (OEF).
[5]. Aizerman, J. 2004, Endogenous Pricing to Market and Financing Cost, Journal of Monetary Economics vol. 51(4), 691-712.
[6]. Button, K.J. 2006, "Is the debate over the contestability of airline markets really dead?" in B. Jourquin, P. Rietveld and K. Westin, Towards Better Performing Transportation Systems, Routledge, London.
[7]. Button, K.J. 2008, "Air transportation infrastructure in developing countries: privatization and deregulation", in C. Winston and G. de
[8]. Rus (eds.) Aviation Infrastructure Performance: A Study in Comparative Political Economy, Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
[9]. Button, K.J. 2008, "The Impact of Globalization on International Air Transport Activity" A paper discussed at Global Forum on Transport and Environment in a Globalizing World, Guadalajara, Mexico.
[10]. Button, K.J., Lall, S., Stough, R. and Trice, M. 1999, "High-technology employment and hub airports", Journal of Air Transport Management, 5(1), 3-59.

Abstract: Liquidity management is a concept that is gaining serious attention all over the world because of the current financial turmoil and the state of the world economy. The concern of business owners and managers all over the world is to devise a strategy which will help in maintaining liquidity as well as to increase profitability and shareholder's wealth. Liquidity is perceived as the debt paying ability of a going concern. It is the ability of a company to meet the short term obligations. Hence, it is of utmost important to keep a constant eye on liquidity position of the company as without it the company cannot survive. In this paper a comparative study on the liquidity position of five leading Indian cement companies has been done to know the liquidity position of the companies. The study covers a period of 10 years viz, 2000-2001 to 2009-2010. For the purpose of investigation purely secondary data is used. The techniques of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, ratio analysis, and Motaal's ultimate rank test has been applied to analyse the data. It has been found that the liquidity position of small companies are better as compared to big ones and most interestingly the growth rate of current ratio, quick ratio and working capital to current assets of all the companies are negative which indicates an unsound liquidity position. Moreover, low or negative working capital in some cases indicates the aggressive working capital management policy of the firms which implies minimal investment in current assets by the companies so as to derive a higher rate of return. But it has to be remembered that risk of default and bankruptcy increases when a firm adopts more aggressive working capital policies. One should remember that a negative working capital is a sign of managerial efficiency in a business with low inventory and accounts receivable (which means they operate on an almost strictly cash basis). In any other situation, it is a sign that a company may be facing bankruptcy or serious financial trouble. In our case, Motaal's Ultimate Rank Test shows that the liquidity position of Shree Cements is sounder as compared to other companies.

Key Words: Liquidity, Working Capital, Cement Industry, Profitability.

[1]. Mishra, R.K., (1975), "Problems of working capital- with reference to selected public undertakings in India," Somaiya Publications, Bombay.
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[9]. Panigrahi A.K. and Sharma, A, " Working Capital Management and Firms' Performance: An Analysis of selected Indian Cement Companies", Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management , published by Asian Research Consortium, Issue – 8, Volume – III, Sept. - 2013, Page 115 – 130. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342085.
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Abstract: This study aimed at understanding the concepts in making rational choices in procuring benefits of geothermal energy management in Lahendong, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data was collected through focus group discussion. The results of the study showed that Lahendong had become an action arena, meaning that the management of the geothermal energy reconciled many interests as well as caused conflicts of interests among stakeholders. Those considered as stakeholders consisted of the government, the management staff, and the local people. Each party possessed their interests, which were influenced by the values and the culture they belonged to, as well as situation and condition. The government's goal is to provide public needs for the welfare of the society. The company intends at gaining as much profit as possible from the products it sells, which is the geothermal energy for power plants. The company will not achieve the Break Even Point in 25-30 years, and from the perspective of business, it has to stop its business activity. The company survives merely on the cross-subsidy by PT Pertamina. The local people aim at procuring benefits through their externality by means of profit-oriented behavior, satisfaction-oriented behavior, and the combination of profit-and-satisfaction-oriented behavior. All these actors use the direct and indirect actions, positive and negative ways, as well as the legal and illegal methods.

Keywords: rational choices, geothermal energy, sustainable development

[1]. Alrubaiee.L, Al-Nazer, N.(2010). "Investigate the Impact of Relationship Marketing Orientation on Customer Loyalty: The Customer's Perspective".International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol.2, No.1.
[2]. HUO, Y., XU, Y. (2011). Research on Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in the Banking Service Industry.International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS), pp.660-663.
[3]. Jalilvand, M.R., Ebrahimabadi, F., Samiei, N. (2011). The Impact of Branding on Customers' Attitudes toward Banking Services ( The Case of Iran's Melli Bank). Journal of International Business and Management, Vol.2, No.1, pp. 186-197.
[4]. Mohsan, F., Nawaz, M.M., Khan, M.S. et al. (2011). Impact of Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty and Intentions to Switch: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 16, pp.263-270.
[5]. Olotu, A.O., Maclayton, D.W., Opara, B.C. (2010). An Empirical Study of Relationship Marketing Orientation and Bank Performance.Research Journal of International Studies, Issue 16.
[6]. Payne, A., Christopher, M., Clarh, M., Peck, H. (1995). Relationship Marketing for Competetive Advantages. Butter worth-Heinemann,UK.
[7]. Wan Omar, M., Mohd Ali, M. (2010). Brand Loyalty and Relationship Marketing in Islamic Banking System. Journal of Canadian Social Science, Vol.6, No.1, pp.25-32.

Abstract: The concept of the corporate social responsibility of organizations has a significant interest in Pakistan over the last decade. While international data shows significant relationship between CSR and FP of the firms. This paper tries to explore the relationship between CSR &FP by taking the data from15 companies listed on Karachi stock exchange, using correlation analysis which is used to find the cause and effect of the relationship. CSR is the foundation to understand the responsibilities of organization towards the society where the organization executes their activities. FP plays the vital role to carry out the CSR activities as the strong financial performance results in provision of necessary and reasonable funds and investments to carry out their social activities. These CSR activities not only enhance the firm's social value and reputation but also the profitability as well. The study result shows that there is a considerable positive relationship between the CSR and Financial performance of the firm, and firms spending on CSR not only benefits from continuous long term sustainable development but also enjoy enhanced FP.

Key words: Corporate social responsibility, financial performance, Pakistan, society welfare, Total net profit, Total asset.

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[2] Ehsan, S., Kaleem, A., & Jabeen, S. (2012). Exploring the interaction between Financial Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility in Pakistani Firms. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. , vol 2(10), 10431-10439.

[3] Flammer, C. (2012). Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuty approach. 1-35.
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[7] Khanifar, H., Nazari, K., Emami, M., & Soltani, H. A. (2012). Impacts corporate social responsibility activities on company financial performance. interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in bussiness , VOL 3, NO 9, 583-592.
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Abstract: This research on the effect of microcredit institutions on the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Anambra State was aimed at determining the impact of microcredit institutions in starting up, survival and growth of SMEs as well as the effect collateral requirements in obtaining loans from microcredit institution in Anambra South and North senatorial district of Anambra State. A sample of 450 respondents was selected for the work using the judgmental and systematic random sampling methods. Although a significant relationship were observed to exist between microcredit institutions and SMEs development, the small degree of association that exist suggests that capital (microcredit) is not the only factor that affect SMEs in the study population.

Keyword: SMEs, Microcredit, small scale business, SME financing

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