IOSR-JBM   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: In this study, the historical development process of classical and neoclassical approach of management has been analyzed. While studying the historical development of management, two basic phases have been identified. These phases are; Taylor, Fayol and Weber composing Classic Term; Hawthorne experiments, human relation movements, and behavioral movements composing Neo-classic Term. This study examines the greatest impact of the classical and neo-classical school to the organization on today's management. Firstly, the paper delineates the important theories propounded by classical and neoclassical theorists. Secondly, the article evaluates the impact of these theories on management thought. Finally, the essay compares its role on managerial thought.

Keywords: classical approach, neoclassical approach, management.

[1] Geroge Jr, C.S.. The History of Management Thougt , New Delhi, N.J.:Prentice Hall Inc. 1948.

[2] Sing,R.N. Management thought and thinkers, New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Sons , 1983.

[3] Certo S,C & Certo S,T,Modern Management,10th ed., New Delhi, Prentice Hall Inc. 2006.

[4] Gupta C,B,,Business Organization And Management , 1st ed., New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Sons, 1992.

[5] Wren, D.A. The Evolution of Management Thought, 4th ed., New York, Wiley, 1994.

[6] Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. Management of Organizational Behavior. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall., 1977.

[7] Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M. and Matthews, G. Management: A Pacific Rim Focus, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Roseville, CA. 2001.,

[8] Hitt, Michael A, Middlemist, R Dennis and Mathis, Robert L. Effective Management: New York : West Publishing Company,1979.

[9] Miles, R. Theories of Management: Implications for Organisational Behaviour and Development. New York, McGraw-Hill,1975.

[10] Geroge Jr, C.S.. The History of Management Thought. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice Hall Inc. 1972.

Abstract: The Paper presents the results of a survey done on the workforce in a small town of Uttarakhand, India. The case is unique because the workforce is not willing to move up the ladder of hierarchy even after numerous attempts by the Managements of the organizations to motivate them. The government policy when establishing the industrial unit of Selaqui, had envisaged a robust growth of the region, however the actual growth has not been in line with what was planned. In addition to other reasons for the mismatch in growth, the human factor of non-availability of motivated work-force has come out as a dominant reason. The study was conducted across 19 organizations with special focus on 192 workers in 2 units in the Industrial town of Selaqui. The emphasis was to understand the cultural and social background of the 192 workers and their feeling of un-willingness to move up the ladder. An attempt was made to understand the reasons for their decision and the underlying factors and people influencing their decisions. In the conclusion the authors after speaking to the prominent personalities of the region concluded that Government, Education Institutions and the Private sector need to work together to correct the problem.

Keywords: Motivation, Cultural and social factors, Growth

[1]. Buerhaus, P. I., DesRoches, C., Donelan, K., & Hess, R. (2009). Still Making Progress to Improve the Hospital Workplace
Environment? Results from the 2008 National Survey of Registered Nurses. Nursing Economics, 27(5), 289-301.
[2]. Chen, H.-C., Chu, C.-I., Wang, Y.-H., & Lin, L.-C. (2008). Turnover Factors Revisited: A Longitudinal Study of Taiwan-Based Staff
Nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(2), 277-285. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.010
[3]. Hofstede, G. (1983), The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2),
pp 75-89.
[4]. Hofstede, G., and Bond, M. H. (1988), The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth, Organizational
Dynamics, 16(A), pp 5-21.
[5]. Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London.
[6]. Hofstede, G. (1993), Cultural constraints in management theories, Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp 81-94.
[7]. Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors institutions, and organizations across nations.
London: Sage Publications Ltd.
[8]. Moseley A., Jeffers, L., & Paterson, J. (2008). The Retention of the Older Nursing Workforce: A Literature Review Exploring
Factors that Influence the Retention and Turnover of Older Nurses. Contemporary Nurse, 30(1), 46-56.
[9]. Petcharak, H. (2004). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18 (4),
344-362

Abstract: Software job is stressful job. It is difficult to say what factors contribute to this stress, because job stress may be caused by a complex set of reasons. Some of the most visible factors of job stress are Work Stressors, Role Stressors, Personal development stressors, Interpersonal relation Stressors and Organizational climate Stressors. The present study investigates factors that contributed to stress and relations among the stress factors of software professionals. An analysis of about 100 professionals serving different software companies was carried out. The gathered data was analyzed using descriptive, correlation and regression analyses. The study reveals that the correlation of organisational climate with all other stressors and that the software professionals are much concerned of accommodating themselves to different roles in performing the work assigned. A regression is fitted with different stress factors.

Key Words: Job Stress, Software employees, Correlation, Regression analysis.

[1] Aditi, N. and Kumari, B., 2005, Impact of personality patterns and employment status on psychological stress tolerance of women in Kerala. Indian Psy. Rev., 64(2): 103-108. [2] Agrawal, U. N., Malhan, N. K. and Singh, B., 1979, Some classifications of stress and its applications at work. Ind. J. Indus. Rel., 15(1):41-50 [3] Dr Amanat Ali Jalbani & M Zaki Rashidi (2009), 'Job Stress among Software Professionals in Pakistan: A Factor Analytic Study‟, Journal of Independent Studies and Research, ISSN: 1998 – 4162 [4] A.K. Sharma, S. Khera, J. Khandekar Computer Related Health Problems Among Information Technology Professionals in Delhi Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol. 31, No. 1, January - March, 2006 [5] George Rodrigues and purushotham gowda (2011), " A study of organizational climate in professional college libraries and information centres in Mangalore city",Annals of library and information studies, Vol.58,march 2011,pp 24-33. [6] Jayashree nayak and Dr.Susheela P. Sawkar., 2008,Factors influencing stress and coping strategies among the degree college teachers of Dharwad city, Karnataka [7] Keenan .T.J.and Newton, (1985). Stressful Events, Stressors and Psychological Strains in Young Professionals Engineers, Journal of Occupational Behaviour, Vol. 6, pp. 141-6. [8] K. S. Rajeswari, R. N. Anantharaman April 2003 SIGMIS CPR '03 Development of an instrument to measure stress among software professionals: factor analytic study [9] K. S. Rajeswari and R. N. Anantharaman Role of Human-Computer Interaction Factors as Moderators of Occupational Stress and Work Exhaustion published in International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 2005, Vol. 19, No. 1, Pages 137-154 [10] Dr. Manidrajit singh pabla," occupational stress amongst teachers of professional colleges in Punjab",sept 2012,volume.1,issue.9,Indian journal of research,ISSN-2250-1991

Abstract: Large grocery stores are nowadays used by millions of people for the acquisition of an enlarging number of products. Product acquisition represents a complex process that comprises time spent in corridors, product location and checkout queues. On the other hand, it is becoming increasingly difficult for retailers to keep their clients loyal and to predict their needs due to the influence of competition and the lack of tools that discriminate consumption patterns. This paper gives the proposal of an architecture and solution of an innovative system for the acquisition of products in grocery stores (Intelligent Cart). Every shopping cart will have a RFID reader. As the shopper put the items one by one into the cart the RFID will read the data and the microcontroller adds the total and displays the same on the LCD. When the shopping is done all that the user needs to do is pressing the END shopping button. When this is done the total is sent to the billing system using Zigbee transceivers along with the unique cart number. At this moment the data is sent to all the counters and whichever counter is free, he will enter the counter number against the cart number and the bill and this will then be displayed in the shopping cart. The machine keeps the bill ready and now all that the user needs to do is to pay the bill and walk out of the shop.

Index Terms: Zigbee, RFID, keilμvision, flash magic, microcontroller

[1] Mazidi, Mazidi, McKinlay- "The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded Systems".
[2] Doukidis, G. & Pramatari, K.- "Supply Chains of the Future and Emerging Consumer-Based Electronic Services"
[3] Milan Verle- "Architecture & programming of 8051".
[4] A Hand book- "Fundamentals & applications in RFID appplications"
[5] Savi Technologies. "Active and Passive RFID: Two Distinct, But Complementary, Technologies for Real-Time Supply Chain Visibility, SAVI Technology."
[6] http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24652665/Recommended-Practices-Guide-For-Securing-ZigBee-Wireless-Networks
[7] http://www.digi.com/technology/rf-articles/wireless-zigbee.jsp
[8] http://www.edaboard.com/ftopic58756.html
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee_specification

Abstract: The Nigeria state has for the past two decades been at the receiving end of a dramatic upsurge of militia movements. The guise of militia movements purportedly representing and seeking to protect their different group interests emerged as a result of the ethnic nationalities or religious groups perceived neglect, injustice, deprivation and marginalization within the Nigerian state. Nigerians today live in an era of militant insurgence with its grave social, economic, political and human costs. This study relies on secondary data from various sources to conceptualize the militia movement, its historical background, causative factors and implications on Nigeria's social-economic and political development. Consequent upon the threat posed by the menace of militia movements, this paper proffer possible solutions that can assist the government in tackling the insurgency of militia movements in Nigeria.

Key words: Militia movements, Ethno-religion crisis, Socio-economic development, Insurgency, National Integration.

[1]. Adagba, O., Ugwu, S.C. and Eme, O.I (2012) Activities of Boko Haram And Insecurity Question in Nigeria Arabian Journal Of Business And Management Review Vol.1, No.9.
[2]. Adejumobi, S. (2002) ―Ethnic militia groups and the national question in Nigeria.‖ Social Science Research Council. Retrieved August 22 2011, http://programs.ssrc.org/gsc/gsc_quarterly/newsletter8/content/adejumobi/printable.html.
[3]. Agbu, O. (2004). ―Ethnic Militias and the Threat to Democracy in Post-Transition Nigeria‖. Nordic Africa Institute Research Report 127, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
[4]. Ajala, A.S. (2006). ―Cultural Nationalism, Democratization and Conflict in Yoruba Perspective: Focus on O'odua Peoples' Congress (OPC) In Nigeria Politics‖. Studies of Tribes & Tribal, 4(2): 131-141
[5]. Ajayi, J.O.(2007). Oodua Peoples' Congress (0PC) and Crime Control in the Lagos Metropolis. A Thesis in the Department of Sociology, submitted to the Faculty of social sciences, in Partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[6]. Al-Islamy, I. (2003). Hisbah Institution http://www. Islamic world.net/economics/hisbah.htm.
[7]. Amnesty International (2009). Petroleum, Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta. London: Amnesty International Publications.
[8]. Angaye, G. (2002) Causes and Curses of Conflicts in Nigeria. THISDAY: Festival Inc. Newspapers database.
[9]. Babawale, T. (2001). ―The Rise of Ethnic Militias, De-Legitimization of the State and the Threat to Nigerian Federalism‖. West African Review.
[10]. Badmus, I. A. (2006) ―Ethnic Militia Movements and the Crisis of Political Order in Post-Military Nigeria‖. Journal of Social Science, 13 (3): 191-198.

Abstract: Women in India have come a long way after independence from just a skilled homemaker to acquired skills and capabilities at par with their male counterparts. But still more conflict arises with the working mother who has to fulfill the demand at work followed by various demands at home. This can leave a working woman anxious and stressed. The past research on the study of stress in working women was dealing with the surveying of working women carried out in various institutions like hospitals, BPO's.,etc. The current study deals with the study of working women at Agni College of Technology (Educational institution).The present study is based on primary data through pilot study. Questionnaire was the main tool for collecting the primary data. The research analysis was carried out by percentage evaluation method. This study revealed that stress in married working women is caused due to long working hours, various family and official commitments, harassments and improper work life balance. Such type of stress leads to various problems such as prolonged headaches, hypertension and obesity. Stress can be relieved from institutional support, balancing work and life by spending time with family, entertainments, yoga and rest.

Keywords: physical problems in married women, psychological stress in women, stress causes, stress reduction, working mothers

[1] Prof. Parul Tripathi; Prof. Sandeep Bhattacharjee , A study on psychological stress of working women, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 2012,434 - 445.
[2] UnaizaNiaz, Sehar Hassan, The perception of professional women about their job and its effects on psychological well-being, Journal of Pakistan psychiatric society, 3(2), 2006, 83.
[3] Dr. M. Dhanabhakyam and V. Anitha, A study on stress management of working women in coimbatore district, International journal of multidisciplinary research,1(7), 2011, 337 – 344.
[4] Iffat Hussain, Problems of working women in karachi, Pakistan (UK, Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2008)
[5] Ungsinan Intarakamhang, Research synthesis concerning stress and coping of Thai people, The Journal of Behavioral Science, 4 (1), 2009, 36 – 48.
[6] Vatiswa Veronica Makie, Stress and coping strategies amongst registered nurses working in a south African tertiary hospital, Magister Curationis, University Of The Western Cape, South Africa, 2006
[7] Donald J. Campbell, Kathleen M. Campbell, Daniel Kennard, The effects of family responsibilities on the work commitment and job performance of non-professional women, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(4), 1994, 283 – 296.

Abstract: The area of innovation has received much attention from the literature. However the characteristics of innovative SMEs are still unclear. Hence, this research's purpose is to provide a list of comparative analysis between innovative SMEs and ordinary SMEs. This is a qualitative research and 13 interviews have been conducted. This paper reported only one interview. The analysis is using Miles and Huberman (1994) techniques. The finding can be scanned as a guideline for government and policy makers to understand and to be more focus on the innovativeness among SMEs.

Keywords: SMEs, Innovation Activities, Innovative Characteristics, innovative SMEs.

[1]. Albury, D. (2005). Fostering Innovation in Public Services. Public Money & Management, 25 (1): 51-56.
[2]. Amini. A, (2004). The distributional role of small business in development. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 31 No. 4.
[3]. Baldassarri, S. Saavala, T. (2006), "Entrepreneurship-educating the next generation of Entrepreneurs" Enterprise Europe, Vol. 22, pp. 16-20.
[4]. Birkinshaw. J, Bouquet. C and Barsoux. J. L (2011), Top ten lesson on the new business innovation, MIT Sloan Management Review 1.
[5]. Blumentritt, T. (2004), "Does small and mature have to mean dull? Defying the ho-hum at SMEs", Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 27-33.
[6]. Bogdan, R. C., and Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
[7]. Brogren,C. (2011).Malaysian SMETM the SME paper, June 4 To 17, 2011.
[8]. Chandler. G. N, Keller. C and Lyon. D. W, (2000), "Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation-supportive organizational culture", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 59-76.
[9]. Cooper, R.G. (2000). "Doing it right: winning with new products", IVEY Business Journal, Vol. 64 No. 6, pp. 54-60.
[10]. Damanpour, F and Gopalakrishnan, S (2001), "The dynamics of the adoption of product and process innovation in organizations", Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 45-65.

Abstract: Risk management issues in the banking sector do not only have greater impact on bank performance but also on national economic growth and general business development. The bank's motivation for risk management comes from those risks which can lead to underperformance. This study focuses on the association of risk management practices and bank financial performance in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced was based on a 4year progressive annual reports and financial statements of 10 banks and a panel data estimation technique adopted. The result implies an inverse relationship between financial performance of banks and doubt loans, and capital asset ratio was found to be positive and significant. Similarly it suggests the higher the managed funds by banks the higher the performance. The study concludes a significant relationship between banks performance and risk management. Hence, the need for banks to practice prudent risks management in order to protect the interests of investors.

Keywords: risk management, credit risk, financial distress, reputable risk, bank performance.

[1]. Owojori, A. A., Akintoye, R. I., and Adidu, A. F. (2011). The challenge of risk management in Nigerian banks in the post consolidation era. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, Vol. 13 (2), pp 23-31.
[2]. Cebenoyan , A. S., and Strahan, P. E. (2004). Risk Management, Capital Structure and Lending at Banks, Journal of Banking and Finance 28, 19-43.
[3]. Colquitt, J. (2007). Credit Risk Management: How to Avoid Lending Disasters & Maximize Earnings. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill. USA.
[4]. Crouhy, M.; Galai, D. & Mark,. (2006). The Essentials of Risk Management. McGraw-Hill. USA.
[5]. Cumming, C., and Mirtle, B. (2001). The challenges of risk management in diversified financial institutions, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 7, 1-17.
[6]. Greuning, H.V. & Bratanovic, S. B. (2009). Analyzing Banking Risk: A Framework for Assessing Corporate Governance and Risk Management. 3rd Edition. The World Bank. Washington, USA.
[7]. King, R. G. & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 717-37.
[8]. Luy, D. D. (2010). Evaluation of Credit Risk Management Policies and Practices in a Vietnamese Joint-Stock Commercial Bank‟s Transaction Office. Business Economics and Tourism.
[9]. Miccolis, J., & Shaw, S. (2000). Enterprise risk management: An analytic approach, Tillinghast- Towers Perrin, New York.
[10]. Miller, K.D. (1992). A framework for integrated risk management in international business, Journal of International Business Studies 23, 311-331.

Abstract: This paper presents a classification of e-payment customers in Nigeria on the basis of high and low involvement and to find out the perceived risk/security factors that are dominant in the classification. Based on an empirical survey of e-banking customers from different segments in Nigeria with questionnaire as the instrument for data collection; the authors employed discriminant analysis to ascertain which of the perceived risk/security factors of psychological risk, quality risk, time-loss risk, financial risk, physical risk and security that are dominant in classifying e-banking customers on the basis of high and low involvement. The results show that the ATM/debit/credit cards command high involvement followed by telephone/GSM banking, while others like master/visa cards, internet banking, among others are less preferred. Time-loss risk and security are the most dominant in classifying e-banking customers though these two factors are the dominant the discriminant structure matrix show that the seven factors are important as they all contribute to the classification. The findings of this study has implications for banks and policy makers toward ensuring that e-banking services are secure and that the risks associated e-banking transactions are minimised. The study also has implications for further studies in consumer involvement and consumer behaviour.

Keywords: e-payments, cashless economy, perceived risk, security, banking reforms, Nigeria, consumer involvement.

[1]. Aaker, D.A; Kumar, V; and Day, G.S. (2005). Marketing Research. New Delhi: John Wiley & Sons.
[2]. Achumba, I.C. (2006). The Dynamics of Consumer Behaviour. Lagos: Mc-Williams Publishers.
[3]. Aldlaigan, A.H. and Buttle, F.A. (2001). "Consumer Involvement in Financial Services: An Empirical Test of Two Measures", International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol 19 No 6, pp 232-245. Arnould, E; Price, L; & Zinkhan, G. (2004). Consumers. Irvin: Mc Graw Hill.
[4]. Berkman, H.W; Lindquist, J.D. & Sirgy, M.J. (1997). Consumer. Chicago: NTC Books.
[5]. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN 2012). Financial Stability Report (FSR). Online Edition.

Abstract: Today, more than ever before, are willing to operate in an environmentally responsible way and they understand that they are part of society and should therefore adopt green practices in organizations. With passage of time, people understand the relevance of adopting green practices and "being green" is becoming the norm and the future belongs to a green economy. This research papers tries to explore the ways in which organizations of modern times can become a better place and the strategies that need to be adopted to become green organizations. Business professionals today working towards initiatives needed to reduce employee carbon footprints to become more accountable towards society and people's well being. The various initiatives that should be promoted in the employees by the organization can be like car-pooling, teleconferencing, recycling, online training, e-mailing etc. It has also been observed that these small initiates taken by organization go a long way to build brand and reputation among the customers. Green, signifies color, peace, growth, greenery & is definitely in fashion these days as organizations today are realizing the fact that going green is not only good and a responsible thing to be done but can also be good for the public image of the organization. This paper tries to discuss the various initiates that can be taken by government to promote green practices in the organization.

Keywords: Green Management, green initiatives, green practices, environment, management.

[1]. Bird, A. (1996) "Training for Environmental Improvement‟, in Wehrmeyer, W. (ed) (1996), op cit., pp.227-246.
[2]. Brio, J.A.D., Fernandez, E., and Junquera, B. (2007) "Management and employee involvement in achieving an environmental action-based competitive advantage: an empirical study‟, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol.18, no.4, (April), pp.491-522.
[3]. Brockett, J. (2006) "Change agents‟, People Management, 23rd November, p.18-19.
[4]. Brockett, J. (2007) "Prepare now for big rise in "green‟ jobs‟, People Management, 17th May, p.9.
[5]. Denton, D.K. (1999) "Employee involvement, pollution control and pieces to the puzzle‟, Environmental Management and Health, vol.10, no.2, pp.105-111.
[6]. Dobers, P., and Wolff, R. (1996) "Managing the Learning of Ecological Competence‟, in Wehrmeyer, W. (ed) (1996), op cit., pp.271-288.
[7]. ECOTEC (1990) The Impact of Environmental Management on Skills and Jobs, Birmingham: Training Agency, U.K.
[8]. ECOTEC (1993) Sustainability, Employment and Growth, Birmingham: ECOTEC.
[9]. Felgate, G. (2006) "Emission Statements‟, People Management, 1st June, pp.40-41
[10]. Milliman, J. and Clair, J. (1996) "Best Environmental HRM Practices in the US‟, in Wehrmeyer, W. (ed) (1996), op cit., pp.49-73.

Abstract: The management of the Public Service in Kenya has been a challenge and has been undergoing changes and evolving over time towards improved service delivery to the citizens and none has born better results than performance contracting. Key trend in the New Public Management (NPM) approach in crisis states is the increasing resort to performance contracting as an instrument to reform state-owned enterprises. Introduction of performance contracting emanated from the realization that public service was not clear about its goals as it had several functions with multiple objectives to fulfill where some were not related to their core mandate. It's also from realization that what gets measured gets done, a philosophy that has been practiced widely in the private sector.

Keywords: Performance Contracting, Effectiveness of Performance, ANOVA and Regression Model

[1]. Akaranga, E. M. (2008). The Process and Effects of Performance Contracting in Kenyan Public Sector, MBA Project; United States International University (USIU), Nairobi.
[2]. Armstrong and Baron, (2002). Strategic Human Resource Management: The Key to Improved Business performance, Kogan Page 45, London
[3]. Bouckaert, F.G., Verhoest, K., &De Cortek, (1999). Public Sector Performance Contracting in Belgium, Retrieved July 2011 Website: http://www.unea.org
[4]. Cole G.A. (1997). Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition.
[5]. Cole G.A. (2004). Organization Behaviour, TJ International, Padstow Cornwall, UK
[6]. Cooper, D. R. and Emory C W, (1995). Business Research Methods, Psychological Bulletin, 108, pp. 171-194
[7]. Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, S. P. (2006). Business Research Methods 9th Edition McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi
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Abstract: This study focuses the relationship between the government revenues and current expenditures in long run in Iran Country covering data 1986 2110. The research uses the annual time series data which is obtained from the website of Central Bank. The OLS method is used to estimate the liner regression to show the relationship between these variables. EVIEWS 8 and SPSS software is applied to do this survey. This paper explains the relationship between government current expenditures and revenues of taxes and oil in the long run. The results of the research state in the long run during the years of the study the coefficients of the oil revenue and the tax revenue are 0.025 and -2.32 respectively. Hence the oil revenue in the long run is one of the main factors to make a decision by the government who determine its current expenditure level. The decision makers in Iran can use the results of this study to make better decisions for its budget planning.

Key words: the tax revenue, the oil revenue and the government expenditures and Iran.

[1] Adnan Mazarei, (1996), The Iranian Economy under the Islamic Republic: Institutional Change and Macroeconomic Performance (1979–1990), Cambridge Journal of Economics 20: 289–314
[2] Ahmad, H., & Millar, S. M. (2000). Crowding-out and Crowdinging Effects of the Components of Government Expenditure. Contemporary Ecnomic Policy , 18, 124-133
[3] Aisen, A., & Hauner, D. (2008). Budget Deficit and Interest Rates. IMF Working Papers , 42, 1- 21
[4] Alberto Alesina and Allan Drazen, (1991), Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?, American Economic Review 81, 1170–88
[5] Al-Khedair, S. I. (1996). The Impact of the Budget Defecit on Key Macroeconomic variables in the Major Industrial Countries. PhD Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University
[6] Bahmani, O. M. (1999), The Federal Budget Deficits Crowd-out or Crowd-in Private Investment. Journal of Policy Modeling , 21, 633-640
[7] Barro. (1978). Comment from an Unreconstructed Ricardian. Journal of Monetary Economics , 4, 569-581
[8] Barro. (1979). On the Determination of the Public Debt. Journal of Political Economy, 87, 240- 271
[9] Blackley, P. R., (1986), Causality between revenues and expenditure and the size of the Federal Budget, Public Finance Quarterly
[10] Cebula, J. R. (1988), Federal Government Budget Deficits and Interst Rates: A brief Note. Southern Economic Journal , 55, 206-210