iosr-JDMS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe canal anatomy modifications by Path Files (PF) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in mandibular first molars. A total of 100 mesiobuccal (MB) root canals of mandibular first molars were prepared with PF. CBCT was used to scan the specimens before and after instrumentation. The root canal curvature, centric ability, apical transportation, root canal cross sectional area and canal volume were measured. Changes in canal anatomy modifications were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7mm intervals. There was a statistical difference in the root canal curvatures between the pre and post instrumented samples (P < 0.05). There was no transportation at 5mm , all the canals were transported towards the distal side except there was a slight mesial transportation at 0mm. They exhibited good centric ability at all the intervals except at 1mm (P > 0.05). The difference in the cross sectional area was also statistically significant at all the intervals (P < 0.05).The changes in the volume were statistically significant at all the intervals except at 3 mm (P > 0.05).

Keywords: Apical Transportation, Canal Volume, Centric Ability, Root Canal Cross-Sectional Area, Root Canal Curvature.

[1] Yun H, Kim SK. A comparison of the shaping abilities of 4 nickel-titanium rotary instruments in simulated root canals, Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, and Endod, 95(2), 2003, 228 –33.
[2] Schäfer E, Florek H. Efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium K3 instruments compared with stainless steel hand K-Flexofile. Part 1. Shaping ability in simulated curved canals, Int Endod J, 36 (3), 2003, 199 –207.
[3] Walia HM, Brantley WA, Gerstein H. An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files, J Endod, 14(7), 1988, 346–51.
[4] Camps JJ, Pertot WJ, Levallois B. Relationship between file size and stiffness of nickel titanium instruments. Dent Traumatol, 11(6), 1995, 270–3.
[5] Kazemi RB, Stenman E, Spangberg LS. Machining efficiency and wear resistance of nickel-titanium endodontic files. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, and Endod, 81(5), 1996, 596–602.
[6] Young GR, Parashos P, Messer HH. The principles of techniques for cleaning root canals, Aust Dent J, 52(1), 2007, 52–63.
[7] Sotokawa T. An analysis of clinical breakage of root canal instruments. J Endod, 14, 1988, 75-82.
[8] Pruett JP, Clement DJ, Carnes DL Jr. Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, J Endod, 23, 1997, 77-85.
[9] Alapati SB, Brantley WA, Svec TA, Powers JM, Nusstein JM, Daehn GS. SEM observations of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments that fractured during clinical use. J Endod, 31, 2005, 40–3.
[10] Parashos P, Messer HH. Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences. J Endod, 32, 2006, 1031–43.

Abstract: Introduction: Thyroid disease is a chronic non-communicable disease affecting women more than male . About 20 million Americans have some form of thyroid dysfunction, mostly women and about forty million individuals suffering in India. Objective of this study is the prevalence of thyroid hormone dysfunction in female patients as hypo or hyperthyroidism in the Dept of biochemistry, RIMS, Imphal. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Deptt. of Biochemistry, RIMS, Imphal in collaboration with Deptt. of Medicine on 824 female patients from January 2010 to December 2012.Thyroid function test were assayed by the ELISA method. Results and observations: In this study, out of 824 female patients enrolled, 491 patients are below 40 yrs and 333 patients are above 40 yrs. The present study shows that prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in females are 19.1% and 13.7% respectively and also shows that prevalence of hypothyroidism is more common in females of hilly areas (23.8%) compared to valley or plain areas (16.2%). Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction in the female population of Manipur so screening is needed above 40 yrs of female and for people of hilly areas of Manipur.

KeyWords; female patients, hypothyroidism, hilly areas, T3, T4, TSH.

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[8]. International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. UNICEF. World Health Organization. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

Abstract: A hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in a girls' high school, Tarakeswar, Hooghly, West Bengal to assess the proportion of visual acuity and visual impairment among the students in a Rural High School along with its association with some socio-demographic, environmental and nutritional factors. Out of 160 students, 132 girl students of class VIII, IX, X attended the school on the day of survey. In first step Pre-designed pre-tested self administered questionnaire was filled in by the students. The second step involved eye examination, including students' visual acuity using the Snellen E chart and near vision chart. Data were tabulated in MS EXCEL 2007 and analysed by SPSS 20. Most of the students were Hindu (98.49%), Poor socio-economic class (63.64%). Education status of the fathers was mostly primary school completed (36.4%). 68.9% students had visual acuity 6/6 and 31.1% had visual acuity <6/6 with best available correction in both eyes (n=132).Visual impairment was found in 4.5% students. The frequency of visual impairment was significantly higher in children with glasses (corrected) as compared to children without glasses (14.3% versus 4%). Diet and physical factors had no role with visual acuity.

Key Words: visual acuity, visual impairment, high school students

[1] Prema .N. Prevalence of refractive error in school children. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. Sep 2011 ;Vol. No. 4 :1160-61. [2] Dandona R, Dandona L. Childhood blindness in India: A population based perspective. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:263-5. [3] Jose R, Sachdeva S. School eye screening and the national program for control of blindness. Indian Pediatr 2009;46:205-8. [4] Murthy G.V.S, Gupta S K, Ellwein L B, Muñoz S.R, Pokharel G.P ,Sanga L, Bachani D. Refractive Error in Children in an Urban Population in New Delhi. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 2002; volume no. 43:623-631.
[5] www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282
[6] www.anugrahadrishtidaan.org/Blindness-Global-&-Indian-Scenario.htm [7] Visual impairment and blindness In Park.K Parks text book of Preventive and social Medicine .22nd ed:Bhanot;2013:P.371-2. [8] Marasini S, Sharma R, Sthapit PR, Sharma D, Koju U, Thapa G, et al Department of Ophthalmology, Dhulikhel hospital Nepal,Refractive errors and visual anomalies in school children.2010;8(32):632

Abstract: Background:- Osteoarthritis is a chronic, localized joint disease affecting approximately one-third of adults, with the disease prevalence increasing with advancing age. OA affects many joints including the large, weight bearing joints of the hips and knees and also the spine, hands, feet and shoulders. The knee is the most common weight bearing joint affected by OA, with the disease predominantly affecting the medial compartment of the tibio-femoral joint. Patients with knee OA frequently report symptoms of knee pain and stiffness as well as difficulty with activities of daily living such as walking, stair-climbing and house keeping.

Key Words: Shortwave diathermy (SWD), visual analoge scale (VAS), WOMAC

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[5]. Ledingham J, Regan M, Jones A, Doherty M: Radiographic patterns and associations of osteoarthritis of the knee in patients referred to hospital. Ann Rheum Dis 1993, 52(7):520-526.
[6]. Iorio R, Healy WL: Unicompartmental arthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003, 85-A (7):1351-1364.

Abstract: post partum stress and hyper tension is common disorder in women, however moderate to severe stress and depression may lead to convulsions. A lady having a similar complaint was being treated with Mitchell relaxation technique, deep breathing exercises and other mobility exercises for a period of 10 weeks. All the investigations like MRI, ECG, Blood Reports were found normal or near normal. There was no specific clinical correlation found between any of the investigation report to eclampsia and seizures except level of stress. There was good reduction found on depression, anxiety and stress. Post partum seizures have reduced to zero. Hypertension was also able to decline to normal range. From the case it can be concluded that Mitchell relaxation techniques combined with other stress reliving exercises can be use to treat post partum eclampsia and related stress. Stress induced convulsion may be treated with such exercises.

Key words: anxiety, depression, mitchell relaxation technique, post eclampsia, stess

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Abstract: Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the total facial angle and subsequently the upper and lower facial angles to demonstrate various growth patterns by cephalometrics and to evaluate the validity of this method as compared with conventional cephalometrics. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 individuals comprising of all males in the age range of 20 to 25 years seeking orthodontic treatment were taken. Lateral cephalograms of these individuals were analyzed by conventional cephalometrics and our new method to assess the growth pattern. Results: The cut-off points of the Total Facial Angle were established as 61.30° ± 3.59° for Horizontal Growth Pattern, 63.8° ± 2.99° for Average Growth Pattern and 66.23° ± 3.02° for Vertical Growth Pattern. Cut-off points for Upper and Lower Facial Angle were also established in all the three growth patterns. In Horizontal Growth Pattern, Upper Facial Angle was as 32.27° ± 1.74° and Lower Facial Angle was 29.00° ± 2.15°. In Average Growth Pattern, Upper Facial Angle was 31.90° ± 1.49° and Lower Facial Angle was 31.90° ± 1.49°. In Vertical Growth Pattern, Upper Facial Angle was 31.83° ± 1.56° and Lower Facial Angle was 34.33° ± 1.42°. Conclusion: From this study we were able to obtain a Total Facial Angle, the measurements of which were able to distinguish Horizontal, Average and Vertical Growth Patterns and proportion of Upper and Lower face was determined in the three growth patterns. In Average Growth Pattern, the Upper and Lower Facial Angle were equal indicating a proportionate face. Whereas, in Horizontal Growth Pattern, Upper Facial Angle was greater than Lower Facial Angle and in Vertical Growth Pattern, Upper Facial Angle was lesser than Lower Facial Angle.

Keywords: Facial Harmony, Growth Pattern, Total Facial Angle, Upper Facial Angle, Lower Facial Angle.

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Abstract: Background: To enhance the successful communication of medical teaching using different audiovisual aids Objectives: To determine First year MBBS student's perception of anatomy using different audiovisual aids like Blackboard[BB], Overhead Projector Transparencies[OHPT] and Liquid Crystal Display[LCD], and generate recommendations for their optimal use. Method: A Questionnaire based study was carried among the 100first year students in Anatomy of MVJ Medical College, Bangalore after exposing them to different audiovisual aids like BB, OHPT, and LCD. A few lectures were absolutely on blackboard, and some were on OHPT and on LCD. Few classes were taken with mixed audiovisual aids. Students were exposed for such audiovisual aids for one year and then they were requested to complete a questionnaire. The Data collected was statistically analyzed by on simple Chi Square test Results:96 students completed the questionnaire. The results of the subjective assessment of the lectures showed that students preferred LCD or Power point media most, 55.2% of the students preferred LCD as the best mode for Anatomy Lectures and 67.7% of the students thought LCD was the most interesting & interactive mode for the anatomy lectures 95% of the students said yes to integrated modes of audio visual aids, out of which 61 % preferred BBT & LCD as the best of combinations of audio visual mode

Key words: BBT, OHPT, LCD, teaching learning methods

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[6] O'Day D H. The Value of Animations in Biology Teaching: A Study of Long-Term Memory Retention. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2007; 6(3): 217–23.

[7] Shallcross DE, Harrison TG. Lectures: electronic presentations versus chalk and talk –a chemist's view. ChemEduc Res Pract 2007; (8):73-9.

[8] Reynolds R E, Baker D R. The Utility of Graphical Representations in Text: Some Theoretical and Empirical Issues. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 1987; 24(2): 161-73.

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[10] Choudhary R, Dullo P, Tandon RV3, Gupta U A Prospective Study on MBBS Student About Different Visual AidsJ Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2009;4(2): 58-63

Abstract: Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 1600 urban and 1600 rural school children of Jaipur in year 2011. Two blocks for urban areas and two Panchayat Samities for rural areas were selected randomly for the study. Socio-demographic data were collected from parents of children and thorough dental check-up of children was done by a dentist. Children with dental Florosis were identified. Data in details were collected on pre-designed proforma. Data collected were analysed and inferred with chi-square test. Result: 34.5% of children were diagnosed as having dental flurosis. Dental flurosis was found significantly (P<0.001) more in rural than in the urban areas (43.94% v/s 25.06%). In rural areas dental florosis was found associated (p<0.05) with age, socio-economic status, dentist visit, mouth ringing frequency, teeth cleaning material and teeth cleaning frequency. Whereas in urban areas dental florosis was found associated (p<0.05) with age, sex, type of family, mother's education and mouth ringing frequency. Conclusion: More than one third students were having Dental Florosis. Rural children were having significantly more dental florosis than urban. Age and mouth ringing frequency were found associated in urban as well as rural areas. In rural areas socio-economic status, dentist visit teeth cleaning material and teeth cleaning frequency but in urban areas sex, type of family and mother's education were different associating factors with dental florosis.

Key words: Dental florosis, Socio-demographic, chi-square Test, P Value

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[6]. Jain, D.C. An epidemiological study of dental and periodontal disease in a group of villages in the area of rural health training centre, Naila (Jaipur). Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine (Preventive and Social Medicine), University of Rajasthan, 1979
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Abstract: The Musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, passes inferiorly and laterally, and then pierces through the coracobrachialis .After supplying it descends between the biceps and the brachialis, giving branches to both the muscles and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. Variations in the origin, course, branching pattern, termination and connections of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) are not uncommon. Though its absence has been described previously but its real prevalence is unknown. A case of absence of the musculocutaneous nerve was observed during the dissection of the left arm of a male cadaver. The medial root of median nerve was found to be bifurcated and the area of innervation was supplied by lateral root of median nerve. From this, three branches emerged: one to the coracobrachialis muscle, another to the biceps brachii muscle and the third to the brachialis muscle. The knowledge of such Anatomical variations would be of value to the practicing neurosurgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, anaesthetist and interventional radiologists, during surgical procedures, including brachial plexus block and in diagnostic clinical neurophysiology to avoid unexpected complication.

Keywords: Musculocutaneous nerve ,Median nerve, Neuro-muscular anomalies.

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[4] Arora L, Dhingra R (2005) Absence of musculocutaneous nerve and accessory head of biceps brachii: a case report. Indian J Plast Surg 38:144–146

[5] Beheiry EE (2004) Anatomical variations of the median nerve distribution and communication in the arm. Folia Morphol 63:313–318

[6] Nakatani T. et al. Three cases of the musculocutaneous nerve not perforating the coracobrachialis muscle. Acta Anat Nippon, 1997; 72: 191–194

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[8] Gümüsburun E; Adigüzel E. A variation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2000; 22(1):63-5.

[9] Song WC, Jung HS, Kim HJ, Shin C, Lee BY, Koh KS. A variation of the musculocutaneous nerve absent. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44(6):1110-3.

[ 10] Tatar I, Brohi R, Sen F, Tonak A, Celik H. Innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle by a branch from the lateral root of the median nerve. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2004;63(4):503-6.

Abstract: The genus Manniophytum Fulvum belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, which is geographically distributed widely in tropical Africa. It has been investigated for a number of properties, such as analgesia, anti-inflammation and as remedy for cough, dysentery, haemorrhoids and haemoptysis. Aims: This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antidiarrheal properties of the plant. Methodology: Aqueous and ethanol leaves extracts of Manniophyton fulvum was prepared and used for the experiment. During the entire period of study the animals were supplied with standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. The animal experimentation was carried out accordance to the guidelines of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC). Results: Phytochemical studies carried out on aqueous and ethanol extract of Manniophyton fulvum leaves showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, steroid, phytosterol, triterpenoid and phlobatannin. The aqueous and ethanol leaves extracts of Manniophyton fulvum showed significant (p<0.05) antidiarrheal activity on gastrointestinal motility with barium sulfate milk and castor oil- induced diarrheal model in rats. Conclusion: These result obtained in this study, suggest that the leaves extract possess pharmacological activity against diarrhea and may find a place in the management of illness that present with diarrheal.

Keywords: Antidiarrheal activity, Barium sulfate milk, Castor oil, Manniophyton fulvum, Phytochemistry.

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Abstract: Objective : A comprehensive analytical study for representative sample of newly discovered type 1 diabetic patient aimed to assess the epidemiology and sociodemography of newly diagnosed type one DM in Dhi-qar province(southern of Iraq ) in children <15 yrs of age .The present study also aimed to measure the educational level among those newly diagnosed T1DM through measuring the level of HbA1C and duration of illness before first presentation . Methods :prospective cross sectional analytical study extended from February 2011 till December 2012 included 103 patients all of them newly diagnosed type one DM collected from diabetic center in Dhi-qar province

Keywords: T1DM,poor control .HbA1C,delayed presentation

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[10]. http://jcrpe.dergisi.org/np-detail.php?id=956(study in turky)

Abstract: Predictive equations provide the basis for estimating energy needs for different individuals; however, accuracy of these equations has been questioned in tropical countries. The current study determined which of the commonly used predictive equations is most suitable for estimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) in a random sample of obese diabetic and obese non-diabetic subjects in Sudan. Two matched samples of 40 obese diabetic and 40 obese non-diabetic subjects, aged 35 to 50 years old, were randomly selected. The PowerLab 8/35 with a gas analyzer (ADInstruments, Castle Hill Australia) was used for measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production for each participant. RMR was derived from these parameters using Weir's formula. Three predictive equations (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin and Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization/ United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU) were compared with the measured RMR to determine their accuracy in predicting RMR for the two groups. Unlike the other two equations, Mifflin's equation showed insignificant statistical difference between measured and predicted RMR in obese diabetic patients; however, none of the three equations gave accurate results for the obese non-diabetic individuals. It is recommended that a new predictive equation should be developed for estimating RMR in the obese non-diabetic individuals.

Keywords: Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Resting metabolic rate, Indirect calorimetry, Weir's formula, Predictive equations

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Abstract: Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMSD) is now well documented and recognised as an occupational hazard in the diagnostic ultrasound (US) work place. The impact of WRMDS range from minor discomfort to career ending injury. As the US work force in Nigeria increases, more WRMDS are expected.This study aims at documenting the common symptoms of WRMSD amongst cross section of Sonologists in Nigeria and also recommends ways to reduce and prevent this condition. Structured questionnaires distributed to 135 Sonologists were analysed for data relating the symptoms of WRMSD to specific ergonomic factors and other variables. 120 Sonologists met the inclusion criteria of which 117(97.5%) complained of musculoskeletal (MSk) pains and numbness at various anatomical sites while 3(2.5%) had no complaints. Analysis shows a positive association between these symptoms and certain US work habits. This study concludes that shoulder pain and finger numbness are the common symptoms of WRMSD in Sonologists in Nigeria. Efforts at reducing and preventing symptoms should focus primarily on educating the Sonologists and Management of institutions on the need to ensure appropriate ergonomic interventions and adaptations.

Key Words: Ergonomics, Ultrasound, WRMSD.

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