iosr-JDMS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Prevalence of anaemia is very high in tertiary care hospital O.P.D. patients. Reproductive age group female, adolescence females and children are the main victims. The present India government strategies and programmes are not sufficient to control the growing menace of anaemia. So newer strategies and target groups must be formulated.

Keywords: Anaemia, Prevalence, cross sectional study, unicentric study

[1]. Robbins and Cotran`s Pathogenic basis of disease;8th edition Editors-Kumar,Abbas,Fausto,Aster: Publisher: Elsevier Saunders:printed in India 2010: Page 639.
[2]. Dacie & Lewis practical haematology 10th edition ; Publisher Churchill livingstone :2006 ; page 27-29
[3]. R.G. Viveki, A.B. Halappanavar et al :Prevalence of anaemia and its epidemiological determinants in pregnant women :AJMS Al Ameen J. Med Sci(2012)5(3):216-223;SS CODEM:AAJMBG
[4]. Toteja, G.S. Singh, Padam et al: Open Access Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women and adolescent girls in 16 districts of India: Source: Food & Nutrition Bulletin, Volume 27, Number 4, December 2006, pp. 311-315(5)
[5]. Publisher: Nevin Scrimshaw International Nutrition Foundation
[6]. Priyali pathak ,Umesh Kapil, Renu Saxena et al: Prevalence of multiple micronutrients deficiencies amongst pregnant women in a rural area of Haryana :Indian Journal of Paediatrics;November2004,Vol-71,Issue-11 ;PP-1007-1014
[7]. Bharati Premananda,Suparna et al:Prevalence of anemia and its determinants among pregnant and non-pregnant women in India:Asia Pacific Journal of public health:20(4)PP-347-359:ISSN1-800-818-7243URL-http//aph.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/347
[8]. Dr.Vijaynath,Patil et al:Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy:Indian Journal of applied basic medical sciences:Year 2010, Vol-12B,Issue-15,Print:ISSN:O975-8917
[9]. K.N. Agarwal,D.K Agarwal,K Sharma et al:Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant and lactating mother in India:Indian J. Med Res 24,August 2006,PP.-173-184
[10]. Verma M,Chhatwal

Abstract: of Community Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, India) Abstract: Objective- The Aim of this study is to investigate Perinatal outcome and the rate of ceserean section following intrapartam amnioinfusion in women with Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid [MASF]. Method- A total of 100 women at term in labour with meconium stained amniotic fluid were randomised to receive either Transcervical Intrapartum Amnioinfusion with normal saline [50] or routine obstetric care [50]. Perinatal outcome and obstetric outcome were recorded and analysed in both groups. Result- The ceserean section rate due to fetal distress was 34% in the control group and 10% in the study group. Respiratory distress of the neonate was significantly less common in the study group than in the control group [p=0.0053]. The rate of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome [MAS] was 20% in the control group and 4% in the study study group.[p=0.0433]. Conclusion- Amniotransfusion in cases of MSAF significantly improved neonatal outcome and decreases the ceserean section rate without increasing any maternal and fetal complications.

Keywords: Amnioinfusion, Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid [MASF], Meconium Aspiration Syndrome [MAS].

[1]. Macri C.J. Schrimmer D.B. Leung A, Greenson J.S., Paul R.H. Prophylactic amnioinfusion improves outcome of pregnancy complicated by thick meconium and Oligohydramnios Am J Obset Gynecol 1992 ; 167 ; 117; 121.
[2]. Wenstrom K.D. Parsons MMt. The Prevention of MA in labor using Amnioinfusion. Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 73; 647; 651.
[3]. Hofmeyr G., Gulmezoglu a.m, Buchmann E., Homrath G.H., Shaw A., Nikodem V.C, Cronje H., Delager M., Mohomed K. The collaborative randomised amnioinfusion for meconium project (CRAMP); South Africa. Br. J. Obstet Gynaecol 19987; 105(3): 304-308.
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[5]. Das. V, Shrisvata S, Preetikumar , et.al Amnioinfusion during labor complicated by meconium J. Obstet Gynaecol India 2001; 51; 105-7
[6]. Rathorea AM, Singh R, Ramji S, et.al Randomized trial of amnioinfusion during labor with meconium stained amniotic fluid BJOG, 2002; 109:17-20.
[7]. Fraser WD, Hofmrey J, Lede et.al. Amnioinfusion for the prevention of the meconium aspiration syndrome. NEJM, 2005; 353:909-17.
[8]. Hofmey6r GJ Amnioinfusion for meconium stained liquor in labor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2):CD 000014.

Abstract: Methods: We undertook a prospective non-randomised study of ventral hernia cases from 1st October 2010 to 30th September 2011, at Sawai Man Singh Hospital, a tertiary care government hospital in North India. A total of 30 cases were done, 15 by laparoscopic and 15 by open repair. Laparoscopic repair was done with polypropylene or composite mesh placed intraperitoneally. Open repair was done with polypropylene mesh placed in onlay fashion.

Keywords: ventral hernia, laparoscopic repair, government setup.

[1]. Forbes SS, Eskicioglu C, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing open and laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair with mesh. Br J Surg. 2009 Aug;96(8):851-8.
[2]. Raftopoulos I, Vanuno D, Khorsand J, Kouraklis G, Lasky P. Comparison of open and laparoscopic prosthetic repair of large ventral hernias. JSLS. 2003 Jul-Sep;7(3):227-32.
[3]. Chowbey PK, Sharma A, Mehrotra M, Khullar R, Soni V, Baijal M. Laparoscopic repair of ventral / incisional hernias. J Min Access Surg 2006;2:192-8
[4]. Yildirim M et al. Is repair of incisional hernias by polypropylene mesh a safe procedure? Med Princ Pract. 2010;19(2):129-32.
[5]. Eriksen JR et al. Choice of mesh for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Hernia. 2007 Dec;11(6):481-92.
[6]. Golash V. Laparoscopic geometrical repair of ventral hernia. Surgeon 2006 Feb;4(1):33-8,62.
[7]. Forbes SS, Eskicioglu C, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing open and laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair with mesh. Br J Surg. 2009 Aug;96(8):851-8.
[8]. Bedi AS, Bhatti T, Amin A, Zuberi J. Laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair. J Min Access Surg 2007;3:83-90.
[9]. Kapischke M et al, Open versus laparoscopic incisional hernia repair: something different from a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2008 Oct;22(10):2251-60.
[10]. Novitsky YW, Cobb WS, Kercher KW, Matthews BD, Sing RF, Heniford BT. Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in obese patients. A new standard of care. Archives of Surgery 2006;141:57-61.

Abstract: Background: The ovarian neoplasms are the cause of highest mortality in female genital tract. Histomorphological study is the gold standard to assess the treatment modalities and prognosis of various tumors. Aim: This study is done to determine the age incidence, prevalence and morphological variants of ovarian neoplasms Materials and methods: This is retrospective and prospective study done from January 2002 to October 2008. Thorough sampling from representative areas were given and stained with H & E. Special stains like reticulin, vangieson, PAS, mucicarmine were done if necessary. Results: Out of 278 ovarian neoplasms analysed in this study, 275 were primary (98.92%) and 3 were metastatic tumors (1.08%). Among primary ovarian tumors, the surface epithelial tumors ranked first (85.25%), followed by germ cell tumors (9.71%) and sex cord stromal tumors (3.95%). Most of the benign tumors were observed in 4th decade, while the malignant tumors in 5th decade . Conclusions: The study of macroscopic and microscopic features of different ovarian tumors will enable for categorization into exact morphological type which will help the gynecologist for proper management.

Key words: Histomorphological study, germ cell, sex cord stromal, surface epithelial.

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Abstract: AIM: The Aim of this study is to compare the effect of surface moisture on dentinal tensile bond strength MATERIAL/METHOD:Sixty freshly extracted caries free Mandibular first molars were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 20 teeth each. Occlusal surface were ground by diamond disc till all occlusal enamel is removed. After treating the occlusal surface of specimens with 37% orthophosphoric acid for 15 sec ,specimens were divided into 3 groups namely.Group I ( Blot Dry),Group II ( One Second Dry) and Group III ( Over Dry). Each group was treated with single bond adhesive(3M ESPE). Composite cylinders were build up using Teflon moulds and cured. Tensile bond strength was tested using INSTRON universal testing machine.The results were analysed statistically. RESULT: The tensile bond strength values were highest in group I(Blot dry) and statistically significant CONCLUSION: Blot drying after etching provided better bond strength.

Keywords: Blot dry, dentin, surface moistur

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[2]. Marshall GW,Marshall SJ ,Kinney JH, Balloch M. The dentin substrate structure and properties related to bonding .J Dent 1997:25; 441-58

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[8]. Eick JD, Robinson, SJ, Chappell RP, Cobb CM, Spencer P (1993). The dentinal surface: Its influence on dentinal adhesion. Part III. Quintessence Int 24:571-582. [9]. Kinney JH, Balooch M, Marshall GW, Marshall SJ. Atomicforce microscopic study of dimensional changes in human dentine during drying. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38: 1003-1007.

[10]. Farid Mohammed Sabry,El-Askary,Mohammed Salah AbdelazizNassif, Andrea Mello Andrade,AlessandraReis,AlessandroDouradoLoguercio. Effect of surface area and air-drying distance on shear bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive. Braz Oral Res., (São Paulo) 2012Sep-Oct;26(5):418-23.

Abstract: Ghrelin, identified as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, functions as a somatotrophic and orexigenic signal from the stomach. The secretion of ghrelin increases under conditions of negative energy balance, such as starvation, cachexia, and anorexia nervosa, whereas its expression decreases under conditions of positive energy-balance such as feeding, hyperglycemia, and obesity. In addition to having a powerful effect on the secretion of growth hormone, ghrelin stimulates food intake and transduces signals to hypothalamic regulatory nuclei that control energy homeostasis. Thus, it is interesting to note that the stomach may play an important role in not only digestion but also as a pituitary growth hormone release and central feeding regulation.

Keywords: Ghrelin, glucose intolerance, children

[1]. Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Dieguez C, CasanuevaFF, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2000;23:493–495
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[5]. Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001;50:1714–1719.
[6]. Corp E. S, Woods S. C. Porte D, Jr., Dorsa D. M., Figlewicz D. P., and. Baskin D. G, "Localization of 125I-insulin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus by quantitative autoradiography," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 1986.
[7]. Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology. 2000;141:4255-4261.
[8]. Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A, Frayo RS et al. Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:820-825.
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[10]. Howard, A.D., Feighner, S.D., Cully, D.F., Arena, J.P., Liberator, P.A., Rosenblum, C.I., Hamelin, M., Hreniuk, D.L., Palyha, O.C., Anderson, J., Paress, P.S., Diaz, C., Chou, M., Liu, K.K., McKee, K.K., Pong, S.S., Chaung, L.Y., Elbrecht, A., Dashkevicz, M., Heavens, R., Rigby, M., Sirinathsinghji, D.J., Dean, D.C., Melillo, D.G. & Van der Ploeg, L.H. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 1996 , 273, 974–977.

Abstract: Background: The role of men in maternity care in Africa is understudied. Their role is pivotal with appropriate community framework for the success of any maternal health initiative. This study was conducted to assess male and community involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness in Benin City. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study design was utilized for this study. Results: Two hundred and thirty seven consenting spouse/male respondents participated in the study. The study showed that male attendance at ANC was 33(13.9%) with 32 (97.0%) accompanying their wives sometimes and 1(3.0%) always for ANC. Furthermore, 127(55.0%) male respondents accompanied their partners during labour. Community involvement in BPACR was 17(6.7%), with community transport services 14(82.4%) being the predominant form of community support. Conclusion: Male and community involvement in BPACR was low in this study. Better involvement is required through advocacies and setting up of community support structures such as transport scheme and community health insurance schemes to enhance emergency fund savings for improved maternal care.

Key words: Benin City, Birth preparedness and complication readiness, Community and Male involvement.

[1]. Kakaire O, Kaye DK, Osinde MO. Male involvement in Birth Preparedness and Complication Readines for emergency Obstetric referrals in Rural ,Uganda.Reprod health. 2011; 8;12 doi : 10.1186/1742 – 4755 -8-12
[2]. Iliyasu Z, Abubakar IS, Galadanci HS, Aliyu MH. Birth preparedness ,Complication Readiness and Fathers‟ participation in Maternity care in a Northern Nigerian Community.Afr J Reproductive Health 2010 ; 14 (1) : 22- 32
[3]. Carter MW, Speizer I. Salvoran Fathers‟ attendance at prenatal care, delivey and post partum care. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005 ; 18 (3) : 149 -56
[4]. Dragonas TG. Greek Fathers‟ participation in labour and care of the infant. Scand J Caring Sci. 1992 ;6 (3) : 151-9.
[5]. Tweheyo R, Konde-Lule J, Tumwesigye NM, Sekandi JN. Male partner attendance of skilled antenatal care in peri-urban Gulu district, Northern Uganda. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2010;10: 53
[6]. Odimegwu C, Adewuyi A, Odebiyi T, Aina B , Adesina Y, Olatubara O and Eniola F. Men‟s Role in Emergency Obstetric Care in Osun State of Nigeria. Afr J Reproductive Health 2005 ; 9 (3) : 59 – 71.
[7]. Olayemi O, Bello FA, Aimakhu CO, Obajimi,Adekunle AO. Male participation in pregnancy and Delivery in Nigeria:A survey of Antenatal clinic attendees.Journal of Biosocial Sciences 2009 ; 41 : 493 -503.
[8]. Nandan D,Kushwah SS, Dubey DK. A study for assessing Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Intervention in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh, India.2008 p 1-34.
[9]. Eni-Meg Nigeria Limited. Edo State Investors‟ Guide (1st Edition International). Eni-Meg. Publishers, Lagos, 1999: 2-256
[10]. Edo State Ministry of Health. Department of Hospital services, List of Health Facilities

Abstract: In Africa healthcare service delivery is a huge challenge. This is compounded by inadequate health care facilities, poor distribution and citing of health care facilities, lack of equipments and drugs to mention a few. This study was conducted to assess the level of health care facility preparedness to render basic and comprehensive essential obstetric care services to pregnant women, with view to encourage health facility deliveries and care.

Keywords: Assessment, Benin City, Essential Obstetric Care, Health Care Facilities, Pregnant Women

[1]. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2008: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank. Geneva, WHO, 2010.
[2]. World Health Organization (WHO). Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child health Resources. Study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in Africa in Rural Integrated Relief Service – Ghana ; 2007
[3]. Kimani M. Investing in the Health of Africa's Mothers. Afr Renewal 2008;21(4);8
[4]. National Population Commission (NPC). Federal Republic of Nigeria and ORC Macro, Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008, Calverton, MD, USA: NPC and ORC Macro. 2010.
[5]. National Primary Health Care Development Agency. The MGD –DRG Funded Midwives services Scheme, Concept, processs and progress. Abuja, 2010
[6]. Nandan D,Kushwah SS, Dubey DK. A study for assessing Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Intervention in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh, India.2008 p 1-34.
[7]. Ijadunola KT, Fatusi AO, Orji EO, Adeyemi AB, Owolabi OO, Ojofeitimi EO,Omideji AK, Ademuyi AA: Unavailability of essential obstetric care services in a Local Government Area in South West Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutri. 2007 March; 25(1):94-100
[8]. Babalola S, Fatusi A. Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria--looking beyond individual and household factors. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9: 43.
[9]. Eni-Meg Nigeria Limited. Edo State Investors' Guide (1st Edition International). Eni-Meg. Publishers, Lagos, 1999: 2-256
[10]. Edo State Ministry of Health. Department of Hospital services, List of Health Facilities.

Abstract: Blood group plays a vital role in the field of medicine. There is a clear association between ABO blood group status and von Willebrand factor. Deficiency of vWF leads to Hemorrhagic disorders, while elevated levels are a risk factor for thrombosis. Earlier studies state that the O group individuals have prolonged bleeding time and clotting time. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between Bleeding time and clotting time among various Blood groups and also to identify any gender difference among the same. This is a cross sectional study including 100 Undergraduate students of age group 17 to 20 years.Bleeding time (by Duke's filter paper method) and Clotting time (by Wright's capillary tube method) was determined after obtaining an informed consent from the students.In our study, bleeding time was prolonged among B group and clotting time was prolonged among AB group, also prolonged bleeding time and clotting time among the females compared to the males..Our study reveals that O group individuals also share the risk of thrombosis.A larger study group has to be involved for further study and also the plasma von Willebrand factor levels should be estimated to rule out any possible reason.

Key words:Bleeding time, Blood groups, clotting time, von Willebrand's factor.

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[2] Akhtar MN, Tayyib A, Tasneem T, Butt AR. ABO blood group in patients with peptic ulcer disease: Association with secretor status.Ann King Edward Med Coll 2003; 9: 238-40.

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[6] Favaloro EJ, Soltani S, McDonald J, Grezchnik E, Easton L, Favaloro JW. Reassessment of ABO blood group, sex, and age on laboratory parameters used to diagnose von Willebrand disorder: potential influence on the diagnosis vs the potential association with risk of thrombosis Am J Clin Pathol. 2005; 124(6):910-7.

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[9] Ruggeri ZM: Structure of von Willebrand factor and its functionin platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Best Prac sssResClinical Haematol 2001, 14:257-259.

[10] Gill JC, Endres-Brooks J, Bauer PJ, Marks WJ Jr, Montgomery RR. The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease, Blood. 1987; 69(6):1691-5.

Abstract: In this paper, we present an improved technique to the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) based image compression. These modification and the preprocessing techniques provide significantly better quality reconstruction at the decoder with little additional computational complexity. Firstly, we proposed a pre-processing scheme, by 2-D arrangement for wavelet coefficients. Secondly, rearranging the order of the encoded output bit stream by memory optimization at the algorithmic three continuosly growing linked lists levels and a low bit rate image coder. As far as objective quality assessment of the reconstructed image is concerned, we have compared our proposed results with popular Average Difference (AD), Structural Similarity (SSIM) Index in Image Space, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Compression Ratio (CR). These metrics show that our proposed work is an improvement over the original one.

Keywords: SPIHT, Lifting Wavelet Transform, wavelet coefficients, quality assessment.

1]. Sukhwinder Singh, Vinod Kumar, H.K.Verma ,"Adaptive threshold based block classification in medical image compression for teleradiology ",Computers in Biology and Medicine ,Vol.37, pp. 811 –819,2007.
[2]. J. Jyotheswar, Sudipta Mahapatra ,"Efficient FPGA implementation of DWT and modified SPIHT for lossless image compression", Journal of Systems Architecture, Vol.53, pp.369–378, 2007.
[3]. Gregorio Bernab , Jose M. García , José González ,"A lossy 3D wavelet transform for high-quality compression of medical video", The Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 82, pp.526–534,2009.
[4]. Yen-Yu Chen," Medical image compression using DCT-based sub band decomposition and modified SPIHT data organization", International journal of medical informatics, Vol.76, pp. 717–725.
[5]. R. Srikanth, A.G. Ramakrishnan, "Contextual encoding in uniform and adaptive mesh based lossless compression of MR images", IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,Vol. 24,pp.1199–1206, 2005.
[6]. R. Shyam Sunder, C. Eswaran, N. Sriraam, "Medical image compression using 3-D Hartley transform", Comput. Biol. Med, Vol.36, pp.958–973, 2006.
[7]. A.T. Deever, S.S. Hemami , "Lossless image compression with projection-based and adaptive reversible integer wavelet transforms",IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing. vol.12 , pp.489–499. 2003.
[8]. Z. Xiong, X. Wu, S. Cheng, J. Hua, "Lossy to lossless compression of medical volumetric data using 3D integer wavelet transforms", IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging ,vol.22, pp.459–470, 2003.
[9]. B. Ramakrishnan, N. Sriraam, "Internet transmission of DICOM images with effective low bandwidth utilization", Journal of Digital Signal Process, Vol.16, pp. 825–831,2006.
[10]. N. Sriraam, R. Shyamsunder." 3-D medical image compression using 3- D wavelet coders", Elsevier on Digital Image Processing,Vol.21,pp.100-109,2010.

Abstract: Coronectomy (Intentional Partial Tooth Removal) American Dental Association-D7251 is a new procedure introduce in oral and maxillofacial surgery for the removal of crown of mandibular third molar. Coronectomy is performed when a neurovascular complication is likely if the entire impacted tooth is removed. Very few studies are going with this procedure and all studies are concluding the same that this procedure has no harm with the patient as well economically cheap procedure but still this procedure is not in use as well as no further studies and researches are going with this procedure. Why oral and maxillofacial surgeons are not using this procedure or why no any further studies are going with this procedure?

Keywords: coronectomy, deliberate vital root retention, partial root removal, partial odontectomy)

[1]. Knutsson K, Lysell L, Rohlin M. Postoperative status after partial removal of the mandibular third molar.Swed Dent J 1989; 13:15–22 [2]. Nerve damage and third molar removal a. R. Loescher, k. G. Smith and p. P. Robinson dent update 2003; 30: 375 382
[3]. Chkoura Ahmed et. al. Coronectomy of Third Molar: A Reduced Risk Technique for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Damage. Dent Update 2011; 38: 267–276
[4]. M. A. Pogrel, J. S. Lee, and D. F. Muff, "Coronectomy: a technique to protect the inferior alveolar nerve," Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2004 vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1447–1452
[5]. T. Renton, M. Hankins, C. Sproate, and M. McGurk, "A randomised controlled clinical trial to compare the incidence of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve as a result of coronectomy and removal ofmandibular thirdmolars," British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; 2005 vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 7–12

Abstract: Congenital lip pits fall among the rare congenital deformities recorded. Lip pits may develop at the commissures of the lips or in the midline. A pilot study was conducted to assess the prevalence, age distribution, site and gender predilection of commissural lip pits (CLP) in a rural population from South Kerala. A total of 11,141 patients (7984 adults and 3157 children) who visited the out patient department of PMS College of Dental Science and Research were examined over a period of one year for commissural lip pits in relation to age, gender and site. Commissural lip pits (CLP) was identified in 25 adult patients with a prevalence of 0.3 % and CLP was not seen in children. The incidence of CLP was more in male patients with most numbers in the 30-35 age group, whereas in females it was more in 35-40 age group. 68% cases had unilateral lip pits with predilection for occurrence on the left side. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide more information into various aspects of this relatively rare phenomenon.

Key words: Commissural lip pits, Pilot study, South Kerala

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Abstract: Success of endodontic treatment depends on the proper identification of all the canals, thorough chemo-mechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation with hermetic seal. Failure of any of these steps may occur due to unusual tooth morphology. The endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar with aberrant canal configuration can be diagnostically and technically challenging. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents a case report of mandibular first molar with extra distal root and five root canals. Keywords: Disto lingual root, Mandibular first molar, Middle mesial canal, Radix Entomolaris.

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Abstract: The elevated level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCRP) and atherosclerosis are associated with high mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. The HSCRP correlates with atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. IL-6 is a cytokine (one of a class of immune system regulators ) it plays a critical role, in acute phase of inflammatory reaction to cellular injury.

Keywords: IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis, type2 diabetes.

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