iosr-JDMS   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: Oral care is a vital component of holistic nursing in hospitalized patients and its provision influences the overall wellbeing of patients. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine and oral routine care in terms of oral health status and oral microbiological colony count of self care deficit clients. Setting and Design: Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMS&R) Hospital Mullana Ambala. A true experimental, pre test- post test control group design was used. Method and material: Sixty self care deficit clients were selected using purposive sampling technique and were randomly assigned to experimental (0.2% chlorhexidine) and control group (oral routine care) by using lottery method. The data was collected by "modified Beck oral assessment scale" and "oral microbiological colony count recording sheet". Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using chi-square, paired t-test and unpaired t-test. Results: The finding of the study indicated that both the groups (experimental and control group) were homogenous before administering oral care. After administering oral care, the mean oral health status score was significantly lower in experimental group than control group (6.10 versus 11.57; "t‟= 8.90; df=58; p = 0.001). The mean oral microbiological colony count of Candida (50.93 versus 217.37 ), Moraxella Catarrhalis (44.70 versus 185.83 ), Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci (52.77 versus 183.80), Klebsilla (55.63 versus 178.10) and CoNS (64.5 versus 186.60 ) was significantly lower in experimental group than control group ( p <0.05). No significant association was found among levels of oral health status and levels of oral microbiological colony count with selected demographic and clinical variables. Conclusion: 0.2% chlorhexidine was more effective than oral routine care in improving oral health status and decreasing oral microbiological colony count among self care deficit clients.

Keywords: 0.2% Chlorhexidine oral care, Mircobiological colony count, Oral health status, Oral routine care, Self care deficit clients.

[1]. Ulman Almanda, "0.2% chlorhexidine oral care in icu clients in terms of oral health status" http://eprints.qut.edu.au/31765/1/Amanda_Ullman_Thesis.pdf (Book style with paper title and editor)
[2]. Developing and implementing an oral care policy and assessment tool [internet] http://nursingstandard.rcnpublishing.co.uk/archive/ article
[3]. Morris Braham R, "Oral health and care in the intensive care unit: state of the science." Am J Crit Care 13(1), 2001: 25-33; discussion 34. (book style)
[4]. Tablan OC, "Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee" MMWR RecommRep. 2004;53(RR-3):1-36. http://www.guideline.gov. Accessed July 25, 2007. (Conference proceedings)
[5]. Feider LL, " Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults" Am J Crit Care.2010; 19(2):175-183.
[6]. Albandar JM, "Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases: an overview" Periodontology 2002; 29:7-10.
[7]. Spence K, " Nursing management a systems approach, Philadelphia" W. B. Saunders Company, 2000;56-74
[8]. Ullman Amanda, "Oral health of critically ill clients" http://eprints.qut.edu.au/31765/1/Amanda_Ullman_Thesis.pdf
[9]. Becks, H, "dental caries: Prevention and prognosis" J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2000;31:1189-1200. (book style)
[10]. Nancy J. Ames, " Effects of Systematic Oral Care in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter Study" Am J Crit Care 2011;20:e103-e114 (book style)

Abstract: Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis is a subtle, chronic and bilateral condition of the corneal epithelium, typically manifests with acute exacerbations and remissions. The etiology remains uncertain, despite the possibility of viral etiology was suspected. Topical steroid administration is useful in aborting an acute phase; but steroid induced cataract and glaucoma developed on long term usage. Topical cyclosporine A was used successfully for prolonged periods with minimal ocular surface irritation. The purpose of this case study was to highlight the importance of diagnosing the problem clinically and also to report efficacy and ocular side effects of topical cyclosporine A. Twenty six year old boy presented with persistent foreign body sensation in July 2011, since one month in both the eyes. Slit lamp microscopic examination revealed bilateral, multiple and punctate corneal epithelial lesions. The lesions resolved on topical steroids but recurred after cessation of the therapy. With the daily instillation of topical cyclosporine A, recurrence was not observed in two year follow up. Although topical steroid was useful in aborting an acute phase, the disease remitted on cessation of the therapy. Topical cyclosporine A, used for two years was effective in controlling the exacerbations without discernible ocular side effects.

Keywords: Cyclosporine A (CSA), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (TSPK)

[1]. THYGESON P (1950). Superficial keratitis. J Am Med Assoc; 144(18):1544-9.
[2]. Duszak RS (2007). Diagnosis and management of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis. Optometry; 78(7):333-8.
[3]. Connell PP et al (2007). The role of common viral ocular pathogens in Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol; 91(8):1038-41.
[4]. Reinhard T et al (2004). PCR for varicella zoster virus genome negative in corneal epithelial cells of patients with Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis. Eye (Lond); 18(3):304-5.
[5]. Darrell RW (1981). Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis: natural history and association with HLA DR3. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc;79:486-516.
[6]. Nagra PK et al (2004). Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis: ten years' experience. Ophthalmology; 111(1):34-7.
[7]. Kawamoto K et al (2009). In vivo observation of Langerhans cells by laser confocal microscopy in Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis. Mol Vis; 15:1456-62.

Abstract: This article describes a male patient who presented with trismus due to submucous fibrosis and how in course of time it turned malignant into oral squammous cell carcinoma. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, complex, irreversible, highly potent pre-cancerous condition characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (lamina propria and deeper connective tissues). As the disease progresses, the jaws become rigid to the point that the sufferer is unable to open his mouth. The condition is linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut chewing, the main component of betel quid. Areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing, is practiced predominately in Southeast Asia and India, dating back thousands of years.

[1]. Schwartz, J.: Atrophia Idiopathica (Tropica) Mucosae Oris, Demonstrated at the Eleventh International Dental Congress, London, 1952. (Cited by Sirsat and Khanolkar.:<o)
[2]. Sirsat, S. M., and Khanolkar, V. R.: Submucous Fibrosis of the Palate and Pillars of the Fauces, Indian J. M. SC. 16: 189-197, 1962.
[3]. Joshi, 8. 0.: Submucous Fibrosis of the Palate and Pillars, Indian J. Otolaryng. 4: 1-4, 1953.
[4]. Su, I. P : Idiopathic Scleroderma of the Mouth ; Report of Three cases, Arch. Otolaryng.59: 330-332, 1954
[5]. Baa, R. V., and Raju, P. R.: A Preliminary Report on the Treatment of Sul~mucous Fibrosis of the Oral Cavity With Cortisone, Indian J. Otolnryng. 6: 81-83, 1954.
[6]. Behl, P. N.: Practice of Dermatology, Bombay, 1962, Allied Publishers Private, Ltd. [7]. JensJ. Pindborg,SatyavatiM.Sirsat.Oralsubmucousfibrosis Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Volume 22, Issue 6, December 1966, Pages 764-779
[8]. Aziz SR. Oral submucous fibrosis: an unusual disease. J N J Dent Assoc1997;68:17–9.
[9]. Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS, Gupta PC, Daftary DK. Prevalence of oralsubmucous fibrosis among 50,915 Indian villagers. Br J Cancer1968;22:646–54.
[10]. Gupta PC, Hebert JR, Bhonsle RB, Sinor PN, Mehta H, Mehta FS. Dietaryfactors in oral leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis in a population-basedcase control study in Gujarat, India. Oral Dis 1998;4:200–6.

Abstract:Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly spreading flesh eating disease of skin & subcutaneous tissue. It can involve any part of the body mostly involving perineal region & anterior abdomen wall but breast involvement is rare. Thus early diagnosis and proper surgical treatment can prevent significant morbidity.

Keywords: Breast, Necrotizing Fasciitis, Postpartum period, Debridement

[1] Saira Nizami,Kamran Mohiuddin,Mohsin-e-Azam,Hasnain Zafar, ,Muhammed Ashraf Memon, Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Breast-case report. The Breast Journal, Volume 12 Number 2, 2006 168–169

[2] Shah J, Sharma AK, O'Donoghue JM, Mearns B, Johri A, Thomas V. Necrotising fasciitis of the breast.Br J Plast Surg2001;54:67–68

[3] Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB. Necrotizing fasciitis.BMJ 2005; 330:830–33.

[4] Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, Schwab CW: Necrotizing fasciitis: Current concept and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg 009, 208(2):279-288.

[5] Korhan Taviloglu and Hakan Yanar .Necrotizing fasciitis: strategies for diagnosis and management. World Journal of Emergency Surgery2007, 2:19. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-2-19.

[6] Elliot DC, Kufera JA, Myer RA. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: risk factors for mortality and strategies for management. Annals of Surgery 1996; 224: 672-83.

[7] Elliott D, Kufera JA, Myers RA: The microbiology of necrotizing soft tissue infectionAm J Surg 2000, 179(5):361-6.

[8] McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D, Malangoni MA. 1995. Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Ann. Surg. 221:558-563;discussion563-565

[9] Gurpreet Singh, Sunil K Sinha, Shailesh Adhikary, K Srinivas Babu,Pallab Ray, Satish K Khanna et al. Necrotising infections of soft tissues –a clinical profile, European Journal of Surgery 2002;168(60):366-71.

Abstract: A 51 year old male was admitted in our hospital with fracture neck of right femur and posted for bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Spinal anaesthesia was given in L2L3 space using 3.5ml 0.5% bupivacaine heavy with 25mcg fentanyl, with 25G quincke needle. During application of the high viscosity gentamycin bone cement, patient developed severe hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxia and cardiac arrest. High quality CPR started immediately, patient intubated and intravenous adrenaline 1mg given. After successful resuscitation surgery continued under general anaesthesia. Patient was post operatively ventilated and monitored in surgical ICU for next 6 hours and he made a full recovery.

Keywords : Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, spinal anaesthesia, high viscosity gentamycin bone cement, cardiac arrest.

[1] Stavros G. Memtsoudis, Eduardo A. Salvati, George Go, Yan Ma, Nigel E. Sharrock. Perioperative Pulmonary Circulatory Changes During Bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty Under Regional Anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2010;35(5):417-421.
[2] A.J.Donaldson, H.E.Thomson, N.J.Harper, N.W.Kenny. Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;102(1):12-22.
[3] Pradeep Govil, P N Kakar, Deep Arora, Shibani Das, Nishkarsh Gupta, Deepak Govil, Sachin Gupta, Ashima Malohtra, Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome: A Report of Four Cases. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;53(2):214-218.
[4] Timothy.J.Kaufmann, Mary.E.Jensen, Gabriele Ford, Lena.L.Gill, William.F.Marx, David.F. Kallmes, Cardiovascular Effects of Polymethylmethacrylate Use in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002;23:601-604.
[5] Razuin.R, Effat.O, Shahidan.M.N, Shama.D.V, M.F.M Miswan. Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2013;35(1):87-90.
[6] Nikhil Mudgalkar, K.V.Ramesh. Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome: A Rare Catastrophe. Anesthesia: Essays and Researches. 2011;5(2):240-242.
[7] Satoshi Ono, Yoshinori Kadoma, Sadao Morita, Kazuo Takakuda, Development of New Bone Cement utilizing Low Toxicity Monomers. Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2008;55:189-196.
[8] Joseph Eldor, Vladimir Kotlovker, Intralipid treatment: Is it only the tip of an iceberg? A new suggestion: Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS). Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Science. 2012;1:12.
[9] M.Hayakawa, Y.Fujioka, Y.Morimoto, A.Okamura, O.Kemmotsu, Pathological Evaluation of Venous Emboli During Total Hip Arthroplasty. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:571-575.
[10] Hugh Phillips, Peter.V.Cole, Alan.W.F.Lettin, Cardiovascular Effects of Implanted Acrylic Bone Cement. British Medical Journal. 1971;3:460-461.

Abstract: Objective. : The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge of Physical education (PE) teachers in Chennai regarding tooth avulsion and its emergency management. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 131 Physical education teachers from randomly selected schools in Chennai using self- administered questionnaires. Results: A total of 131 PE teachers, in which 120(91.6%) male teachers and 11(8.4%) female teachers answered the questionnaire. The results showed that only 15.3 % had a previous experience of avulsed tooth in a child; 64.1% of them knew the need for "immediate" emergency management. Only 38.9% would replant an avulsed tooth and regarding the storage media and only 5.3% chose milk as a suitable media. Conclusion: This study shows lack of knowledge regarding tooth avulsion and its emergency management among physical education teachers in Chennai. Therefore, educational programmes are necessary to improve their level of knowledge.

Keywords: Dental Trauma, Knowledge, Physical education teachers, Storage medium, Traumatic injuries

[1]. Primary School Teachers' Knowledge Regarding Emergency Management of Avulsed Permanent Incisors. B. Touré, F. Léye Benoist, B. Faye, AW. Kane, S. Kaadioui, Journal of dentistry, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran (2011; Vol.8, No.3)
[2]. Coˆ rtes MI, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12–14-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002; 30:193–8
[3]. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and colour atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 3rd edn. Copenhagen: Munksgaard Publishers; 1994.
[4]. Flores MT, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Feiglin B, Gutmann JL, Oikarinen K et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology Guidelines for the evaluation and management of traumatic dental injuries. Dent Traumatol 2001; 17:193–8.
[5]. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Bakland 5. LK, Flores MT. Traumatic Dental Injuries. A Manual, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003.
[6]. Blakytny C, Suburts C, Thomas A, Hunter ML.Avulsed permanent incisors: Knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers with regard to emergency management. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001; 11:327-32.
[7]. Levin L, Samorodnitzky GR, Schwartz-Arad D, Geiger SB. Dental and oral trauma during childhood and adolescence in Israel: occurrence, causes, and outcomes. Dent Traumatol 2007; 23: 356-9.
[8]. Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries—a review of the literature. DentTraumatol 2009; 25:19-31.
[9]. Chan AW, Wong TK, Cheung GS. Lay knowledge of physical education teachers about the emergency management of dental trauma in Hong Kong. Dent Traumatol 2001; 17: 77-85.
[10]. Newman, L. J. and Crawford, P. J. M. (1991), Dental injuries: ―first aid‖ knowledge of Southampton teachers of physical education. Dental Traumatology, 7: 255–258.

Abstract: Dental erosion is defined as tooth wear due to dissolution of the dental hard tissues by acids without the involvement of bacteria. However it has become possible to rehabilitate eroded teeth in a less invasive manner using composite resins & glass ionomer cements. Clinically, these restorations are exposed intermittently or continuously to chemical agents found in saliva, food, & beverages, which can significantly affect the hardness & roughness of material. Worned & roughened surfaces may be plaque retentive, allowing bacterial flora to flourish, leading to increased caries risk & periodontal inflammation.

[1]. Effects of food-simulating liquids on surface properties of giomer restoratives. Kooi TJ, Tan QZ, Yap AU, Guo W, Tay KJ, Soh MS. Oper Dent. 2012 Nov-Dec;37(6):665-71.
[2]. Vitro evaluation of surface roughness and microhardness of restorative materials submitted to erosive challenges Briso AL, Caruzo LP, Guedes AP, Catelan A, dos Santos PH. In. Oper Dent. 2011 Jul-Aug;36(4):397-402.
[3]. The effects of surface roughness of composite resin on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva Park JW, Song CW, Jung JH, Ahn SJ, Ferracane JL. Oper Dent. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):532-9.
[4]. Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on surface roughness of three glass ionomers and a nanofilled resin composite. Carvalho FG, Sampaio CS, Fucio SB, Carlo HL, Correr-Sobrinho L, Puppin-Rontani RM Oper Dent. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):509-17.

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate and compare superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma with control subjects. Material and Methods: A clinical study was conducted in which venous blood was collected from 25 histopathologically confirmed patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 25 control subjects and biochemically evaluated for levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase by Buetler method. Results: Significantly increased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were observed in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients compared to control subjects. Using the Mann Whiteney U test, p value of superoxide dismutase was found to be 0.026 and 0.017 of glutathione peroxidase which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Endogenous antioxidant levels were found to be elevated in patients suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma as compared to control subjects. The cause behind this may be increased oxidative stress and higher levels of circulating free radicals in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. The body's defense mechanisms would play an important role in the form of antioxidants and try to minimize the damage, adapting itself to the above stressful situation. Thus the increased activity of antioxidant enzyme may be a compensatory regulation in response to oxidative stress.

Keywords: antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase, oral squamous cell carcinoma, superoxide dismutase.

[1]. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B et al .Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 365(1495), 2005, 1927-1933.
[2]. Patel JB, Shah FD, Shukla SN, Shah PM, Patel PS. Role of nitric oxide and antioxidant enzymes in the pathogenesis of oral cancer. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 5(4), 2009, 247-253.
[3]. Fiaschi AI, Cozzolino A, Ruggiero G, Giorgi G. Glutathione, ascorbic acid and antioxidant enzymes in the tumor tissue and blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 9(6), 2005, 361-67.
[4]. Yu BP. Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiological Reviews, 74(1), 1994, 139-162.
[5]. Gonzales R, Auclair C, Voisin E, Gautero H, Dhermy D, Boivin P. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in red blood cells from patients with malignant diseases. Cancer Research, 44 (9), 1984, 4137-4139.
[6]. Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2), 2008, 89-96.
[7]. Manoharan S, Kolanjiappan K, Suresh K, Panjamurthy K. Lipid peroxidation &amp; antioxidants status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. The Indian journal of medical research, 122, (6), 2005, 529-534.
[8]. Gokul S, Patil VS, Jailkhani R, Hallikeri K, Kattappagari KK. Oxidant-antioxidant status in blood and tumor tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Diseases, 16(1), 2010, 29-33.
[9]. Suprapaneni KM, Venkata Ramana G. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in patients with carcinoma of prostrate. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2006, 50 (4), 350–354.
[10]. Bogdanovic V, Tursijan S, Dordevic M, Nikolic A, Mrdanovic J, Jakimov D. et al. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase in the circulation of patients with breast carcinoma. Arch Oncol, 16 (3-4), 2008, 39-41.

Abstract: The study was carried out in three different States in the South-South States of Nigeria; Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers States. A total of 150 mature female Sheep were sampled .The WAD is the smallest breed of the three breeds compared. The relationship between measured body traits and body weights of Sheep studied for this project showed high and significant values. Regression analyses showed high and significant predictive values for body weight using different linear body measurements.

Key Word: Ewe, Niger Delta, Sheep, Selection, Traits,

[1]. David-West, K.B. 1983. Problems and prospects of livestock development in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 10: 16 – 23.
[2]. Fitzugh, H.A., Ehui, S.K. and Lahlou-Kassi, A. 1992. Research strategies for development of animal agriculture. World Anim Rev. 72: 9 – 19.
[3]. Hoste, CH, Chalon, E, D'leteren, G and Trail, JCM. 1988. Trypanotolerant livestock in west and central Africa. FAO Animal Health and Production Papers 20 (2): 56 – 67.
[4]. Maijala, K. 1983. Genetic diversity of European Livestock Breeds. In: Simon DL, Boucehuquer D. (eds). EAAP Publications, No 66.
[5]. Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. In goat production. Ed. By Gall C, London,UK, Academic press Inc. (London) Ltd. pp. 57-110.
[6]. Muhammad, F., Khan, H., Pervez, M., Nawaz, G. and Rahimulla. 2006. Body weight and body measurement in goats. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances 5 (6) : 452-255 Ngere et al. 1979
[7]. Odubote, I.K. 1994. Characterization of the West African Dwarf goat for certain qualitative traits. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 21: 37 – 41.
[8]. Okpeku, M. 2010. Population genetic structure and biodiversity of goats in South-Western Nigeria, PhD Thesis, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.

Abstract: This study was designed to determine whether Staphylococcus saprophyticus was an important cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), in Enugu area of Eastern Nigeria, as has been reported for Europe and N. America. S. saprophyticus was the second most frequent cause of UTI in young female adolescent (mean age of 23years) outpatients who are otherwise healthy, with an incidence rate of 27.4% as against matching group of in-patients (4%) where it was the least encountered bacterial agent. Most cases presented with acute cystitis. The organism was rarely found as a cause of UTI in debilitating in-patients. A clear seasonality pattern favoring rainy season (75%) as against the dry season of the year (25%) was observed. The exact reason behind the seasonality pattern and the preponderance of S. saprophyticus in the out-patient of this population is not clear and requires further investigation. The results however show that S. saprophyticus should be included as an important uropathogen in female adolescents and young adult females in the area.

Keywords: adolescent females, Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection, UTI

[1]. Marne, J.J., Kwan, C., Noble, M. A., West, A. and Duffield, A. (1982). Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a cause of urinary tract infections J. Clin. Microbiol. 16(3):427-431.
[2]. Hovelius, B. Mardh and Bygren, P. (1979). Urinary tract infections caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Recurences and complications. J. Urol. 122: 645-647.
[3]. Farina, N., Sanabria, R., Figueredo, L. , Ramos, L., and Samudico, M. (2005). Staphylococcus saprophyticus como patogeno urinario. Mem. Inst. Investig. Cienc. Sahid. 3(1): 31-33.
[4]. Wallmark, G., Arremark, I. and Talender, B. (1978). Staphylococcus saprophyticus: a frequent cause of acute urinary tract infection among female out-patients. J. Infect. Dis. 138 (6): 791-797.
[5]. Jordan, P.A., Iravani, A., Richard, G.A. and Baer, H. (1980). Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. J. Infect. Dis. 142 (4): 510-515.
[6]. Cheesbrough, M. (2000). Microbiological tests. In: District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries .3rd edition. Great Britain, Cambridge University Press. 266.
[7]. Kloos, W. E. and Schleifer, K. H. (1975). Simplified scheme for routine identification of human Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1: 82-88.
[8]. Mmsen, T. Ronnmark, M., Olafsson, C. and Wistrom, J. (1998).An inexpensive and reliable method for routine identification for Staphylococcal species. Eur. J. Clin. Mycrobiol. Infect. Dis. 17: 327-335.
[9]. Nicolle, L. E., Hoban S.A. and Harding G. K.(1983). Characteristics of coagulase negative staphylococci from urinary tract specimen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17(2): 267-271.
[10]. Kumari, N., Rai, A. Jaiswal,C.P., Xess, and Shahi,S. K. (2001). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus as causative agents of urinary tract infections – prevalence and resistance status in IGIMS, patna. INDIAN Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 44(4): 415-419.

Abstract: Twenty adult Wistar rats (18 weeks old) of both sexes (10males and 10 females) with the average weight of 118-132g were obtained and randomly assigned into four groups (A, B, C, and D) of five rats each. Group A served as the control and was given equal volume of feeds and water ad libitum, throughout the course of the experiment. Group B which serves as the short term dose (6days) receives 4mg/kg/day of Artesunate for 5 days and then sacrificed on the 6th day. Group C served as the medium term dose (9days), were given 4mg/kg of Artesunate on the 1st day and 2mg/kg/day for 8 days and then sacrificed on the 10th day. Group D served as the long term group (12days), received 4mg/kg/day of Artesunate on the 1st day and 2mg/kg/day for 12 days and then sacrificed on the 14th day. All the rats were treated concurrently. The bone (femur) were removed and prepared for histological studies using standard H & E staining procedure. The result showed wide spread of fatty cells leading to depletion of haematopoietic cells at medium and long term doses. At these doses the process of haematopoiesis might have been altered probably by inhibiting their intracellular activities. During short term dose the effects were mild.

Keyword: Bone, Depletion, Haematopoiesi

[1]. Breman, J.G., Alilio, M.S., Mills, A., Conquering of the intolerable burden of malaria a summary, Am Jl of tropical medicine and hygiene, 71, 2004, 1-15.
[2]. Bennett, B., Han Z., Boyle, D.L., Aupperle, K.R., Manning, A.M., Miagkov, A.V., Kovalenko, D.V., Brown, C.E., Anti-malarial agent artesunate inhibits YNF- α-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-κB and PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes, Acta Pharmacol Sin, 26, 2005, 1352-8.
[3]. Batty, K.T., Ilett, K.F., Davis, T., Chemical stability of Artesunate injection and proposal for administration by intravenous infusion, J of Pharm and Pharmacol, 48, 1996, 22–26.
[4]. Price, R., Van Vugt M., Nosten, F., Luxemburger, C., Brockman, A., Phaipun, L., Chonsuphajaissiddi, T., White, N., Artesunate versus artemether for the treatment of recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria, Am J of trop med and hyg, 59, 1998, 883 – 888.
[5]. Adjuik, M., Babiker, A., Garner, P., Olliaro, P., Taylor, W., White, N., International Artemisinin study group in: Artesunate combination for the treatment of Malaria, 2004, 363:9-17.
[6]. Hess M.K, Goad, J.A., Arguin, M. P., Intravenous Artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria. The annals of pharmacotherapy, 44, 2008, 7 – 8.
[7]. Qigui, L., Lisa, H. X., Adam, H., Jing, Z., Peter, W., The evaluation of radiolabeled Artesunate on tissue distribution in rats and protein binding in humans. Am J Soc of trop Med and hyg, 75, 2006, 817 – 826.
[8]. Adebisi, S. Samuel, The toxicity of Artesunate on bone Developments: The Wistar rat animal model of malaria treatment. Internet Journal of Parasitic Disease, 4, 2009, 7-9.
[9]. Genovese, R.F., Petras, J.M., Brewer, T.G., Artemether neurotoxicity in the absence of deficits in behavioral performance in rats. Ann. Trop. Med. and parasitol, 89, 2000, 447-9.
[10]. Nontprasert, A., Pukrittayakamee, S., Dondorp, A.M., Clemens, R., Looareesuwans, S.,White, N.J., Neuropathology toxicity of Artemisinin derivatives in a mouse model. Am J of trop med and hyg, 67, 2000, 423-429.

Abstract: In forensic medicine, Identification of living persons and the dead bodies is of high importance. One of the main factors employed is the establishment of sexual dimorphism. The purpose of this study was to find out whether dimorphism of permanent maxillary teeth as well as intercanine distance plays a key role in establishing sex identity. This study was carried out on 231 healthy subjects comprising of (127 male and 104 female) students from Kogi state polytechnic students Lokoja, Nigeria. Both sexes belong to age group between 18 to 24 years. The greatest mesiodistal width of the canine teeth and the distance between the tips of canines of both arches (intercanine distance) were measured using vernier caliper with 0.02mm resolution. The study conclusively establishes the existence of a sexual dimorphism in maxillary canines.

Keywords: Intercanine distance, mesiodistal canine widt, Sexual dimorphism.

[1]. Dhara Parekh, AnkurZalawadia, SrushtiRuparelia, Shailesh Patel, S. P. Rathod, S. V. Patel , Study Of Mandibular Canine Teeth Dimorphism In Establishing Sex Identity In Gujarat Region, NJIRM, 2(2), 2011, 6-9.
[2]. Anderson DL, Thompson GW. Interrelationship and sex differences of dental and skeletal measurements, J Dent Res, 52, 1973, 431-38.
[3]. Bosset WA, Marks HH. Prevalence and characteristics of periodontal disease in 12,800 persons under periodic dental observation, J Am Dent Assoc, 52, 1956, 442-49.
[4]. Krogh HW. Permanent tooth mortality: A clinical study of causes of loss, J Am Dent Assoc, 57, 1968, 570-675.
[5]. Boaz K, Gupta G Dimorphism in maxillary and mandibular canines in establishment of gender,Jr of forensic Dental Sciences, 1(1), 2009, 42-44.
[6]. Kaushal S, Patnaik VVG and Agnihotri G. Mandibular canine in sex determination, J. Anatsoc. India,; 52(2), 2004, 119-124.
[7]. Sonika V., K. Harshaminder, G.S. Madhushankari, J.A. A Sri Kennath, Sexual dimorphism in the permanent maxillaryFirst molar: a study of the haryana population(India), J Forensic Odontostomatol, 29(1), 2011, 37-43.
[8]. Dempsey PJ, Townsend GC., Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in human tooth size, Heredity, 86(6), 2001, 685-93.
[9]. Gorea RK, Sharma M.,Odontometric study of canines of Indian population for sexdetermination,Jrof indopacific Academy of Forensic Odointology, 1, 2010, 34-37.
[10]. Gabriel AC., Some anatomical features of the mandible, Journal of anatomy, 92(4), 1958, 580.

Abstract: A study of body mass index (BMI) with correlation to waist circumference (WC) among Mumuye and Ichen females in Taraba state, Nigeria was carried out. The female subjectsof the study were randomly selected from Jalingo and Kurmi Local Government Areas ofTarabaStates respectively. Overweight and obesity are the leading nutrition-related disorders of clinical and public health concern. Assessment and classification of these conditions are dependent on specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points.The heights, weight, waist circumference of 320 females (160 Mumuye females; 160 Ichen females) were measured. Their BMIs were calculated from the heights and body weights. The results obtained showed a mean BMI of 23.3 ± 0.279kg/m2 and 21.3 ± 0.112kg/m2 for Mumuye female and Ichenfemale populations respectively. The waist circumference for Mumuye female was 74.4 ± 214and forIchenfemale population,it was 72.5 ± 0.0174. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed statistically significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between BMI and waist circumference in Ichen (r = 0.64) and Mumuye (r = 0.74) female populations.This study revealed that a strong positive correlation exists between the BMI and WC, and the BMI increases with an increase in the WC.

Keywords: Body mass index, height,waist circumference, weight.

[1]. D. O. Adeyemi, O. A. Komolafe& A. I. Abioye (2009): Variations In Body Mass Indices Among Post-Pubertal Nigerian Subjects With Correlation To Cormic Indices, Mid-Arm Circumferences And Waist Circumferences . The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology.2(2):114-117
[2]. Mackey, CS. (2004): "Body Mass Index". Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. The Gale Group, Inc. http://www.encyclopedia.com [3] WHO Technical Report Series, 854 (1995): "Physical Status: The Use andInterpretation of Anthropometry".pp9. [

4]. Turconi.G, Guarcello M, MarccariniL,Bazzano R, Zaccardo A, Roggi C, (2006): BMI values and other anthropometric and functional measurements as predictors of obesity. European journal of nutrition. 45 (3):136-143.

[5]. T. G. Lohman, A. F. Roche, & R. Martorell (1988): "Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual'. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 55-70.

[6]. Pednekar MS 92008). Association of body mass index with all cause and cause-specific mortality.Int J Epidemiol, 37:524-35.

[7]. Gabriela Vazquez, Sue Duval, David R. Jacobs, Jr. and Karri Silventoinen (2007): Comparison of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip Ratio in Predicting Incident Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis, 29(1):115-128.

[8]. Van Dis I, Kromhout D, Geleijnse M (2009): Body mass index and waist Circumferences predict both 10-year non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular disease risk in 20,000 Dutch men and women aged 20-65. Eur J CardiovascPrevRehabil, 43(2),143-149.

[9]. J. V. Zirahei; T.W. Jacks; D.S. Amaza; L.P. Mshelia, J.T. Quagar, R.A. Yusuf, (2011), Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference among Babur and Highe Females of Northeastern Nigeria,Nig. J Exp.ApplBiol, Vol.12 No. 2pp. 209 – 213.

[10]. Ian Janssen, Steven .B. Heymsfield, David .B. Allison, Donald .P. Kotlerand Robert Ross, (2002):Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of non abdominal, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(4),683-688.

Abstract: Ovarian tumors are broadly classified into three types based on their origin, epithelial, sex cord and germ cell tumors. While epithelial variety largely predominate, germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, comprising about 30% of all ovarian neoplasms and 3 % of all ovarian malignancies.1 Ovarian Germ cell tumors, derived from the primordial germ cells, are further divided into subgroups based on the histological features. Mature teratoma being the commonest benign variety while dysgerminoma are the commonest malignant germ cell tumor.2 Among the non-dysgerminoma group are yolk sac tumors, endodermal tumors, immature teratoma , embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma and mixed germ cell tumors. The major challenge with dysgerminoma, the commonest malignant variety of germ cell tumor, is that they predominantly affect young women. About 75 % of dysgerminoma occur between the ages of 10 and 30 years and thus can affect the fertility or may be associated with pregnancy.1We present one such case of dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy.

[1]. Zalel Y, Piura B, Elchalal U, Czernobilsky B, Antebi S,Dgani R. Diagnosis and management of malignant germ cell ovarian tumors in young females.Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996; 55: 1-10

[2]. Zaloudek C.The ovary. In: Gompel C, Silverberg SG (eds).Pathology in Gynecology and Obstetrics. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co; 1994: 379 – 397

[3]. Whitecar P, Turner S, Higby K. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: a review of 130 cases undergoing surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181: 19- 24

[4]. Hirota Y, Sawada T, Kumayama M. Clinical study on ovarian malignant tumors associated with pregnancy. Rinsho Fujinka Sanka 1991;45:1331-1335.

[5]. Leiserowitz G.Managing ovarian masses during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006; 61: 463-70

[6]. Schmeler K, Mayo-Smith W, Peipert J, Weitzen S, Manuel M, Gordinier M. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 1098-103

[7]. Karlen JR, Akbari A, Cook WA. Dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 38(1): 111-6

[8]. Agrawal A, Rijal P, Pokharel H, Karki S, Basnet P, Dahal P. Ovarian dysgerminoma : Unusual Presentation in Pregnancy with Acute Abdomen due to Internal Hemorrhage. NJOG 2012 Jan- June; 7(3): 53-55

[9]. Ueda M, Ueki M. Ovarian tumors associated with pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996. Oct; 55(1): 59-65. doi: 10.1016/0020-7292(96)02718-X.

[10]. Jonathan S. B., Sathima Natrajan. Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancer. In: Jonathan S. berek, eds. Berek & Novak's Gynaecology. 14th ed. Philadelphia,PA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS; 2007: 1504-1513

Abstract: This casereport describes the endodontic management of a large cyst-like periradicular lesion using a combination of antibiotic drugs. A 18-yr-old girl with a large cyst-like lesion from the apices of her teeth no 11 and 21. During treatment procedure, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate was used for irrigation and a combination of antibiotic drugs was used for the intra canal dressing. Obturation was done after2-month and periapical healing was observed after 6 months

Keywords: Periapical lesion, Endodontic therapy, Lesion sterilization and tissue repair

[1]. Iwaku M, Hoshino E, Kota K. Lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) therapy: new pulpal treatment. How to conserve infected pulps. Tokyo, Japan: Nihon-Shika- Hyoron, 1996.
[2]. Hoshino E, Takushige T. LSTR 3Mix-MP method-better and efficient clinical procedures of lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) therapy. Dent Rev 1998;666: 57–106.
[3]. Takushige T, Cruz EV, Asgor Moral A, Hoshino E. Endodontic treatment of primary teeth using a combination of antibacterial drugs. IntEndod J 2004;37:132– 8.
[4]. Hoshino E Ando N, Sato M, Kota K. Bacterial invasion of non-exposed dental pulp. Int Endod J 1992;25:2–5.
[5]. Ando N, Hoshino E. Predominant obligate anaerobes invading the deep layers of root canal dentine. IntEndod J 1990;23:20 –7.
[6]. Kiryu T, Hoshino E, Iwaku M. Bacteria invading periapicalcementum. J Endod 1994; 20:169 –72.
[7]. Hoshino E, Sato M, Sasano T, Kota K. Characterization of bacterial deposits formed invivo on hydrogen-ion-sensitive field transistor electrodes and enamel surfaces. Jpn J Oral Biol 1989;31:102– 6.
[8]. Hori R, Kohno S, Hoshino E. Tongue microflora in edentulous geriatric denturewearers. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1999;11:89 –95.
[9]. Hoshino E, Sato M. Composition of bacterial deposits on full denture. Jpn J Prosth Dent 1988;32:762– 6.
[10]. Sato M, Hoshino E, Nomura S, Ishioka K. Salivary microflora of geriatric edentulous persons wearing dentures. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1993;6:293–9.