iosr-JDMS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: It is rightly said 'cleanliness is next to God'. Achieving the effective sterilization is paramount for the best healthcare service. Autoclave is the gold standard of sterilization. Still a need for new method of sterilization is being felt which would be less time consuming and provide a rapid turnover of instruments, while at the same time having less intricate machinery, be compact and user-friendly for a dental clinic. Microwave a little explored method of sterilization has the potential to answer all the requirements while at the same time being at par with autoclave in terms of efficacy. This provided an impetus to compare the sterilization efficacy of autoclave and domestic microwave using biological indicator Geobacillus stearothermophilus spore strips at various time intervals.
Keywords: Sterilization, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Autoclave, Microwave.

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[9]. Fais L.M, Pinelli L.A, Adabo G. L, Silva R.H, Marcelo C.C and Guaglianoni D.G. Influence of microwave sterilization on the cutting capacity of carbide burs. Journal of applied oral sciences 2009,17 (6): 584 -9
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Abstract: Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that manifests as generalized osteosclerosis of the skeleton as a result of decreased bone turnover. Patients tend to suffer from numerous fractures owing to dense, abnormally brittle bones. This syndrome has a number of characteristic clinical and radiographic signs that differentiate it from other osteosclerotic conditions. Hypoplastic Mandible being the most characteristic diagnostic feature. This is a case report of a family of 3 young males with history of multiple fractures.

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[7]. B Bernard, W Hiddema; Pycnodysostosis with the focus on clinical and radiographic findings; S Afr J Rad 2012;16(2):74-76.
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[9]. Hernandez-Alfaro F, Arenaz-Bua J, Serra Serrat M, Mareque Bueno J. Orthognathic surgery in pycnodysostosis: a case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:106-123.
[10]. H Kamak, G Kamak, I Yavuz; Clinical, radiographic, diagnostic and cephalometric features of pycnodysostosis in comparison with Turkish cephalometric norms: A case report ; European journal of Dentistry ; October 2012 - Vol.6; 454-459.

Abstract: Aim: To study the correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) measured by ultrasound pachymetry and Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry (FDT) in patients aged more than or equal to 40 years with high IOP and normal discs. Materials and Methods: This research work has two arms, the rural arm is an eye care centre in Hooghly District of West Bengal (Village: Kuliapara, P.O. Dhobapara, P.S. Balagarh)and the urban arm is a tertiary eye hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal. People aged 40 years and above or those turning 40 in the calendar year with high IOP and normal discs and not on any topical or systemic medications underwent complete ophthalmological examination including CCT assessment by ultrasound pachymetry (Ocuscan RxP) and FDT (Humphrey, Carl Zeiss) . Patients with history of intraocular surgery, ocular trauma, corneal opacities preventing accurate applanation tonometry and media haze dense enough to preclude adequate fundal view were not enumerated

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[7]. Landers J, Goldberg I, Graham S. A comparison of short wavelength automated perimetry with frequency doubling perimetry for the early detection of visual field loss in ocular hypertension. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2000;28:248–52.
[8]. Sample PA, Bosworth CF, Blumenthal EZ, et al. Visual function-specific perimetry for indirect comparison of different ganglion cell populations in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:1783–90.
[9]. Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Corneal Thickness Measurements and Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry Abnormalities in Ocular Hypertensive Eyes. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1903–1908.

[10]. Cello KE, Nelson-Quigg JM, Johnson CA. Frequency doubling technology perimetry for detection of glaucomatous visual field loss. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:314–22.

Abstract:Purpose: To study the clinical profile of the types of primary angle closure patients in a rural and urban population in Eastern India.
Materials and Methods: International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) classification scheme was used to categorize patients. Clinic records of patients diagnosed as primary angle closure were reviewed. Clinical data including prior management was collected and analyzed. Main Outcome measures were age, sex, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), gonioscopy, optic disc assessment and Frequency Doubling Perimetry(FDT). Logistic regression model and receiver operating curve (ROC) were calculated for predictors of type of glaucoma.

Keywords: Angle closure, blindness, epidemiology, glaucoma, Gangetic Delta, primary angle closure, primary angle closure suspect, primary angle closure glaucoma

[1]. Parul Ichhpujani, Surinder S Pandav, Aparna Ramasubramanian, and Sushmita Kaushik Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010 May-Jun; 58(3): 199–203. Profile of angle closure in a tertiary care center in north India
[2]. Foster PJ, Buhrmann R, Quigley HA, Johnson GJ. The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:238–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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[8]. Ramakrishnan R, Nirmalan PK, Krishnadas R, Thulasiraj RD, Tielsch JM, Katz J, et al. Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: The Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1484–90.
[9]. Dandona L, Dandona R, Mandal P, Srinivas M, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Angle-closure glaucoma in an urban population in southern India. The Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1710–6.
[10]. Vijaya L, George R, Arvind H, Baskaran M, Paul PG, Ramesh SV, Raju P, Kumaramanickavel G, Mccarty C. prevalence of angle-closure disease in a rural southern indian population. arch ophthalmol. 2006;124:403–9.

Abstract: Morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis continues to be high in India primarily due to late diagnosis. This study aims to find association of age, body mass index (BMI) and menopausal status with bone mineral density (BMD); and confirm if these variables are predictors of low BMD in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This cross sectional study was conducted on 350 women aged 30–65 years. BMD was measured at calcaneum heel by Quantitative Ultrasound. Chi-square test and logistic regression have been used for statistical confirmations. Low BMD was found in 51.1% premenopausal and 77.1% postmenopausal women. Age, BMI and menopausal status were found to be associated with BMD. Advancing age, normal BMI and postmenopausal status were predictors of low BMD. Low BMD was more likely to develop in premenopausal women aged 40-59 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.0;95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1.0-4.2) and in postmenopausal women aged 60 years and above (OR=2.8;95%CI:0.93-8.3); less likely to develop in premenopausal obese women (OR=0.17;95% CI:0.06-0.49) and in postmenopausal obese women (OR=0.04;95%CI:0.005-0.31). Low BMD was more likely to develop in postmenopausal women (OR=2.0;95%CI:1.14-3.55) as compared to premenopausal women. Our study shows that high BMI has protective effect against bone loss. Older women with normal BMI need to be identified at an early stage for taking timely preventive measures to reduce morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden associated with osteoporosis.

Keywords: Body mass index, Bone mineral density, Osteopenia, Osteoporosis.

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[9] Miller PD, Zapalowski C, Kulak CAM, et al. Bone densitometry: the best way to detect osteoporosis and to monitor therapy. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1999;84:1867–1871.
[10] Aggarwal N, Raveendran A, Khandelwal N, Sen RK, Thakur JS, Dhaliwal LK, et al. Prevalence and related risk factors of osteoporosis in peri- and postmenopausal Indian women. J Midlife Health. 2011;2(2):81–85.

Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that the behaviour of parents affects their children's health.The objective of this study was to determine the role of paternal education on oral health status in their children. A total of 465 children aged between 8-14 years studying in Government schools of Udaipur city were considered for this study. Clinical data was obtained through DMF-T based on WHO criteria and interview was conducted to know the paternal education level. Data was subjected for statistical analysis and it was observed that child with illiterate father had a higher chance of caries than that of literate father.

Keywords: Caries, DMF-T, Decayed,Literate, Paternal education,Socio-economic status.

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[4]. Saito SK, Deccico HMU, Santos MN. Efeito da pratica de alimentacaoinfantil e de fatoresassociadossobre a ocorrencia de carie dental em pre-escolares de 18 a 48 meses. Rev Odontol Univ Sao Paulo. 1999;13:5–11
[5]. Peres KGA, Bastos JRM, Latorre MRDO. Severidade de carieemcriancas e relacao com aspectossociais e comportamentais. Rev SaudePublica. 2000; 34:402–8.
[6]. Traebert J, Guimaraes LA, Durante EZT, Serratine ACP. Low maternal schooling and severity of dental caries in Brazilian pre-school children. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2009; 7:39–45.
[7]. World Health Organization. Oral health survey: basic methods, ed 4. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997
[8]. Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs in the school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prevent Dent. 2007 Sep; 119-121
[9]. Traebert J, Jinbo Y de, Lacerda JT. Association between maternal schooling and caries prevalence: A cross-sectional study in southern Brazil.

Abstract: Management of patients with a badly mutilated dentition is a complex situation for treating and a challenge to dentist's skills. The mutilated dentition due to caries, tilted, drifted and rotated teeth results in a compromised appearance, alteration in phonetics and difficulty in mastication. This article presents a multidisciplinary approach in rehabilitating mutilated dentition with ceramo polymer crowns (Ceramage), flexible partial denture and fiber splinting of natural pontic along with porcelain fused to metal work; to provide an ordered pattern of occlusal contact and articulation to optimize oral function.

Key words: ceramage. fiber splinting, fiber optic posts, mutilated dentition, natural pontic

[1] DZ. Irad and AP. Francis, Full mouth reconstruction fixed removable, Dent Clin North Am, 1987, 31-35.

[2] JM. Han, H. Lin, G. Zheng, A. Shinya, H. Gomi, J. Lin, Effect of nano filler on wear resistance and surface roughness of resin composites, Chin J Dent Res 15(1), 2012, 41-7.

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[7] SK. Garoushi, A. Shinya, PK. Vallittu, Fiber-reinforced onlay composite resin restoration: A case report, J Contemp Dent Pract, 10(4), 2009, 104-10.

[8] J. Abduol, An innovative prostheses design for rehabilitation of severely mutilated dentition: A Case Report, J Adv Prosthodont 3, 2011, 37-42.

[9] GTR. Lee, Utilization of a natural tooth in acid-etch bridging, J Dent Child, 55, 1988, 201-204.

Abstract: A study was conducted to detect Leishmania donovani in sero-positive individuals and to describe the patients by age and sex in Tabark Allah village, eastern Sudan. Sixty four individuals with positive direct agglutination test were examined by lymph node aspiration test using Giemsa's stain. Amastigotes of Leisshmania parasite were detected in 49(76.6%) of the study group. Majority of true positives were children less than fifteen years old. Males were more frequent than females. Direct Agglutination Test is considered as an assumptive test and it is suitable to be used in epidemiological surveys.

Keywords: Agglutination, Aspiration, donovani, Lymph, Leishmania, Node.

[1] Joshi S., Bajracharya B. L., and Baral M. R. (2006). Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). Kathmandu University Medical Journal 4(2): 232-234.

[2] Guerin P. J., Olliaro P., Sundar S., Boelaert M., Croft S. L., Desjeux P., Wasunna M. K., Bryceson A. D. (2002). Visceral leishmaniasis : current status of control, diagnosis and treatment , and a proposed research and development agenda . Lancet Infect; 2(8): 494 – 501.

[3] Diaeldin A E, Judith S, Anna B, Valerie O, Maha E O, Abdelrafie M M, Stephen J C, Richard W A, Madeleine C T. (2003). Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: The role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan. AMJ Trop Med Hyg. 68(1): 10-17.

[4] Zijlstra E. E. and Elhassan A. M. (2001). Leishmaniasis in Sudan: visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 suppl 1: s27-58. [5] Magill A. J. (1995). Epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Dermatol Clin, 13(3): 505-23.

[6] Eduardo S. S., Gerard J. S., Celia M. F., Reginaldo P. B., Raquel S. P., and Henk D. F. (2005). Application of Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) and Fast Agglutination Screening Test (FAST) for sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 4(4): doi: 10.1186/1475-9292-4-4.

[7] Muhammad U., Sheraz J. K., Syed M., Fazal R. and Syed H. S. (2004). Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar): Presentation, Diagnosis And Response To Therapy (An Experience Of Ten Cases In Adults). Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2(1). 9-12.

[8] Olga Z., Marian U., Rafael B., Vestalia R., Marta C., Emilia N., Doris B., and Jacinto C. (2003). Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 13(4): 239-45.

[9] Sarker C. B., Chowdhury K. S., Siddiqui N. I., Jamal M. F., Rahman S., Momen A., Dhar D. K., and Alam K. S. (2003). Clinical profile of kala-azar in adults: as seen in Mymensingh MedicalCollege Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 12(1): 41-44.

[10] Pedrosa C. M, and Rocha E. M. (2004). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children up to 15 years of age in Alagoas, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37(4): 300-304.

Abstract: Retroperitonealschwannomais a veryrare primaryneurogenic tumour of the retroperitoneum with limited reporting of cases in the literature.It usually affects adults aged 20 to 50 yearsand has a male predominance.Symptomatology of schwannomas is highly nonspecific and dependson the location and size of the lesion.The majority of retroperitoneal schwannomas are benign in nature although malignant ones have also been reported. Its diagnosis and management poses a challenge for the radiologist and the surgeon.Authors are describing a case of"RETROPERITONEAL SCHWANNOMA" which wasreported in their centre.

Keywords: Retroperitoneal,Schwannoma, Neurogenic, Nonspecific, Challenge.

[1]. Goh BKP, Tan Y, Chung YA, Chow PKH, Ooi LPJ, Wong WK. Retroperitoneal schwannoma. The American Journal of Surgery 2006;192:14-18
[2]. Melicow MM. Primary tumors of the retroperitoneum.Aclinicopathologic analysis of 162 cases: Review of the literatureand tables of classification. J IntCollSurg 1953; 19: 401–49.

[3]. Weiss SW, GoldblumJR.editors; Benign Tumorsof peripheral nerves.InEnzinger& Weiss's soft tissue Tumors. Mosby, Messouri, USA, 200 :1146-1168.

[4]. Kishi Y, Kajiwara S, Seta S, Kawauchi N, Suzuki T, Sasaki K.Retroperitonealschwannoma misdiagnosed as a psoas abscess: report of case. Surg Today. 2002;32:849-52.
[5]. Gubbay AD, Moschilla G, Gray BN, Thompson I. Retroperitoneal schwannoma: a case series and review. Aust N J Surg. 1995;65:197-200.
[6]. Shoji F, Maruyama R, Okamoto T, Wataya H, Nishiyama K, Ichinose Y. Malignant schwannoma of the upper mediastinum originating from the vagus nerve. World J SurgOncol 2005;3:65.
[7]. Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Scheithauer B, Woodruff JM.The pathological spectrum of Schwannomas.HistolHistopath., 2003; 18(3): 925-934.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experience working with Nurse Anesthetists' as Non-Physician Anesthesia Providers in a temporary Semi-Urban Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri and review of the literature
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Fente B. G., Miss Ouserigha O. E.

Abstract:Background: In Nigeria, the nurse anesthesia profession is relatively young. Nurse Anesthetists have professional responsibilities including nursing, treatment and medical-technical equipment usage. Task shifting is one approach to overcoming the lack of specialists in resource-limited settings, including surgeons and anesthesiologists.
Objective: This retrospective descriptive study was undertaken to describe our own experiences in the surgical management of patients in our local environment using Nurse Anesthetists as Non-Physician Anesthesia Providers when Physician Anesthetist were not readily available. Setting: Study was carried out at Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria covering the period of January 2007 to December, 2010.
Keywords: Nurse Anesthetists, Anesthesia, Local experience.

[1]. Katz L E. Characteristics of clinical teachers in nurse anesthesia. AANA J. 1984;52(2):192-197.
[2]. Hartland W Jr, Londoner CA. Perceived importance of clinical teaching characteristics for nurse anesthesia clinical faculty. AANA J. 1997; 65(6):547-551.
[3]. Elisha S. An educational curriculum used to improve the knowledge and perceptions of certified registered nurse anesthetist clinical educators. AANA J. 2008;76(4):287-292.
[4]. Annika LM, Sirkka-Liisa E: Newly graduated Nurse Anesthetists' experiences and view on Anesthesia Nursing – A phenomenographic study. AANA Journal 2002:70:4;281-287.
[5]. Rosseel P, Trelles M, Guilavogui S, Ford N, Chu K: Ten Years of Experience Training Non-Physician Anesthesia Providers in Haiti World J Surg DOI 10.1007/s00268-009-0192-2
[6]. McAuliffe MS, Henry B Nurse anesthesia practice and research—a worldwide need. CRNA. 2000;11:89–98
[7]. Lokossou T, Zoumenou E, Secka G. Anesthesia in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2007;58:197–209
[8]. Walker I, Wilson I, Bogod D. Anaesthesia in developing countries. Anaesthesia 62(Suppl 1) 2007:2–3
[9]. Chu K, Rosseel P, Gielis P. Surgical task shifting in sub-Saharan Africa. 2009 PLoS Med 6:e1000078
[10]. Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet 2007;370:2158–2163.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Is Periodontitis Associated with Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate, with Oxidative Stress as an Important Link
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Meenakshi Sreeram, Suryakar A. N., Dani N. H., Kulkarni M. B.

Abstract: Context: The prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease is increasing world- wide. Besides traditional risk factors, many non-traditional risk factors may be responsible for development of the disease. Aims: To see if chronic generalized periodontitis is associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate; with oxidative stress as an important link. Design: A cross-sectional study involving 300 individuals, 150 cases and 150 controls. Setting: Candidates enrolled were patients visiting the OPD of MGV's Dental College & Hospital, Nasik, India between Jan 2011 and Dec 2012. Materials and Methods: Serum/plasma and urine samples of patients with/without periodontitis were analyzed for marker of inflammation (CRP), kidney function tests (serum creatinine, eGFR, serum Urea and ACR) and markers of oxidative stress (MDA, GGT, Uric Acid and TAC).
Keywords: Periodontitis, Chronic Kidney Disease, C-reactive protein, Oxidative Stress, Glomerular Filtration Rate.

[1]. Papapanou PN, Trevisan M. Periodontitis and atherosclerotic vascular disease,What we know and why it is important. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 143(8), 2012, 826-28.
[2]. Ide M, Papapanou PN. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes- Systematic review, J Clin Periodontol, 40(suppl s 14), 2013,S181-S194.
[3]. Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Konstantinidis A, Makrilakis K, Taylor R. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two- way relationship, Diabetologia, 55(1), 2012: 21-31
[4]. Anil S, Al Ghamdi HS. The impact of periodontal infections on systemic diseases. An update for medical practitioners, Saudi Med J, 27(6), 2006, 767-76.
[5]. Bullon P, Morillo JM, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Quiles JL, Newman HN, Battino M. Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: Is oxidative stress a common link. J. Dent Res., 88(6), 2009, 503-18.
[6]. Pradeep AR, Kathariya R, Arjun Raju P, Sushma Rani R, Sharma A, Raghavendra NM. Risk factors for CKD may include periodontal diseases, as established by the correlations of plasma pentraxin-3 levels: a case control study, Int Uro Nephro, 44(3), 2012, 829-39.
[7]. Kshirsagar AV, Craig RG, Moss KL, Beck JD, Offenbacher S, Kotanko P, et al. Periodontal disease adversely affects the survival of patients with ESRD. Periodontal disease status affects ESRD mortality, Kidney International, 75, 2009, 746-51.
[8]. Ioannidou I, Swede H. Disparities in Periodontitis Prevalence among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients, J Dent. Res., 90(6), 2011, 730-34.
[9]. Fisher MA, Taylor GW, Shelton BJ, Jamerson KA, Rahman A, Ojo AO, Sehgal AR. Periodontal disease and other non-traditional risk factors for CKD, Am J Kidney Dis., 51(1), 2007, 45-52.
[10]. Borges I Jr, Moriera EA, Filho DW, de Oliveira TB, da Silva MB, Frode TS. Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in patients with Periodontal Disease, Mediators Infalmm. 2007, 2007: 45794.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Evaluation of Neonates Delivered by Elective Caesarean Section under General Anaesthesia and Spinal Anaesthesia with Intrathecal Opioid (Fentanyl)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Gaurav Chopra, Sarvesh Kumar

Abstract: Background: To compare general and spinal anaesthesia with respect to neonatal outcome and observation of post operative adverse effects born by elective caesarean section. Methods: 60 female parturients women were posted for elective caesarean section (CS) at appropriate gestational age under spinal anaesthesia (SA) and general anaesthesia (GA). There were equal no. of patients (n=30) for both the groups, GA and SA.
Keywords: Anaesthesia-General-Spinal-Neonate-Apgar-Caesarean-Neurobehavioural.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Copd and Periodontitis ... Past Facts and the Present Status!!!
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Sri Varshini Poojitha Senapathi, Dr. Reema Lakshmanan

Abstract: Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by persistent inflammation, connective tissue breakdown and alveolar bone destruction. Accumulating evidence suggests periodontitis and its possible link in the development of respiratory infections like bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by blockage in the airflow and difficulty in breathing .The etiological factors of COPD are smoking and tobacoo , however, periodontopathic bacteria and genetic factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis. Routes of infection occur by aspiration of oral pathogens in to the lungs, colonization of dental plaque by respiratory pathogens followed by aspiration. The periodontopathic bacteria is also known to facilitate the subsequent colonization of respiratory tract by pulmonary pathogens. This review throws light on the pathogenesis and available evidences on the relationship between periodontitis and COPD.
Keywords: COPD, Periodontitis, Respiratory pathogens, Periodontal Pathogens, Inflammatory mediators.

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