iosr-JDMS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-4

Abstract:This article enlightened the banking activity which thrives on the strength of people power". People are the direct factors of productivity of its services and people are its sole consumers".
Banking was a thriving industry in ancient India. Initially, the industrial houses pioneered banks with a view to generating funds for productive activities and at the same time offered considerable security, liquidity and fair returns to the depositors. In a way, banking continued to be a traditional industry till 1969. When major banks were taken over by the Government of India. With nationalization, banks ceased to be funding agencies only for industrial sector and became a vivacious instrument of social change more statistical data are available in support of the preposition that there is a phenomenal growth of banking industry.

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Abstract: A 9 year old girl presented to us with a history of sudden onset left sided hemiparesis. Neurological examination revealed an upper motor neuron type of left facial nerve palsy, episodes of dystonia involving left upper and lower limbs and an extensor plantar response on the left side. The girl showed several adventitious movements such as choreiform movements involving the whole of the left upper extremity and the distal left lower extremity. Additionally, facial tics causing a grimacing facies were seen off and on. Interestingly, a mitral regurgitation murmur was discovered on routine clinical examinations and confirmed by echocardiography. With this background and a past history of acute tonsillitis 3 years back, we got two Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) titres done 3 weeks apart which were markedly elevated and showed a rising titre; 406 IU/L and 815 IU/L respectively. The girl was started on oral prednisolone ,oral penicillin and oral haloperidol and she responded dramatically within 5 days. Stroke syndrome, as a cause of the acute hemiparesis, was ruled out by neuroimaging (MR-angiography). The clinical profile of our case fulfilled all the diagnostic criteria for " Pediatric Autoimmune Neuro Psychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal infections" (PANDAS). But here, we are reporting not just another case of PANDAS, but one with a unique difference: the association of complete hemiparesis with PANDAS.

Keywords: ASO titre, choreiform movements, hemiparesis, PANDAS, Tics.

[1]. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al.: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections:clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998,155:264–271.
[2]. de Oliveira SK, Pelajo CF.Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS): a Controversial Diagnosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010, 12(2):103-9
[3]. CunninghamMW: Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000, 13:470–511.
[4]. Murphy TK, Snider LA, Mutch PJ, et al.: Relationship of movements and behaviors to group A Streptococcus infections in elementary school children. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:279–284 .This article describes a community-based longitudinal study that enrolled 693 children and determined prevalence of group A streptococcal infections, tic behaviors, and choreiform movements.
[5]. Zomorrodi A, Wald ER. Sydenham's Chorea in Western Pennsylvania . Pediatriatrics. 2006; 117(4):675-679.

[6]. Swedo SE,Leonard HL, Shapiro MB. Sydenham's Chorea:Physical and Psychological Symptoms of St Vitus Dance. Pediatrics.1993; 91(4): 706–713.
[7]. Aron AM, Freeman JM, Carter S. The Natural History Of Sydenham's Chorea. Review Of The Literature And Long-Term Evaluation With Emphasis On Cardiac Sequelae. Am J Med 1965; 38:83.
[8]. Kaplan EL. PANDAS? or PAND? or both? or neither? Assessing a (possible?) temporal or pathogenetic ralationship with the group A ‗‗streptococcal diseases complex''. Contemp Pediatr 2000;17:81–96.
[9]. F Cardona, F Ventriglia, O Cipolla, A Romano, R Creti, G Orefici. A post-streptococcal pathogenesis in children with tic disorders is suggested by a color Doppler echocardiographic study.European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2007; 11( 5): 270-276
[10]. .Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:264.

Abstract: When tuberculosis is confined to the lower lung fields, it often masquerades as pneumonia and the correct diagnosis gets delayed. Early diagnosis and treatment helps in the prevention of complications, a proper understanding of clinical, radiological, and bacteriological presentations, as well as treatment outcome of this disease entity is of crucial importance. This study was taken up to study the clinical features of lower lung field tuberculosis in a rural tertiary care centre in South India. From August 2011 to July 2012, 40 cases of Lower lung field Tuberculosis admitted to medical wards were studied. 24(60%) were males, 28(70%) were >40 age, 38(95%) had respiratory symptoms in the form of cough and scanty expectoration, 30(75%) had mild to moderate fever, 21(52.5%) had weight loss, 4(10%) had pleuritic pain, 6(15%) had scanty hemoptysis. Both lungs were equally involved with slight preponderance to right lung, 6(15%) had bilateral involvement. Predisposing conditions - 14(35%) diabetic, 4(10%) past history of PTB and 2(5%) had HIV. 2(5%) were sputum negative had unresolving pneumonia which responded to ATT. Conclusion: Tuberculosis should be considered when lower lung fields are involved, in elderly, Diabetics, HIV, immunocompromised and when the radiologic picture suggests unresolved pneumonia. Further investigation needed to confirm the Diagnosis of Lower Lung Tuberculosis. Response is similar as apical tuberculosis. Key Words: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Lower Lung Field Tuberculosis, Unresolving Pneumonia, ATT.

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Abstract:Background: Accurate assessment of the working length determines the success and prognosis of endodontic treatment. There are no systematic reviews comparing the accuracy of different methods of working length determination in endodontics Aim: To evaluate clinical studies on the accuracy of different methods used for working length determination in endodontics.

Keywords: Conventional radiography, Digital radiography, Electronic apex locator, Endodontics, Working length.

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[2]. Chicago I.L., in Glossary of Endodontic Terms,7th Edition in Ingle‟s Endodontics Ed :Ingle ,Bakland , Baumgartner 6th Edition, Year 2008 BC Decker Inc. New York
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[5]. Herrera M., Abalos C., Lucena C., Jimenez-Planas A., Llamas R. –Critical diameter of apical foramen and of file size using the Root ZX apex locator: an in vitro study – Journal of Endodontics, 2011 Sep; 37(9):1306-9.
[6]. Hoer D., Attin T. – The accuracy of electronic working length determination – International Endodontic Journal, 2004 Feb; 37(2):125-31.
[7]. Jarad F.D., Albadri S., Gamble C., Burnside G., Fox K., Ashley J.R., Peers G., Preston A.J. - Working length determination in general practice: a randomized controlled trial – British Dental Journal, 2011 Dec; 211(12):595-8.
[8]. Keller M.E., Brown C.E. Jr., Newton C.W. – A clinical evaluation of the Endocater: an electronic apex locator – Journal of Endodontics, 1991 Jun; 17(6):271-4
[9]. Lu Y.M., Qin J.N., Cao D.J. – A study on the accuracy of electronic root canal length measurement and its influential factors – Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue, 2006 Apr; 15(2):140-2.
[10]. Nair M.K., Nair U.P. – Digital and advanced imaging in endodontics: a review – Journal of Endodontics, 2007; 33:1.

Abstract:Smile analysis forms an important component of the frontal facial assessment.Analysing the smile and obtaining averages for various smile components give an idea about a standard of normalcy to serve as a guideline for the creation of esthetic smile. Material &Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to analyse smile in Gujarati population.Frontal view photographs of 100 subjects distributed equally in to 50 males and 50 females were taken from government dental college & hospital , Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Results :More percentage of females showed consonant smile arc and high anterior smile line than their counterparts in this study. No statistically significant correlation was found between anterior smile height , posterior smile height , smile curve &buccal corridor width in males and females.

Keywords: Smile analysis, Smile index, Smile height, Smile curve, Buccal corridor width.

[1]. Anthony H. L. Tjan, Dr Dent and Gary D Miller. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J ProsthDent . 1984; 51 (1): 24-28.
[2]. Bjorn U. Zachrisson. Esthetic factors involved in anterior tooth display and the smile : Vertical dimension. J ClinOrthod. 1998; 32(7): 432-445.
[3]. Charles M Hulsey. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationship present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970; 57(2): 132-144.
[4]. Christopher Maulik and Ravindra Nanda. Dynamic smile analysis in young adults. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop. 2007; 132: 307-315.
[5]. David M. Sarver. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: The smile arc. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2001; 120: 98-111.
[6]. David M. Sarver and Marc B. Ackerman. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification : Part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2003; 124: 4-12.
[7]. David M. Sarver and Marc B. Ackerman. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification : Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2003; 124: 116-127.
[8]. DaltroEneas Ritter, Luiz Gonzaga GandiniJr. Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod 2006;76:198-203.
[9]. Dong JK, Jin TH, Cho HW, OH SC. The esthetic of the smile: a review of some recent studies. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12:9-19.
[10]. Ernst k. Janzen, Dr.med.dent. A balanced smile – A most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod 1977; 72(4): 359-372.

Abstract: This review is undertaken to see the effects of early orthodontic management of unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC). UPC is often accompanied by lateral mandibular shift and mandibular deviation because of the reduction in the width of the maxillary dental arch. Correction of early orthodontic treatment of UPC is more complex than it appears. Treatment success is high if it is started early. To develop an appropriate treatment plan , it is first necessary to determine if there is a functional jaw shift on closing, it is dental ,skeletal or both or it is related only to maxilla or both the jaws. Evidence that crossbite are not self-correcting and have some association with TMJ disorders. It can be difficult to treat UCB in adults without a combination of orthodontics and surgery. Treatment of UCB generally involves symmetric expansion of the maxillary arch, removal of selective occlusal interferences and elimination of the mandibular functional shift. The general practitioner or dentist must be able to diagnose UPC successfully and provide treatment or referral to take advantage of the benefits of early treatment.

Keywords: cross bite ; early treatment ; malocclusion;appliances.

[1]. Sofia Petren, DDS; Lars Bondemark, DDS, Odont DR; Bjorn Soderfeldt, PhD, Dr Med Sc. A Systematic Review Concerning Early Orthodontic Treatment Of Unilateral Posterior Crossbite. Angle Orthod 2003; 73:588-596.
[2]. David B. Kennedy, Matthew Osepchook. Unilateral Posterior Crossbite With Mandibular Shift: A Review. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(8):569-73.
[3]. Chris van Keulen, Guy Martens and Luc Dermaut .Unilateral posterior crossbite and chin deviation: is there a correlation? European Journal Of Orthodontics 26 (2004) 283-288.
[4]. Proffit et al , Posterior crossbites
[5]. Stasa Melink, Mojca Velikonja Vagner, Irena Hocevar-Boltezar, and Maja Ovsenik. Posterior crossbite in the deciduous dentition period, its relation with sucking habits, irregular orofacial functions, and otolaryngological findings. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138:32- 40.
[6]. Maria Grazia Piancino, Francesca Talpone, Paola Dalmasso, Cesare Debernardi, Arthur Lewin and Pietro Bracco. Reverse-sequencing chewing patterns before and after treatment of children with a unilateral posterior crossbite. European Journal of Orthodontics 28 (2006) 480-484.
[7]. Robert E. Binder, DMD. Correction of Posterior Crossbites: Diagnosis and Treatment. Pediatr Dent.2004; 26: 266-272.
[8]. Castaner-Peiro A. Interceptive Orthodontics: The need for early diagnosis and treatment of posterior crossbites. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11: E210-4.
[9]. M. Serdar Toroglu, DDS, PhD, Erhan Uzel, DDS, Mustafa Kayalioglu, DDS, and Ilter Uzel, DDS, PhD. Asymmetric maxillary expansion(AMEX) appliance for treatment of true unilateral posterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 164- 73 .
[10]. Nurhat Ozkalayci, DDS, PhD, Mete Ozer, Mahmut Sumer.. Treatment of unilateral buccal crossbite with mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis. Korean J Orthod 2011; 41 (1):59-69.

Abstract: Replacement of dentin with a material popularly marketed as Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fausses, France), a new tricalcium silicate-based cement, has recently been commercialized and advertised as a bioactive material. Its clinical application and physical properties have been widely described. Biodentine, a new biologically active cement which has dentin-like mechanical properties and can be used as a dentin replacement in the tooth crown and root region. The cement consists mainly of a tri- and dicalcium silicate powder, which is mixed with an aqueous calcium chloride solution. As regards biocompatibility, long-term impermeability, antibacterial properties, induction of hard tissue regeneration, stability, low solubility, non-absorbability and ease of handling, Biodentine fulfils the requirements found in the literature for a material suitable for these purposes. On the basis of the good material properties of Biodentine, this cement is an interesting alternative to the conventional materials which were hitherto recommended. Biodentine can therefore confer advantages in day-to-day practice and with correct diagnosis contribute to the long-term maintenance of the vitality of the dental pulp and to the retention of teeth. However, little scientific data is available at present.

Key words: biodentine, dentin, bioactive dentin replacement, tricalcium silicate-based cement, Portland cement.

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[2]. Shayegan A. et al.: Biodentine: A new material used as pulp-capping agent in primary pig teeth. Poster at IADT 16th World Congress Dental Traumatology. Verona 2010
[3]. Tran V. et al.: Microleakage of a new restorative calcium based cement (Biodentine®). Oral presentationPEF IADR, London 2008.
[4]. Biodentine- Product information. Septodont GmbH, Niederkassel 2010.(https://www.google.co.in/#q=biodentine%2Cproduct+information)
[5]. Koubi GF, Franquin JC, Colon P. A clinical study of a new Ca3SiO5-based material indicated as a dentin substitute. Conseuro 2009, Seville, Spain. March, 2009.
[6]. Colon P, Bronnec F, Grosgogeat B, Pradelle-Plasse N. Interactions between a calcium silicate cement (Biodentine) and its environment. J Dent Res. 2010;89:Abstract no. 401.
[7]. Atmeh A. Dynamic bioactive interface with dental tissues. 45th Meeting of the Continental European Division of the IADR (CED-IADR) with the Scandanavian Division (NOF). 2011; Abstract no. 1.
[8]. Laurent P, Camps J., Déjou J, About I. Induction of specific cell responses to a Ca3SiO5-based posterior restorative material. Dent Mater. 2008; 24:1486-94.
[9]. Atmeh AR, Chong EZ, Richard G, Festy F, Watson TF. Dentin-cement interfacial interaction: calcium silicates and polyalkenoates. J Dent Res. 2012, May;91(5):454-9.
[10]. Bentley K, Janyavula S, Cakir D, Beck P, Ramp L, Burgess J. Mechanical and physical properties of vital pulp therapy materials. J Dent Res (AADR Abstracts). 2012; 91: abstract no. 258.