iosr-JDMS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-4

Abstract:Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is retinal disease associated with diabetes. DR is the leading cause of blindness among working aged adults around the world. High blood pressure is an established risk factor for the development of macular edema and is associated with the presence of PDR. Objective: To find the influence of factors in the prediction of DR by using multiple regression analysis approach and find out the thickness of the center of retina (macula). Methods: 200 diabetic retinopathy patients were selected through simple random sampling by using pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Macular edema thickness is to be measured by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in the unit of μm and to find other influencing factors age, gender, duration of diabetics, level of hyperglycemia (HbA1c), HDL, triglycerides, family history, hypertension, LDL related to DR. Results: Out 200 patients, 133 (66.50%) were male and 67 (33.50%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 59.78 ± 11.31 years and range was 24 – 87 years. The mean thickness of the center of the retina (macula) was 452.30 ± 138.92 μm. In this paper, the influencing factors were indentified, gender and HDL were had no influence over for developing DR. Conclusion: The influencing factors have been indentified
and on the basis of which prediction of DR for a person is identified. By finding the influencing factors of DR
and one can protect themselves from the development of DR.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, macular edema thickness, duration of diabetes, hypertension, multiple regression analysis approach.

[1] Diabetic Retinopathy: available on http://www.aoa.org/diabetic-retinopathy.xml [Last accessed on 23th February, 2012]
[2] Klein BE. Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2007;14:p179–183
[3] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes, estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 : p1047-53.
[4] Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract
2010;87: p4–14.
[5] Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al.; China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group Prevalence of diabetes among men
and women in China. N Engl J Med 2010;362:p1090–110.
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Blindness caused by diabetes- Massachusetts, 1987-1994. MMWR Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep1996, 45:p937-941.
[7] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030. Diabetes Care2004, 27:p1047-1053.
[8] Bamashmus MA, Gunaid AA, Khandekar RB: Diabetic retinopathy, visual impairment and ocular status among patients with
diabetes mellitus in Yemen: a hospital-based study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009, 57:p293-298.
[9] Rani PK, Raman R, Chandrakantan A, Pal SS, Perumal GM, Sharma T: Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in self-reported rural
population with diabetes. J Postgrad Med 2009, 55:p92-96.
[10] Wang S, Xu L, Jonas JB, Wong TY, Cui T, Li Y, Wang YX, You QS, Yang H, Sun C: Major Eye Diseases and Risk Factors
Associated with Systemic Hypertension in an Adult Chinese Population The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2009,
116:p2373-2380.

Abstract:The distribution of Simulium species was studied at 2 breeding sites in Ugbem and Ukwepeyiere Communities after 10 rounds of Ivermectin distribution. At each breeding site, 2 fly catchers worked alternately for 4 hours, both giving a total of 8 hours from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., each day. Flies were caught on 3 consecutive days, each month, from 8 a,m. to 3 p.m. between January and June, 2008. A total of 3895 Simulium flies were caught and identified using morphologic characteristics as Simulium sirbanum(70.5%) and S. yahense (29.5). A total of 12.1% of both species were parous while 87.9 % were nulliparous flies. Generally, more flies were caught in the morning (7 a.m. to 11 a.m.) than afternoon (12 noon to 3 p.m.) hours, in both dry and rainy seasons. No larva of Onchocerca volvulus was detected after dissection of both parous and nulliparous flies. This study has identified, for the first time, the species of Simulium flies which are prevalent in the study area.
Keywords: Distribution, Onchocerciasis, Simulium species

[1] Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D.M. (2004). The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. New York: Cornell University
Press.
[2] Atting, I.A. (2000). Studies on the factors influencing the transmission of human onchocerciasis by Simulium damnosum s. l. i n
Cross River State, Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calabar.
[3] Barbiero, V. K. & Trpis, M. (1984). Transmission of onchocerciasis by local black flies on the Firestone Rubber Plantation,
Harbel, Liberia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 33, 586 – 594.
[4] Butler, J. F. & Hogsette, J. A. (1998). Black Flies, Simulium species. 8/31/2006, University of Florida IFAS Extension,
file://F:\simulium\Black%20Flies,%20Simulium%20spp.htm
[5] Coluzzi, M., Sabatini, A., Petrarca, V. & Dideco, M.A. (1979). Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human
environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73, 483 –
497.
[6] Crosskey, R. W. (1990). The natural history of black flies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Limited.
[7] Cupp, E. W. (1996). Black flies and the agents they transmit. In: B. J. Beaty & W. C. Marquardt (Eds.), The biology of diseas e
vectors (98 - 108). Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
[8] Currie, D.C. & Adler, P.H. (2000). Update on a survey of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the North West territories and
Nunavut project. Arctic Insect News II. http://www.biology. ualberta.ca/bsc/pdf/blackflies.pdf+ecology +of+Simulium
+species&…….
[9] Hamada, N. & Adler, P. H. (1998). A new species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from open areas in Central Amazonia,
Brazil. Memόrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 93 (3), 317 – 325.
[10] Harwood, R. F. & James, M. T. (1979). Entomology in human and animal health (7th edition). New York: Macmillan Publishing
Company.

Abstract:Previous studies have been reported that about 80% of women experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS) during luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Normally menstruating women show hypocapnia followed by increased ventilation due to increased progesterone during the luteal phase compared follicular phase . As specific reason for PMS has not still been proved, various theories have been revealed and hence for PMS specific treatment is still not available. Aim: To assess the effect of End tidal carbondioxide concentration on different phases of menstrual cycle in subjects suffering from PMS. Material and methods: We recruited 50 female volunteers aged around 26±5 yrs with normal menstrual cycle and complaint of PMS. End tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and respiration rate was noninvasively monitored by using capnometer during the follicular phase (days 6th or 7th), the luteal phase (days 25th or 26th) and 2nd day of menstrual phase. Results: Respiratory rate and heart rate were significantly increased in luteal phase when compared to follicular and menstrual phase. The highlighted result of our study was lower ETCO2 in luteal phase than other two phases
Keywords: Premenstrual syndrome, menstrual cycle, End tidal carbondioxide, Hypocapnia, Hyperventilation

[1] Benallal H, Busso T. Analysis of end-tidal and arterial PCO2 gradients using a breathing model. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 83:402- 8.
[2] Das TK. Effects of the menstrual cycle on timing and depth of breathing at rest. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol.1998; 42:498-502.
[3] Schruers, KRJ, van de Mortel, H, Overbeek, T, Griez, E. Symptom profiles of natural and laboratory panic attacks. Acta
Neuropsychiatrica.2004; 16: 101–106.
[4] Mora JD, Grant L, Kenyon P, Patel MK, Jenner FA. Respiratory ventilation and carbon dioxide levels in syndromes of depression.
Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:457-64.
[5] Tweeddale PM, Rowbottom I, McHardy GJ. Breathing retraining: effect on anxiety and depression scores in behavioural
breathlessness. J Psychosom Res. 1994 ;38:11-21.
[6] Ashwini N. Nilekar, Vaishali V. Patil, Samir Kulkarn , Mangala Vatve Autonomic function tests during pre and post menstrual
phases in young women Pravara Med Rev 2011; 6:24-30.
[7] Rajesh CS, Gupta P, and Vaney N. Status of pulmonary function tests in adolescent females of Delhi. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol
44:442-448, 2000.
[8] Delaunois L, Delwiche JP, Lulling J. Effect of medroxyprogesterone on ventilatory control and pulmonary gas exchange in
chronic obstructive patients. Respiration. 1985; 47: 107 – 113.
[9] Willium N.Gardner, MB,BS. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorder. Chest 1996; 109: 516-34.
[10] von Euler, C. (1983) J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 55, 1647-1659.

Abstract:Thymus is an irregular bilobed gland situated in the superior and anterior mediastinum. It lies above the pericardium, aortic arch, left brachiocephalic vein, and trachea. Superiorly thymus may extend to the lower pole of thyroid gland and inferiorly up to the diaphragm.. Each thymic lobe is covered by a fibrous capsule. It weighs about 10 to 15 gms at birth and progressively increases in size and weighs about 20 to 30 gms at puberty. There after it undergoes involution and is converted into a fibrofatty mass. Thymus does show morphological variations in the gross anatomy. It may be persistent in the adult. This fact is clinically important for radiologists to make a differential diagnosis in case of a mediastinal mass. A thorough knowledge of the embryology and anatomy of the thymus, normal variations and ectopic locations of thymus and its dynamic changes is necessary before doing any invasive procedure.
Keywords:Fibrofatty, Involution, Mediastinal mass, Persistent, Thymus

[1] Don W. Fawcett, Ronald P. Jensh,Bloom & Fawcett's Concise Histology, 2nd edition, Ch-10, Pg – 153.
[2] Dr. Krishna Murthy JV, V. Subhadra Devi. Morphological features of human thymus glands from foetal to old age.International
Journal of biological and medical research. 2012;3(2):1502-1505
[3] Micans P. The thymus gland, immune health and aging. International antiaging systems bulletin (online)2004
[4] Farbood Nasseri, Farzin Eftekhari. Clinical and Radiologic Review of the Normal and Abnormal Thymus: Pearls and Pitfalls.
Radiographics. March 2010; 30, 413-428
[5] Keith L. Moore, T.V.N Persaud, The Developing Human, Clinically Oriented Embryology, 6th Edition, Ch-10, Pg-223
[6] Patricia M. Bale and Cirilo Sotel – Avila. Maldescent of thymus: 34 necropsy and 10 surgical cases including 7 thymuses medial to
the mandible, Fetal and Paediatric pathology.1993; 13(2):181-190.
[7] Sushmita Bhatnagar, Rohit Pradhan, Pankaj Shastri, Pradeep Shenoy. Accessory thymus in posterior mediastinum. J Indian Assoc
Paediatric Surgery/Oct-2008/Vol13(4)140-141.
[8] G.J Romanes, Cunningham's Manual Of Practical Anatomy,Vol 2,15th Edition,Ch-1,Pg-14.
[9] A K Datta, Essentials of Human Embryology, 5th Edition, Ch-12, Pg-125.

Abstract:Purpose: Traditional approaches to mechanical debridement of the tooth surface to remove tooth accretions continue to be an integral part of periodontal therapy. The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of mechanical non-surgical therapy in subjects with moderate to severe gingivitis and periodontitis. Methods: Ten subjects of moderate to severe gingivitis/periodontits were selected for the study. Gingival inflammation, pocket depth and CAL were evaluated from baseline over a period of 8 weeks. Results: In four subjects with gingivitis the mean gingival inflammation at the base line was 2.15±0.131mm and after 8 weeks of phase-1 periodontal therapy was 1.12±0.087mm with highly statistically significant difference (p-value=0.000). In six periodontitis patients, the mean CAL at the base line was 4.555±1.461mm and after 8 weeks of phase-1 periodontal therapy was 4.302±1.726mm. Gain in CAL was 0.254±0.361mm with statistically non-significant difference between the means of CAL at baseline and after 8 weeks (p-value=0.146). In all subjects, the mean pocket depth at the base line was 3.608±0.738mm and after 8 weeks of phase-1 periodontal therapy was 2.795±1.159mm with mean reduction of pocket depth 0.892±594mm. The difference was statistically significant (p-value=0.002)..
Keywords: gingivitis,Non- surgical therapy, periodontitis.

[1] Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, Vol. 25, 2001, 8–20
[2] Rylev M, Kilian M. Prevalence and distribution of principal periodontal pathogens worldwide. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35
(Suppl. 8): 346-361.
[3] Ishikawa I, Baehni P. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy – where do we stand now? Periodontology 2000, Vol. 36, 2004, 9–13.
[4] Greenstein G, Nonsurgical periodontal therapy in 2000: A literature review. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131;1580-1592.
[5] Drisko CH. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontology 2000, Vol. 25, 2001, 77–88.
[6] Cobb CM. Non-surgical pocket therapy: mechanical. Ann Periodontol 1996: 1: 443–490.
[7] Cobb CM. Clinical significance of non-surgical periodontal therapy: an evidence-based perspective of scaling and root planing. J
Clin Periodontol 2002: 29 (Suppl. 2): 6–16.
[8] Cobb CM. Oral biofilms in health and disease. In Newman HN, Wilson M, ed. The mechanical control of subgingival plaque.
Dental plaque revisited. London, Eastman Dental Institute, University College, 1999: 457–502.
[9] Greenstein G. Periodontal response to mechanical non-surgical therapy: a review. J Periodontol 1992; 63(2): 118-30.
[10] Adriaens PA, Adriaens LM. Effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on hard and soft tissues. Periodontology 2000, Vol. 36,
2004, 121–145

Abstract:Presently, treatment of anxiety with standard anti-anxiety drugs is associated with a number of shortcomings inviting us to study newer agents that would overcome these problems or search for the drugs or substances, which would enhance the efficacy or reduce the dose or toxicity of this standard anti-anxiety drug diazepam. Ganaxolone (GNX) a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, may represent a new treatment approach for anxiety. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti – anxiety effect of ganaxolone in comparison with diazepam and also to study their effect on sleep and motor co-ordination using elevated plus maze, thiopentone sodium induced sleeping and rotarod model in rodents. Wistar strain albino rats weighing 200-250 gm were used. Ganaxolone produced significant anti-anxiety effect compared to control group but the activity was less when compared to diazepam. The sedative and muscle relaxant properties of ganaxolone were weak as compared to diazepam. Ganaxolone had significant synergistic effect with diazepam by potentiating its actions, thereby providing a lead for exploring potential benefit of adding ganaxolone to decrease the dose of diazepam in the treatment of anxiety.
Keywords: Anxiolytic, diazepam, elevated plus maze, ganaxolone, rotarod.

[1] S. Kasper, Social Phobia: The nature of the disorder, J Affect Disord, 50, 1998, S3-9.
[2] R. C. Kessler, W. T. Chiu, O. Demler, Prevalence, severity, and co-morbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity
Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 2005, 617-27.
[3] G. Simon, J. Ormel, M. VonKorff and W. Barlow, Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary
care, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1991, 352-357.
[4] Arya Ashwani, Kumar Tarun, Malik Ajay, Hooda Anil, Anxiety disorders: A review, IRJCP, 2(5), 2011, 18-23.
[5] Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs, in H. P. Rang, Rang and Dale's Pharmacology, 7 ( Spain: Elsevier Churchill, 2012) 531 -538.
[6] M. Lader, S. Morton. Benzodiazepine problems. Br J Addict, 83, 1991, 823–828.
[7] K. Suresh, S. Anupam, Apigenin: The anxiolytic constituent of Turnera aphrodisiaca, Pharm Biol, 44, 2006, 84-90.
[8] R. L. Macdonald, R. W. Olsen, GABAA receptor channels, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 17, 1994, 569-602.
[9] V. Nohria, E. Giller, Ganaxolone, Neurotherapeutics, 4, 2007, 102–105.
[10] M. A. Rogawski, D. S. Reddy, Neurosteroids: endogenous modulators of seizure susceptibility, in: Rho JM, Sankar R, Cavazos
JE, editors. Epilepsy: scientific foundations of clinical practice, (New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004) 319–355.