iosr-JDMS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-6

Abstract:Background and objectives: Rapidly emerging antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to currently recommended antibiotics is a setback for effective treatment and control of disease. This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in the isolates obtained from female sexual workers and male patients attending STI clinics in Hyderabad. Materials and methods: Isolates were tested for sensitivity pattern of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin azithromycin, cefixime and spectinomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zones of inhibition were interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. β lactamase production was detected by chromogenic cephalosporin method using nitrocefin disc.
Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, PPNG

[1] Rahman M, Alam A, Nessa K, Nahar S, Dutta DK, Yasmin L, et al . Treatment failure with the use of ciprofloxacin for gonorrhea correlates with the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:884-9.
[2] Eva Tzelepi1, Maria Daniilidou, Vivi Miriagou, Eirini Siatravani, Efthimia Pavlidou an Alexandros .Cluster of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to the newercephalosporins in Northern Greece.Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy doi:10.1093/jac/dkn236 Advance Access publication 12 June 2008
[3] P Khaki1, P Bhalla1, A Sharma1, V Kumar Correlation between In vitro susceptibility and treatment outcome with azithromycin in gonorrhoea: A prospective study Year : 2007 | Volume : 25 | Issue : 4 | Page : 354-357
[4] Manju Bala, Krishna Ray & S.M. Gupta.Comparison of disc diffusion results with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Indian J Med Res 122, July 2005, pp 48-51
[5] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 15 th informational supplement, M2-A8 and M7-A6. Vol. 25, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2005. p. 1.
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing: Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Neisseria Reference Laboratory ; Revised 2005
[7] Robert Lindberg, 1 Hans Fredlund, 1 Robert Nicholas, 2 and Magnus Unemo. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Cefixime and Ceftriaxone: Association with Genetic Polymorphisms in penA, mtrR, porB1b, and ponA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 June; 51(6): 2117–2122.
[8] Manju Bala, Krishna Ray, S. M. Gupta, Sumathi Muralidhar and R. K. Jain Changing trends of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in India and the emergence of ceftriaxone less susceptible N. gonorrhoeae strains. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2007) 60, 582–586
[9] Sparling PF. Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In : Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Lemon SM, Piot P, et al, Sexually transmitted diseases, 3 rd ed. McGraw Hill: New York; 1999. p. 131-48.
[10] Martin, I. M., S. Hoffmann, and C. A. Ison. 2006. European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections (ESSTI). The first combined antimicrobial susceptibility data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Western Europe. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58:587-593.

Abstract:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a disorder in which there are episodes of muscle weakness in people with high levels of thyroid hormones. It is a channelopathy characterized by an abnormality in the Na+/K+ ATPase pump due to the effect of excess thyroid hormones which cause an intracellular shift of potassium leading to hypokalaemia in the presence of normal total body potassium1. The commonest cause of hyperthyroidism in these patients is Grave's disease 2,3,4 but other causes have also been described5,6. It is commoner in males than females unlike in other thyroid disorders 7,8,9. The modes of presentation include limb paralysis, dyspnoea, dysphagia, ophthalmoplegia, and cardiac rhythm disturbances. The attacks are potentially life threatening 10,11,12 but patients are normal between attacks. The condition is rare and is seen most commonly in Asian 13, 14,15 and Latin American men 16,17 but has also been noted in caucassians 18,19,20 and African Americans 21,22. This case is reported to alert physicians to the occurrence of this rare but potentially life threatening disorder in a Nigerian patient
Keywords: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Nigerian. Male.

[1] Chan A, Shinde R, Chow CC, Cockram CS, Swaminathan R. In vivo and in vitro sodium pump activity in subjects with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. BMJ 1991; 303:1096-1099.
[2] Erem C. Thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis in a Turkish male with Grave's disease: a rare case report and review of of literature. Endocrine 2005; 27:63-65.
[3] Berwaerts J, Martin JJ, Mahler C. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, an unusual cause of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Acta Neurol Belg. 1996; 96:301-306.
[4] MacFadzean AJS, Yeung R. Periodic Paralysis Complicating Thyrotoxicosis in Chinese. Brit Med J. 1967;1: 450-455.
[5] Honnon MJ, Behan LA, Agha A. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis due to excess thyroxine replacement in a caucassian. Ann Clin Biochem. 2009; 46:423.
[6] Chen YC, Fang JT, Chang TC, Chou HH. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a patient abusing thyroxine for weight reduction. Ren Fail 2001; 23:139.
[7] Manoukian AA, Foote, JA, Crapo LM. Clinical and metabolic features of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 24 episodes. Arch Inter Med. 1999; 159:601-606.
[8] Van DAN GM, Reisman Y, Van Wieringer K. Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: Case report and review of an oriental syndrome. Neth J Med. 1994; 49:90-97.
[9] Barahona MJ, Vinagre I,Sojo L, Cubero JM, PA-Orez A, Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and literature review. Clin Med Res. 2009; 7:96-98.
[10] Al Jubori MA, Inkster GD, Nee PA, Andrews FJ. Thyrotoxicosis presenting as hypokallaemic paralysis in an oriental man. Ann Clin Bioch. 2006; 43:323-325.

Abstract:Purpose:To study incidence of carbapenemases in teritary care hospital among gram negative clinical isolates of both Enterobacteriaceae and nonenterobactiaceae(nonferementers). Materials and Methods:A totalof 200 gram negative isolates were subjected to various phenotypic methods for carbapenemase detection along with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) for Imipenem and Meropenem by agar dilution technique.The phenotypic methods testedlike Double disc synergy test(DDST), Combined disc test (CDT), Modified hodge test(MHT).

[1] Kohler T, Epp SF, Curty LK, Pechere JC. Characterisation of Mex T, the regulator of the Mex E - Mex F – Opr N multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Bacteriol. 1999;20:6300 – 5
[2] Laraki N, Franceschini , Rossolini GM, Santucci P, Meunier C, de Paucv E, et al. Biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 101/1477 metallo β lactamase IMP – 1 produced by Escherichia coli . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;4:902-65.
[3] Livermore DM.Carbapenemases.J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 6:609-6
[4] Galani I,Rekatsina PD, Hatzaki D et al. Evaluation of different laboratory tests for detection of metallo-β-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;25:1-6
[5] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-first informational supplement. M100-S21 NCCLS, 2002.Wayne P.A.
[6] Hsuch PR, Ko WC, Wa JJ, Lu JJ et al. Consensus Statement on the Adherence to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guidelines (CLSI-2009 and CLSI-2010 update) for Enterobacteriaceae in Clinical Microbiology in Taiwan. J Micrbol Immunol Infect 2010; 43:452-55
[7] Arora S, Saha S, Bal M. Imipenem Resistant among multidrug Resistant clinical strain in Urinary infection from Kolkata. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125:689-91
[8] Machiaro P, Mussi MA, Ballerini V, Pasteran F, Viale AM, Vila AJ, et al. Sensitive EDTA based microbiological assay for detection of metallo β lactamase in nonfermentative Gram negative bacteria. J Clin Microb 2005; 43:5648-52
[9] Toleman MA, Biedenbach D, Bennet DMC, Jones RN, Walsh TR. Italian metallo β lactamase: a national problem? Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:61-70.
[10] Manoharan A, Chatterjee S, Mathur D, SARI Study Group. Detection and characterization of metallo β lactamases producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Microbl 2010; 28:241-4.

Abstract:Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in most countries. It is a third most cause of death worldwide preceded by cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Progress has been made in diagnosis and therapy of cancer by countries. There are many therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy for cancer treatment, but most of them have lots of side effects. Further drug resistance limits the successful outcomes in most cases. Therefore the usage of a variety of traditional remedies which have relatively less harmful side-effects are employed in folk medicine for the treatment of cancer. Moreover herbal remedies which cause less side-effects are believed to be safe and readily accepted by the general public
Keywords: cancer, Phyllanthus emblica ,antimutagencity

[1] L.Chularojmontri, S. K. Wattanapitayakul, A. Herunsalee, S.Charuchongkolwongse, S. Niumsakul, and S. Srichairat, "Antioxidative and cardioprotective effects of Phyllanthus urinaria L. on
[2] doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity," Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1165–1171, 2005. View at Publisher
[3] K. J. Jeena, K. L. Joy, and R. Kuttan, "Effect of Emblica officinalis,
[4] Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis," Cancer Letters, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 11–16, 1999
[5] V. Rajeshkumar and R. Kuttan, "Phyllanthus amarus extract administration increases the life span of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1-2, pp. 215–219, 2000
[6] R. Pettit, D. E. Schaufelberger, R. A. Nieman, C. Dufresne, and J. A. Saenz-Renauld, "Antineoplastic agents, 177. Isolation and structure of phyllanthostatin 6," Journal of Natural Products, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1406–1413, 1990
[7] Powis and D. J. Moore, "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the antitumor glycoside phyllanthoside and its stability in plasma of several species," Journal of Chromatography, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 129–134, 1985
[8] Giridharan, S. T. Somasundaram, K. Perumal et al., "Novel substituted methylenedioxy lignan suppresses proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting telomerase and activation of c-myc and caspases leading to apoptosis," British Journal of Cancer, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 98–105, 2002.
[9] Y. Lin, C. C. Wang, Y. L. Lu, W. C. Wu, and W. C. Hou, "Antioxidant, anti-semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, and anti-hypertensive activities of geraniin isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2485–2492, 2008.
[10] Srirama, U. Senthilkumar, N. Sreejayan et al., "Assessing species admixtures in raw drug trade of Phyllanthus, a hepato-protective plant using molecular tools," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 208–215, 2010

Abstract:Neonatal sepsis remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in infant, especially preterm and low birth weight baby. Sepsis is a clinical manifestation of a dysregulated immune response to invasive pathogen.There is increasing evidence that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the mediation of systemic responses to invading pathogens during sepsis. TLRs are essential for triggering the host's immune response, acting as a sensor against invading pathogens. TLR2 was identified as a receptor for gram-positive peptidoglycan and bacterial lipopeptides, whereas TLR4 is part of a receptor complex recognizing gramnegative bacterial
Keywords: early onset neonatal sepsis, TLRs expression, neutrophil saliva phagocytic activity

[1]. Hu Z. The history of saliva. In : Saliva Based Translational Research & Clinical Application (StarCA). UCLA School of Dentistry,
2008.
[2]. Lima DP, Diniz DG, Sumida DH, Moimaz SAS. Okamoto AC. Saliva: reflection of the body 2009.
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212.
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2005, 595-602
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[6]. Quinn MT, Gauss KA. Structure and regulation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase:comparison with nonphagocyte oxidases.
Journal Leukocyte Biology 76, 2004, 760-781.
[7]. Vrba J, Modriansky M. Respiratory burst of Kupffer cells: target for liver injury treatment. Biomedical Papers 146(2), 2002, 15-20.
[8]. Majerle A, Kidri Q. Jerala Reenhancement of antibacterial and lipopolysaccharide binding activities of a human lactoferrin peptide
fragment by the addition of acyl chain. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 51, 2003, 1159–1165.
[9]. Segal AW. How neutrophils kill microbes. Annu Rev Immunology 9(5), 2005, 197–223.
[10]. Aminullah A. Sepsis pada bayi baru lahir masalah dan penatalaksanaannya, dalam : Yunanto A, Hartoyo E, Andayani P
(Penyunting) Proceeding Simposium Nasional I Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia Cabang Kalimantan Selatan (Banjarmasin, 2005).

Abstract:Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasm affecting structures of the oral mucosa, which accounts for more than 90% of all malignant lesions in the mouth. The aim of this study was to report a case of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of gingiva. A 50 year old female seen with 3 weeks history of a painless mass over the lower left posterior buccal gingival area. Clinical examination revealed, a reddish white, ulcerative spongy asymptomatic lesion around the buccal area of teeth 33 to 37 and a leukoplakic lesion over the left border of the tongue & whole of poste rior left buccal mucosa. Thus, in view of the clinical symptoms and differential diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm, an incisional biopsy was obtained from the lesion. The diagnosis of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was made and fourteen days after incisional biopsy, healing was found to be unsatisfactory. The patient was referred for treatment consisting of surgical excision of the tumour.
Keywords: Gingiva , Leukoplakia, Neoplasm ,Squamous cell carcinoma, Tumour.

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[5] Yoon TY, Bhattacharyya I, Katz J, Towle HJ, Islam MN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva presenting as localized
periodontal disease. Quintessence Int. 2007 Feb;38(2):97-102.
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1995;45:328-351
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papilla in a young woman. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jul;45(5):420-2. Epub 2006 Feb 17.
[9] Souza RP, Moreira PTB, Paes Junior AJO, Pacheco Neto CM, Soares AH, Rapoprt A. [Gingival squamous cell carcinoma:
imaging analysis of seven patients] Radiol Bras 2003 Aug;36(4):225-7.
[10] Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Epithelial pathology. In: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders; 2002:356-367.

Abstract:Supernumerary teeth or hyperdontia is defined as excess number of teeth as compared to the normal dental formula. Supernumerary teeth closely resembling normal tooth shape and morphology are often called supplemental tooth. This article describes a case of non-syndrome twelve year old boy with the presence of incisiform supplemental lateral incisor, which caused crowding and poor aesthetics. The etiology, classification and treatment alternatives for supplemental teeth are discussed.
Keywords: Hyperdontia, Incisiform supplemental teeth, Supernumerary tooth

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62: 262–265.
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Dentistry for Children 1985; 52: 121–124
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Canadian Dental Association 1999; 65: 612–616.
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1994:61:382-93
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Abstract:The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of umbilical vein oxytocin in minimising the blood loss during third and fourth stage of labor in comparison with umbilical vein injection of saline only and with systemic methylergometrine. We performed a randomised control study involving three hundred women who were randomized into 3 groups of hundred women in each group.. Group 1 received umbilical vein injection of oxytocin. Group 2 received intraumbilical vein saline injection while subjects in group 3 were managed with systemic methylergometrine,0.2mg intravenous at the delivery of anterior shoulder The primary outcome was measured in terms of duration of third stage of labor,blood loss, number of undelivered placenta and need for further oxytocics. Secondary outcomes were in terms of pre-delivery and post-delivery haemoglobin and haematocrit estimation.Intraumbilical oxytocin significantly shortens the duration of third stage of laborwhen compared with intraumbilical saline as well as systemic methylergometrine. It is also effective in reducing the amount of blood loss when compared to intraumbilical saline injection, but it was comparable in efficacy to methylergometrine in preventing amount of blood loss.
Keywords: Intraumbilical oxytocin, postpartumhemorrhage, third stage of labor

[1] Arie Herman,MD,Zwi weinraub,MD,Ian BukovskyMD,Shlomo Arieli,MD,Philip Zabow,MD, Eliahu Caspi,MD,and Raphael Ron-
EL,MD. Dynamic ultrasonographic imaging of the third stage of labor; new perspectives into third stage mechanisms. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1993; 168:1496-9.
[2] Chamberlain GVP. The clinical aspects of massive haemorrhage. In: Patel N (ed.).Maternal mortality-the way forward. London:
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1992; 54-62.
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Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:1279-84.
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Cochrane library, issue 1. Oxford: Update software, 1997.
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[7] M Patil. Active management of third stage of labor. Principles and practice of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for PG. A FOGSI
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Abstract:Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitude of rural population about HIV/AIDS in Raigad district. Material and Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted during January 2009 to April 2009 at Mahad Taluka of Raigad District, India. Total of 724 individuals were selected by using stratified random sampling. The information was gathered by personal interview using semi-structured proforma. Results: Total 724 individuals were interviewed with 202 (27.9%) males and 522 (72.1%) females. Overall awareness about symptoms of HIV/AIDS, its transmission routes and preventive measures was very poor. 383(52.9%) individual knew correct routes of transmission while only 289 (39.9%) individuals knew how to prevent HIV infection transmission. 317 (43.8%) individual never heard about condom and 117 (17.2%) population knew correct purpose of condom. Composite scores of Knowledge and attitude were low (below 50%) specifically in females, unmarried and illiterate individuals. Conclusion: Thus the knowledge of rural people about HIV / AIDS, its transmission and prevention should be improved with help of vigorous campaigning, training workshops, HIV / AIDS education sessions with special focus on migrant workers and their families.
Keywords: AIDS, Attitude, HIV, Knowledge, Rural

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Abstract:Objective 1. To study the adherence of HSPs to IMNCI guidelines for managing childhood diseases. 2. To ascertain the knowledge regarding danger signs of under fives' in study population Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in a district of Panchkula in 2010. Multistage random sampling was used for selection of study population. 588 parents of under-five children were interviewed by using a pretested validated questionnaire. The data regarding adherence health workers to IMNCI guidelines for management common under fives illness was collected from parents. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS 16.0.
Keywords: health seeking behavior, under- five, IMNCI.

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