iosr-JDMS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-2

Abstract:In our study we evaluate MRI as an excellent soft tissue contrast and allows for multiplanar imaging in anatomic planes. Because of these advantages MRI has become the study of choice for imaging of shoulder pathology. It allows high-resolution imaging of all anatomic structures including the Rotator cuff tendons and muscles , glenoid, humeral head, articular cartilage, acromion , labrum, biceps tendon and the glenohumeral ligaments in multiple orthogonal planes. The aim of this review is to update orthopaedic surgeons on the technical aspects of performing magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. In addition, this report will define the normal anatomy of the shoulder as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging and review the spectrum of disease detectable with this technique.
Keywords: Articular cartilage, Capsule, Humeral head , Labrum ,Glenoid , Glenohumeral ligaments Magnetic resonance imaging, Rotator cuff tendons and muscles,

[1] Manisha Jana :Magnetic resonance imaging in glenohumeral instability World J Radiol 2011 September 28; 3(9): 224-232
[2] Catherine N. Petchprapa, Luis S. Beltran, Laith M. Jazrawi, Young W. Kwon,James S. Babb1 and Michael P. Recht. The Rotator
Interval: A Review of Anatomy, Function, and Normal and Abnormal MRI Appearance AJR 2010; 195:567-576
[3] Matthieu J. C. M. Rutten, Jan Spaargaren, Ton vaLoon, Maarten C. de Waal Malefijt, Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney, and Gerrit J.
Jager1 Detection of rotator cuff tears: the value of MRI following ultrasound ,Eur Radiol. 2010 February; 20(2): 450–457
[4] Cree M. Gaskin, Mark W. Anderson, Asim Choudhri, David R. Diduch . Focal partial tears of the long head of the biceps brachii
tendon at the entrance to the bicipital groove: MR imaging findings, surgical correlation, and clinical significance. October
2009, Volume 38, Issue 10, pp 959-965
[5] Stoller DW, Wolfe EM, Li AE, Nottage WM, Tirman PFJ. The shoulder. In:Stoller DW.,editors.Magnetic resonance imaging in
orthopedics and sports medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007.pp.1131-1462.
[6] Andreas Nidecker et al. Shoulder Joint Pathology – Improved Diagnosis By Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri):A Pictorial Essay
And Review. Biblid 2008; 0370-8179, 136, 1-2, p. 50-61
[7] Gert Schippinger, David Bailey, Eugen G. McNally, Jenö Kiss and Andrew J. Carr Anatomy of the normal acromion investigated
using MRILangenbeck's Archives of Surgery, 1997, Volume 382, Number 3, Pages 141-144
[8] Bachman, Melzer C, Heinrichs CM, Möhring B, Rominger MB. Diagnosis of rotator cuff lesions: comparison of US and MRI on 38
joint specimens ., Eur Radiol. 1997;7(2):192-7.
[9] Singson RD, Hoang T, Dan S, Friedman M. MR evaluation of rotator cuff pathology using T2-weighted fast spin-echo technique
with and without fat suppression AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996 May;166(5):1061-5.
[10] Della Sala SW, Bianchini G. Magnetic resonance in the study of the painful shoulder. Radiol Med. 1996 Apr;91(4):348-55.

Abstract:A 5 year old male child was admitted to emergency department with chief complains of pain in abdomen&abdominal distension, vomiting, constipation since 4 days. Patient was febrile &tachypnoeic. Abdominal distension & rigidity was seen. X-ray & Ultrasound both were inconclusive for the possible cause of intestinal obstruction.Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with enterotomy for worm decompression. Nearly 400 worms were recovered.These worms were sent to microbiology laboratory and were identified as AscarislumbricoidesHowever the patient succumbed after 5 hours. The cause of respiratory distress & cause of death remained unknown.
Keywords: Ascarislumbricoides, Death, Intestinal Obstruction

Journal papers:
[1]. Bethony J Brooker S Albonico M, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 2006;367:
[2]. Mishra PK AgrawalA Joshi M Sanghvi B Shah H Parelkar SV. Intestinal obstruction in children due to Ascariasis: A tertiary health centre experience. Afr J PaediatrSurg 2008;5:65-70
[3] Louw JH. Abdominal complications of Ascarislumbricoides infestation in children. Br J Surg 1966;53:510-21.
[4] G.D Schmidt L.S RobertsFoundations of Parasitology2nd edition p.483-92 Mosby Missouri USA 1981

Abstract:Chronic non specific vomiting is a problem that frustrated the doctors as well as the client.Dr.Sarno M.D. (New York University's Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation) argued in his four books and several journal publications that "we believe that a mind-body approach is more effective and involves less risk and less expensive than other approaches in appropriately diagnosed cases." Objective: To determine if a mind –body treatment program me addressing a presumed psychological ideology of nonspecific cyclic vomiting syndrome merits further research
Key words: case study, counseling, psychosomatic, mind-body therapy, non specific vomiting

Journal papers:
[1] Mary Anne, A holistic view of psychotherapy: connecting Mind, Body and Spirit Perspectives in Psychiatric Care; Volume: 36; Issue: 2; Publication Date: April-June, 2000.
Books:
[2] Dryden. and Golden ,W.L., Cognitive-behavioral approaches to psychotherapy. London: Harper and Row Publishers (1986).
[3] Turnell; Andrew & Hopwood; Larry (1994, 8 (2), A "Map" for Doing Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, Case Studies in Brief and Family Therapy.
[4] O'Connell, Bill Solution-Focused Therapy, Sage Publications, London (1998).

Abstract:Esthesioneuroblastoma(Olfactory neuroblastoma) is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from basal cells within the olfactory epithelium. Its clinnical course is unpredictable with variable correlation between microscopic features and biological behaviour.[1] We report a very indolent case of olfactory neuroblastoma presented only with nasal obstruction due to unilateral mass at the anterolateral aspect of nasal ala of left side. The mass excised via lateral rhinotomy approach and diagnosis of olfactory neuroblastoma was established by histopathology.
Keywords:Esthioneuroblastoma ,olfactory neuroblastoma, computed tomography

[1] Scott – Brown's Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery ,7th ed.,vol. 3.
[2] Cummings C W. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Inc; 2005. p. 3915
[3] Min KW. Usefulness of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of "small" round cell tumors of the sinonasal region. Ultrastruct Pathol. Sep-Oct 1995;19(5):347-63. [Medline].
[4] Written by Niki Foster, edited by Andrew Jones.Last modified date 8 may 2012.
[5] Morita A, Ebersold M J, Olsen K D, et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: prognosis and management.Neurosurgery. 1993;32:706–715. [PubMed]
[6] Simon J H, Zehn W, McCulloch T M, et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: the University of Iowa experience 1978–1998. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:488–493. [PubMed
[7] Broich G, Pagliari A, Ottaviani F. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a general review of the cases published since the discovery of the tumour in 1924. Anticancer Res. 1997;17:2683–2706. [PubMed
[8] Hyams VJ, Batsakis JG, Michaels L. Olfactory neuroblastoma. In: Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear, Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Vol 25. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute Press; 1988:. 240-8.
[9] Fitzek MM, Thornton AF, Varvares M. Neuroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract. Results of a prospective study incorporating chemotherapy, surgery. [10] Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC. Olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer. Mar 1976;37(3):1571-6. [Medline].

Abstract:Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of four different ayurvedic formulation for their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits Materials and Methods: Four different ayurvedic formulation (F1,F2,F3,F4)) were administered in different group of alloxan induced diabetic rabbits.Their efficacy, onset and duration of action as antihyperglycemic agents were studied . Their antihyperlipidemic action were also compared. Results: Out of four formulation(F1,F2,F3,F4) studied formulation-F2, showed extremely significant antihyperglycemic activity for satisfactory duration and also showed a significant activity as an antihyperlipidemic agent compared to other three and Tolbutamide.
Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, ayurvedic formulation, diabetes, Tolbutamide

[1] Sheriff,D.S(1990), Med.Biochem, 4th edn.
[2] Punitha,R.Vasudevan,K. and Manoharan,S(2006).Effect of Pongamia Pinnata flowers on blood glucose and oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rat. Indian.J.Pharmacol;38(1):62-63 Saudek,C.D.and Eder,H.A.1979.Lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus.Am.J.Med; 66:843-8524. .
[3] Khan,C.R. and Schecter,Y.(1991). Insulin ,Oral hypoglycemic agents and the pharmacology of endocrine pancreas,in(Goodman and Gillmans,The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics 8th ed) (Pergaman Press,New York)p.1463.
[4] Marles,R.J.and Franworth,N.R.(1995).Plants to patients: an ethnomedical approach.Phytomedicine 2:137.
[5] Nagarajan,S.Jain,H.C. and Anulakh,G.S.(1987) Indigenous plants used in the control of diabetes(Publication and Information Directorate,New Delhi), C.S.I.R.P 599
[6] Aiman R (1970) Recent research in indigenous antidiabetic medicinal plants: An overall assessment. Indian J.Physiol.Pharmacol.14:65-74 8.Mukherjee,B. and Mukherjee,S.K..(1987).Blood sugar lowering activity of Swertia Chirata(Buch-Ham)extract.Int. J.Crude Drug.Res.25:97-102.
[7] Thompson,G.R.(1990).Lipids and Cardiovascular disease. British Medical Bulletin.46:986.
[8] Dubey,G.P. Agrawal A and Sing A(1993).Evaluation of D-400,an indigenous herbal preparation in diabetes mellitus, Indian.J.Int.Med.3:183-186.
[9] Ponnachan,P.T.C. Paulose,C.S.and Pannikar,K.R. (1993).Effectof Leaf extract of Aegles marmelose in diabetic rats.Indian .J. Exp. Biol.31:345-347.
[10] Bhattachary,S.K.(1995).Activity of Shilajit on alloxan induced hyperglycemia in rats. Fitoterapia. 66:328-332.

Abstract:In achieving hemostasis in 40 out of 208 cases of third molar extraction in Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Purvanchal Institute of Dental Sciences, Gorakhpur UP, Oxidized cellulose foam (OCF) was used, The incidence of Alveolar Osteitis (AO) in OCF treated sockets was found to be 5% (2/40) which was significantly lower than the non-OCF treated sockets 12% (20/168). The use of Oxidized cellulose (OCF) was found to be associated with decreased incidence of Alveolar Osteitis in mandibular third molar extraction cases
Keywords:Alveolar Osteitis, Extraction, Mandibular Third Molar, Oxidized Cellulos Foam

[1] Sancbis JM, Saez U, Penarrocba M, and Gay C. Tetracycline compound placement to prevent dry socket: A postoperative study of 200 impacted mandibular third molar. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2004; 62: 587-91.
[2] Larsen PE. Alveolar osteitis after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;73: 393-97.
[3] Hermesch CB, Hilton TJ, Biesbrock AR, Baker RA, Cain-Hamilton J, McClanahan SF, et al. Perioperative use of 0.12%chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of alveolar osteitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1998; 85: 381-87.
[4] Charles R Bloomer. Alveolar osteitis prevention by immediate placement medicated packing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol endod 2000; 90: 282-84.
[5] Berwick JE, Lessin ME. Effect of a chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse on the incidence of alveolar osteitis in mandibular third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1900; 48: 444-48.
[6] Delilbasi C, Saracoglu U, Keskin A. Effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid on the prevention of alveolar osteitis following mandibular third molar extraction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2002; 94: 301-04.
[7] Oqinni FO, Fatusi OA, Alaqba AO. A Clinical evaluation of dry socket in Nigerian teaching hospital. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 61(8): 871-76.
[8] Sweet JB, Butler DP, Drager JI. Effect of lavage techniques with third molar surgery. Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology, 1976, 41:152–8.
[9] Sweet JB et al. Nitroblue tetrazolium andnLimulus assays for bacteremia after dental extraction: effect of topical antiseptics. Journal of the American Dental Association,1978, 96:276–82.
[10] Hermesch CB et al. Perioperative use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of alveolar osteitis: efficacy and risk factors analysis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 1998, 85(4): 381–7.

Abstract:Introduction. Biomedical Technology, Laboratory Equipment, it have been held through the state budget funds by the end of 2011, and will be ready to operate in early 2012. Equipment for implementation of telemedicine has been quite sufficient for student activities, but to training activities involving the target hospitals still required a set of systems that need to be prepared, readiness to be the complete package of coach. Still laboratory is needed a set of systems for Mini Hospital in order to connect to the existing system so that a complete and prospective. Objective, E-Mini Hospital will be used by UI students to improve practical competence in field; laboratory can be used in the framework of the training on the community so as to provide a wider range of benefits as well as the implementation of cooperation, activities will be assured continuity of laboratory life. Development, it was carried out by stages: first assessment, software development, checked tested and fourth assessment, by lecture, students, doctors and programmer. Result and Discussion, creating 12 pies of software, 5 Staff Module Training, 10 Mass Module training, so laboratory now is ready to implement with student, and mass as doctors, and Information and technology professional. There are 1 software in English is ready, but cooperation with UMST Sudan is fail to implement because lost contact. Software and modules can be made copy right, and Modules can be made ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
Keywords: E-Mini Hospital, software, modules, trials, copy right, ISBN

[1] Ciottone, G,R, at. all., Disaster Medicine, Elsevier Mosby, Philladelphia, 2006
[2] Sabarguna,BS, The New Trend of Decision Support System for Hospital, Sagung Seto, Jakarta, 2008
[3] Sabarguna, B.S, Sistem Informasi Medis Bencana, UI Press, 2012
[4] Sabarguna, B.S., Atlas of Management Decision Skills, UI-Press, Jakarta, 2006
[5] http//www.lina-shwab.dePubliationenz4.pdf.pdf, p. 33, download on 19Th Oct. 2012
[6] Sabarguna, BS, Managing Information for Hospital, Sagung Seto, Jakarta, 2008
[7] Sabarguna, BS, SBK Pengendalian Infeksi Nosokonial, Konsorsium RSI Jateng& DIY, Yogyakarta, 2007
[8] min_2011-50-6_17036, download on 19Th Oct. 2012
[9] http://cctsi.ucdenver.edu/RIIC/Pages/WhatisTranslationalInformatics.aspx#Translational, download 21Th Oct. 2012
[10] Sabarguna BS, Manajemen Resiko Klinis untuk Rumah Sakit, Sagung Seto, Jakarta, 2008

Abstract:Halitosis or bad breath or breath malodor is the problem faced by many and can limit their potential to even interact with the society in a positive manner. It has important socioeconomic consequences and can reveal important diseases. It is very subjective in that for many this malady is" A perception rather than a real thing, everybodys breath smells to certain extent" However real halitosis is an unpleasant condition which creates huge embarrassment with potentially grave consequences. Most of the individual suffering from halitosis seek help from general practioners initially, not the dentist.
Keywords:Halitosis, Volatile sulphur compounds

[1] Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations. Journal of Periodontology 1994; 65(1): 37–46.
[2] Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. Journal of Periodontology 1977; 48(1):13–20.
[3] Sdsneyer L H, man W, Hmmfun L & Gffmom R W. Rate of flow of human parotid, sublingual, and submaxillary secretions during sleep. J Dent Res. 1956 Feb; 35(1):109-14.
[4] Prfnz H. Offensive breath. Its causes and its prevention. Dent, Cosmos 1930; 72:70-7.
[5] Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 2000; 66(5):257–61
[6] Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Oral malodor in the general population of Japan. In: Rosenberg M editor(s). Bad breath: research perspectives. Tel Aviv: Ramot Publishing, 1995: 119–36.
[7] Meningaud JP, Bado F, Favre E, Bertrand JC, Guilbert F. Halitosis in 1999. Revue de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale 1999; 100(5):240–4.
[8] Ayers KM, Colquhoun AN. Halitosis: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. The New Zealand Dental Journal 1998; 94(418):156–60.
[9] Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, Feenstra L. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet 1997; 350(9072):187.
[10] van Steenberghe D. Breath malodor. Current Opinion in Periodontology 1997; 4:137–43.

Abstract:Prolactin hormone is a polypeptide involved in the differenciation of normal mammary epithelium. Prolactin hormone has 200 amino acids, and it prepares the physiology of women for lactation and maternal care. Though, it is more important for the onset rather than the maintenance of maternal care. It exhibits a circadian variation whereby it is higher in the evenings. Previous scientific reports stated that Prolactin levels are higher in nulliparous women than in parous women, due to the fact that early first full term pregnancy causes a lowering of the level of circulating prolactin hormone. Hyperprolactinemia (abnormally high levels of prolactin) is a contributing factor to both female and male infertility. Especially cases of primary infertility. This present study was carried out to investigate the frequency of the prolactin levels among the infertile female patients in National hospital Abuja, and to analyse the difference in the prolactin levels between those suffering from primary infertility and those suffering from secondary infertility. The prolactin levels among female patients suffering primary infertility and secondary infertility were studied respectively and compared to the normal range of prolactin levels in nulliparous women. The prolactin levels of patients suffering primary infertility and secondary infertility were also compared. The result of this study suggested that a prolactin hormone abnormality was not a major contributory factor to the infertility problem suffered by most Female Infertility patients in National Hospital Abuja.
Keywords: Female, Infertility, Prolactin hormone.

[1] Bernstein Leslie, Pike M.C., Ross R.K., Judd H.L., Brown J.B., Henderson B.E.,(2012). Estrogen and sex hormone-binding Globulin levels in Nulliparous and parous women. Oxford journals. Journal of the National cancer Institute. 74: 741-745.
[2] Boland R. (2010): Second trimester abortion laws globally actuality, trends and recommendations: Journal of Reproductive matters:18: pp 67 – 89.
[3] Bridges R.S. and Byrnes E.M. 2006. Reproduction-Development. Endocrinology,Bridges and Byrnes. 147(5): 2575Coomaraswamy R. (1994): violence against women, its causes and consequences:Journal of commission on Human Rights resolution:45: p 92.
[4] Donnica M. (2006): Women's Health for life: what is secondary infertility (online). Available from http://www.DrDonnica.com (Accessed 5th February, 2011).
[5] Doorkenoo and Efua (1994): Female genital mutation: The practise and itsprevention. London, minority Rights publication. Pg 196
[6] Ekwere P.D., Archibong E.I., Bassey E.E., Ekabua J. E., Ekanem E.I. and Wasobo P.F. (2007): infertility among Nigerian couples as seen in Calarba: Port Harcourt Medical Journal:2: p 35.
[7] Fahmy A., Mouelhy M. T., Ragab A. R (2010): Female genital mutation/cutting and issues of sexuality in Egypt: Journal of reproductive Health matters: 18: pp181 – 190.
[8] Female Infertility (2010): causes of female infertility Health Grades Inc. available from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com (Accessed 25th January, 2011).
[9] Faupel-Badger Jm, Shenman ME, Closas G.M., Gaudet M.M., Falk R.T., Andaya A., Pfeiffer R.M., Yang X.R., Lissowska J., Brinton L.A., Peplonska B., VonderhaarB.k. and Figueora J.D. 2010. 11.Prolatin serum levels and breast cancer. British journal of cancer 103(67): 1097-1102.
[10] Female Infertility (2010): diagnosis of female infertility.HealthGrades Inc (online). Available from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com (Accessed: 7th February, 2011).

Abstract:Women with Family History (FH) of Breast Cancer (BRCA) in first-degree relative have a relative risk >4 due to inherited genetic mutation genes. This study therefore assessed knowledge and practices of BRCA prevention among women with FH of BRCA in the study area. This is a cross-sectional study. Snowball sampling technique was used to select 189 women with FH of BRCA. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtained data and Descriptive statistics and t-test were used for the analysis.
Keywords: Awareness, Breast Cancer, Family History, Knowledge, Practices

[1] Cherry, C., & Weiss, M. C. (2006). Who gets breast cancer? Retrieved November 7, 2006, from http://www.breastcancer.org/cmm_who_1dx.html (s)

[2] Adebamowo CA, Ajayi OO. Breast cancer in Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2000;19:179–91. [PubMed]

[3] Banjo AAF. Overview of breast and cervical cancers in Nigeria: are there regional variations? Paper presentation at the International workshop on new trends in Management of breast and cervical cancers, Lagos, Nigeria. 2004.

[4] Mandong, B. M., Madaki, A. K. J., & Manasseh, A. N. . Malignant Disease in Jos: A follow up. Annals of African Medicine 2004; 2(2): 49-53. (s)

[5] Okobia, M. N., Bunker, H. C., Okonofua, F. E., & Osime, U. F. . Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Nigeria women toward breast cancer. World Journal of Oncology 2006; 4:11 Retrieved April 25, 2010, from http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16504034. (s)

[6] Odusanya, O. O. Breast cancer: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of female school teachers in Lagos, Nigeria. Breast Journal 2001; 7(3): 171-175. [PubMed]

[7] Odusanya OO, Tayo OO. Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and practice among nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Oncol. 2001;40:844–848. doi: 10.1080/02841860152703472. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

[8] Uche EE. Cancer awareness among a Nigerian population. Trop Doct. 1999;29:39–40. [PubMed]

[9] Ajayi IO, Adebamowo CA. Knowledge, belief and attitudes towards breast cancer in southwestern Nigeria. Cancer strategy. 1999;1:20–24.

[10] Jacob TC, Penn NE, Brown M. Breast self-examination: knowledge, attitudes, and performance among black women. J Natl Med Assoc. 1989;81:769–776. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Abstract:Objective: Individuals engaged in car painting are at a risk of developing respiratory problems. This is due to the exposure of isocyanates present in the car spray paints. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of isocyanates on pulmonary function parameters of spray painters exposed for a short duration. Methodology: A sample size of 100 male subjects was selected for this case control study. The subjects were 50 males working in the spray industry for < 5yrs and the controls were age matched healthy males not exposed to the spray paints. A standardized respiratory questionnaire was administered to all the workers and spirometry was performed for all the subjects with the help of Medspiror. Results: The pulmonary function parameters FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25-75% and FEV1/FVC ratio of the cases were not significantly changed when compared with that of controls. Conclusion: The absence of reduced pulmonary function parameters in this study may be due to the lesser duration of exposure to the spray painters and usage of protective instrument.
Keywords: Car spray painters, pulmonary function test, isocyanates, spirometry, FVC

[1] Chattopadhyay O. Pulmonary Function in Automobile Repair Workers. Ind J of Comm. med 2007;32:1.

[2] Morgan KC, Rager RB. Rise and Fall of the FEV1. Chest, 2000;118(6):1639-1644

[3] Vandenplas O, Malo JL, Saetta M, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Occupational asthma and extrinsic alveolitis due to isocyanates:current status and perspectives. Br.J.Ind.Med 1993;50:213-228.

[4] Abuelfadl AA, El-Ebiary AA, El-Maddah EI et.al., Pulmonary Toxicity among car spray painters J.Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol 2010;18:51-63
[5] Sparer J, Stowe MH, Bello D et.al., Isocynate Exposure in Autobody Ship workers. The Spray study. J Occup Environ Hyg, 2004;1(9):570-81.

[6] Wisnewski, AV, Redlich CA, Mapp CE, Bernstein D I. Polyisocyanates and their prepolymers. In : Asthma in the Workplace and Related Conditions. Bernstein I. L.; Chan- Yeung, M.; Malo, J. L.; Bernstein D. I (Eds.),2006, Taylor & Francis, New York, P.P. 481-504.

[7] Pronk, A.; Preller, L.; Raulf-Heimsoth M et,al., Respiratory symptoms, sensitization, and exposure response relationships in spray painters exposed to isocyanates". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,2007 176:1090-1097.

[8] Dahlqvist M, Tornling G, Plato N, Ulfvarson U. Effects within the week on forced vital capacity are correlated with long term changes in pulmonary function: reanalysis of studies on car painters exposed to isocyanate. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;52:192-195

[9] Vandenplas O, Delwiche JP, Staquet P et.al., Pulmonary effects of short-term exposure to low levels of toluene diisocyanate in asymptomatic subjects. Eur. Respir. J,1999; 13:1144-1150

[10] Glindmeyer HW,Lefante JJ, Rando RJ et.al., Spray painting and chronic airways obstruction. Am. J. Ind. Med 2004;46:104-111.

Abstract:Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a serious condition associated with premature mortality, decreased quality of life, and increased health-care expenditures. Untreated CKD can result in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and necessitate dialysis or kidney transplantation The plight of chronic kidney disease patient in third world countries like Nigeria is enormous. It is under reported and a common cause of death due to the fact that most patients afflicted with this disease cannot afford the treatment. There is lack of enough trained manpower to manage these patients. The primary health care system in the country is also in poor state, making it difficult to identify a large number of both those at risk of developing CKD and those with early stages of CKD. Moreover, the federal government and various state governments do not pay enough attention to the plight of this group of patients. They need special attention from the government.
Keywords: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Dialysis

[1] National kidney foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Am J. kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1-S266.
[2] Rashad S. Barsoum, M.D. Chronic Kidney Disease I in the Developing World. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354:997-999.
[3] Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009;150:604–612.
The Plight Of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
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[9] Wish JB. Management of patient with progressive renal failure. Nephrology Secrets, 2nd Edition. Editors, Hricik DE, Miller RT, Sedor JR. Elsevier India. Chapter 45: Page 171.
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