iosr-JDMS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Objective: To assess awareness about various cancers in an urban slum population of Mumbai, India Materials and Methodology: This Community based Descriptive epidemiological study was conducted from July 2009 to October 2009 in the catchment area of urban health centre, Cheetah camp which is the field practice area of dept of P.S.M., Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital Mumbai. Sample of 525 above the age of 40 years was selected using cluster sampling. Information was gathered by personal interview using semi-structured proforma.
Keywords: Awareness, Cancer, Urban slum, Warning symptoms of cancer

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[2] Global Action Against Cancer. Updated edition. Geneva: WHO Publications;2005. p.7-9
[3] J Kishor. J. Kishore's National Health Programs of India.7th Edition. New Delhi: Century publications; Year 2007. p.391.
[4] Prevention. Cancer control: knowledge into action : WHO guide for effective programmes ; module 2. Geneva: WHO Publications;2007. p.45
[5] Early Detection. Cancer control : knowledge into action : WHO guide for effective programmes; module 3. . Geneva: WHO Publications;2007. p.39
[6] Kulkarni AP, Baridi BP. Modified Prasad classification. Text book of community medicine. Vora publisher. 2 nd edition: 123.
[7] Somdatta P, Baridalyne N. Awareness of breast cancer in women of an urban resettlement colony. Indian Journal of Cancer, Vol. 45, No. 4, October-December, 2008, pp. 149-153
[8] Darby S et al. (2005). Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European casecontrol studies. British Medical Journal, 330:223.
[9] Lachlan M Carter, Andrew T Harris, Vikram P Kavi,Sarah Johnson, and Anastasios Kanatas. Oral cancer awareness amongst hospital nursing staff: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health. 2009; 9: 4.Published online 2009 January 28. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-9-4.
[10] Aparajita Dasgupta, Narendra N. Naskar, Rama Ram, Sila Deb. A Community Based Study on the Prevalence of Risk Factors of Cancer Cervix in Married Women of a Rural Area of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. Vol. 27, No. 1 (2002-01 - 2002-03)

Abstract:BACKGROUND: Many studies have been proved the relation between the nutritional habit and respiratory functions in south Indian children. The increase in respiratory problems due to increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) in children has been a major worldwide problem. Deposition of fat over the chest wall alters the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) among pulmonary function test parameters. Among all the pulmonary function test parameters Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) directly indicate the nutritional status which is also an easy and non invasive method for estimating the lung function in children. AIM: To assess the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Skin Fold Thickness (SFT) on PEFR in children aged 6 to 10 years of both the sexes.
Keywords:Peak expiratory flow rate, Body mass index, Skin fold thickness, Total Body Fat.

[1] Gundogdu Z, Eryilmaz. N. Correlation between peak flow and body mass index in obese and non obese children. Prim Care Respir
J. 2011; 20: 403-6.
[2] Y Wing, S Hui, W Pak, C Ho, A Cheung, A Li and T Fok. A controlled study of sleep related disordered breathing in obese
children. Arch Dis Child. 2003; 88: 1043-1047.
[3] Marina Tsaoussoglou, Edward O. Bixler, Susan Calhoun, George P.Chrousos, K. Sander, and Alexandros N. Vgontzas. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 143-150.
[4] Ehab Dayyat, Leila Kheirandish- Gozal, Oscar Sans Capdevila, Muna M. A. Maarafeya, David Gozal. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in
children. Chest. 2009; 136: 137-144.
[5] Pednekar MS. Association of body mass index with all cause and cause-specific mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:524-35.
[6] Shah C, Diwan J, Rao P, Bhabhor M, Gokhle P, Mehta H, Assessment of obesity in school children. Calcicut Medical Journal
2008; 6:2.
[7] Piyush M.Srivastava, Paul Calafiore, Richard J.Macisaac, Sheilak.Patel, Merlin C.Thomas, George Jerums and Loums M,
Burrell.Prevalence and predictors of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients with type2 Diabetes. Clinical science 2008;
114: 313-320.
[8] V.K.Vijian, A.M.Reetha, K.V.Kuppurao, P.Venkatesan and S.Thilakavathy, Pulmonary function in normal south Indian children
aged 7 to 19 years. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2000; 42: 147-156.
[9] Alessandro Tarozzi, Aprajit Mahajan. Child Nutrition in India in the Ninetie: A Story of Increased Gender Inequality?; 2005: JEL:
I12, J13, O53.
[10] Wang X, Dockery DW, Wypiji D, Fay ME, Ferris BG Jr. Pulmonary function between 6 and 18 years of age. Pediatr pulmonol
1993; 15: 75-88.

Abstract:Back ground: Diabetes mellitus, which is the chronic metabolic disorder, with increasing incidence, causes multiple organ damage, but lung as a target organ is seldom concentrated. Studies done earlier had proved that pulmonary complications occur in diabetes mellitus due to various causes. This study is focused to determine the lung age using pulmonary function tests, which indicate the quantity of morbidity of diabetes.Aim & objective: To determine the lung age in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using pulmonary function tests. Materials and methods: Around forty five type 2 diabetic patients attending Diabetology out patient department of Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospitals were recruited. Age and sex matched controls were also selected. Both the cases and controls were subjected to do pulmonary function tests. From the pulmonary function test parameters like FVC & FEV1 the lung age was calculated. The results were analyzed using paired student t test.
Key words:Lung Age, Diabetes mellitus, chronological age

[1] Park & Park. Preventive and social medicine.2011. 17.
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Med Res. 2007; 125:217-230.
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[4] Kanya Kumari DH, Nataraj S M, Devaraj H S. Correlation of duration of diabetes and pulmonary function tests in type 2
diabetes mellitus patients; Int J Biol Med Res. 2011; 2: 1168 -1170.
[5] Sanjeev Verma, Mumtaz Goni, Rattan P Kudyar. Assessment of Pulmonary Functions in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. JK
Science 2009; 11: 71-74.
[6] Sreeja C. K., Elizabeth Samuel, C. Kesavachandran, Shankar Shashidhar. Pulmonary Function in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 47.
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Ventilatory Function in an Ethnic Saudi Group of Diabetic Patients. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2007; 5:711-
717.
[8] Sanjeev Sinha, R. Guleria, A. Misra, R.M. Pandey, R. Yadav & Sumit Tiwari. Pulmonary functions in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus & correlation with anthropometry & microvascular complications. Indian J Med Res.200; 119:66-71.
[9] James. F. Morris, William Temple. Spirometric "Lung Age" estimation for motivating smoking cessation. Preventive Medicine.
1985; 14: 655-662.
[10] Sach Dev Y. Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus. 2008. 982.

Abstract:Background & objective: Chronic respiratory diseases continue to be common problem in India and cause significant morbidity and mortality. In patients with respiratory diseases functionality may be severely impaired due to chronic psychogenic and somatic pain, frequent hospitalization. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases and depression are at increased risk of mortality. There are very limited study about prevalence of depression in patients with chronic respiratory illness especially in hilly region of India where patients more symptomatic that lead to physical de conditioning. The objective of our study to establish the prevalence of depression in patients with chronic respiratory illness in hilly region of uttarakhand.
Keywords:depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis

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hospital. Encephalos 22,1985,138.
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depression. Psychosomatics 47(4), 2006,312–319.
[6] Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC .Global Bur-den of Tuberculosis-Estimated Incidence, Prevalence, and
Mortality by Country. WHO Global Surveillance and Moni-toring Project. JAMA 282(7),1999,677-686.
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capacity. Chest 87,1985,35–38.

Abstract:We did a study comparing QTc in smokers and non smokers. We included 88 Healthy male volunteers-44 smokers and 44 non smokers of age from 18 to 30 years from the opd of Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital . Healthy male volunteers including smokers as per ICD – 10 criteria for substance abuse were included.Subjects with systemic illness (DM, HTN, TB, BA, CAD etc), drug and alcohol intake were excluded. With the subjects in resting supine position a 12 lead Electrocardiogram using single channel ECG cardiant(heartview 1200 ECG recorder-manufactured by browndove healthcare pvt.Ltd) was recorded in the Research Lab of SBMC&H. QTc was compared between smokers and non smokers. There is no significant change in QTc of smokers when compared to non smokers in our study .
Keywords: Electrocardiogram, QTc, Smokers

[1] Study of ECG Changes in Apparently Healthy Adult Male Smokers*Khan IS,1 Rahman MA,2 and Amin R
[2] A Study of Electrocardiographic changes in smokers compared to normal human beings. Venkatesh G* and Swamy RM**
Biomedcal Research 2010; 21 (4): 389-392
[3] Diagnostic criteria for research. ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioral disorders WHO Geneva 1993: 75.
[4] World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Or-ganization; 2008. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic?
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[6] By Peggy Peck, Executive Editor, MedPage TodayPublished: February 14, 2008

Abstract:Background of the study - Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the present world. Clinical and laboratory studies have shown that inflammation plays a major role in the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atheromas. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant that reflects low-grade systemic inflammation, has been studied in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To measure high sensitive c reactive protein (hs-CRP) value in patients with coronary artery disease and to compare it with controls. Outline of previous work – previous studies have demonstrated that elevated hs- CRP levels has strong correlation with coronary artery disease. Methodology – 50 subjects who were recently diagnosed as coronary artery disease (investigations already done during the period of hospitalization) were included in the study after a questionnaire analysis. Blood investigations include hs-CRP & serum lipid profile, were done during the period of hospitalization. The reports were collected and compared with the normal reference range. Results – in our study, hs-CRP, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein levels are significantly high in cases when compared to controls and high density lipoprotein levels are significantly low in cases when compared to controls. We observed a positive correlation between hs-CRP and lipid parameters. Conclusion – hs- CRP can be considered as a risk marker for coronary artery disease.
Keywords:Coronary Artery Disease, High Sensitive C Reactive protein, Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein.

[1] Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Hong Y, Smith SC Jr. CDC/AHA workshop on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease:
application to clinical and public health practice: overview. Circulation.2004; 110:e543-544.
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[3] Jennifer K. Pai, Tobias Pischon, Jing Ma, JoAnn . Manson, Dr.P.H., Susan E. Hankinson, KaumudiJoshipura, Gary . Curhan,.,
Nader Rifai., Carolyn . Cannuscio, ., Meir, Stampfer., and Eric . Rimm, Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Coronary Heart
Disease in Men and Women N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2599-2610.
[4] Sudha Thakur, Shallu Gupta, Hundal Parchwani, Vidhi Shah and Vandana Yadav - Hs-CRP - A Potential Marker for Coronary
Heart Disease. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231-6345.
[5] Wolfgang Koenig, Malte Sund, Margit Fröhlich, Hans-Günther Fischer, Hannelore Löwel, Angela Döring, Winston L. Hutchinson,
Mark B. Pepys. C-Reactive Protein, a Sensitive Marker of Inflammation, Predicts Future Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in
Initially Healthy Middle-Aged Men Circulation. 1999; 99: 237-242 .
[6] Minna Soinio, Jukka Marniemi, Markku Laakso, SeppoLehto, Tapani Rönnemaa. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and
Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1700 Diabetes
Care February 2006 vol. 29 no. 2 329-333
[7] Jabs WJ, Theissing E and Nitschke M (2003). Local generation of C-reactive protein in diseased coronary artery venous bypass
grafts and normal vascular tissue.Circulation. 108 1428–1431.

Abstract:Chromohidrosis a rare condition charecterized by the production of coloured sweat, by apocrine gland . Lipofuscin pigment is responsible for the coloured sweat, this pigment is produce in the apocrine gland and its various oxidative states account for the characteristic yellow, green, blue or black secretion. Usually apocrine chromhidrosis is common over face, axillae.Apocrine chromhidrosis over dorsum of foot is extremely rare with few cases reported in literature till date. We report a case of 60 years old female patient who presented to our outpatient department with complaint of bluish coloured secretion coming out of skin over dorsum of foot since 10 days. Based on history and clinical examination provisional diagnosis of apocrine chromohidrosis was made, which is confirmed by laboratory investigation and histopathology. Patient was given capsaicin gel and followed up for 1 month. The rare and unusual occurance of the chromhidrosis prompted us to report the case.
Keywords: Chromhidrosis, Apocrine gland, blue sweat.

[1] Coulson IH. Disorders of sweat glands. In : Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C. editors. Rook/ Wilkinson/ Ebling
Textbook of dermatology. 7h ed. Blackwell Science: Oxford; 1998. p. 45.22-45.33.
[2] Daoud MS, Dicken CH. Disorders of Apocrine sweat glands. In : Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA,
Katz SI, editors. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in general medicine. 6th ed. Mc Graw-Hill: New York; 2003. p. 708-9 .
[3] Mark JR Jr. Treatment of apocrine chromhidrosis with topical capsaicin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:418-420.
[4] Saff DM, Owens R,Kahn TA. Apocrine chromhidrosis involving the areola in a 15 yr. Old amateur figure skater.Pediat Dermatal
1995;12:48-50 Griffith JR. Isolated areolar apocrine chronhidrosis. Pediatrics 2005;115:e 239-41.
[5] Matarasso, SL. Treatment of facial chromhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52 (1): 89-91.
[6] Gandhi V,Vij A,Bhattacharya SN. Apocrine chromhidrosis localized to the areola in an Indian treated with topical capsaicin
.IJDVL 2006;72( 5):382-383.
[7] Hill S, Duffill M, Lamont D, Rademaker M, Yung A. Pseudochromhidrosis: blue discolouration of the head and neck. Australas
J Dermatol. Nov 2007; 48(4):239-41.
[8] Tato BP, Martinez EZ, Albisna BS, Gonzalez YCP, Olabarrieta IP , Escobedo SM,etal.Facial and axillary apocrine
chromhidrosis.Dermatol online Journal 2012;18(3):13

Abstract:Spinal anaesthesia results in sympathetic blockade, sensory analgesia and motor blockade. It requires a small volume of drug to produce profound and reproducible sensory analgesia and motor blockade; in contrast, epidural anesthesia necessitates the use of a large mass of local anesthetic that produces pharmacologically active systemic blood levels, which may be associated with side effects and complications unknown with spinal anaesthesia. Many lower abdominal surgical procedures require muscle relaxation, and spinal Bupivacaine alone provides only modest motor block. Various drugs have been used along with local anaesthetics for prolongation of spinal analgesia and motor block like opiates, benzodiazepines, clonidine etc. The present study was intended to know whether intrathecal Neostigmine can meet the above mentioned requirements.
Keywords:Analgesia, Bupivacaine, Hyperbaric, lower abdominal surgery, Neostigmine.

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Analgesia; 1995; 80; 1140-1144.
[2] Leland L, Raj Sabar, Alan DK: Chapter 13- Local Anesthetics: P Prithvi Raj Textbook of Regional Anesthesia. 2003 edition;
p236.
[3] Bria M. Coates, Monica S. Vavilala, MD, Christopher D. Mack, MS et al The Influence of Definition and Location of
Hypotension on Outcome Following Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Crit Care Med. 2005 Nov; 33(11): 2645-2650.
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humans- Anesthesiology 1995; Feb 82(2); 331-343.
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anaesthesia- Anaesthesia 1997;52;547-551.
[9] Chan-Jong Chung, Ji-Su Kim, Han Suk Park and Young-Jhoon Chin: The efficacy of intrathecal Neostigmine, intrathecal
Morphine and their combination for post cesarean section analgesia- Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998; 87; 341-346.
[10] Liu Spencer S, Hodgson Peter S, Moore James M, Trautman Walter J, Burkhead Daniel L: Dose response effects of spinal
Neostigmine added to Bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in volunteers- Anesthesiology 1999; Mar 90(3); 710-717.

Abstract:We investigated the concentrations of 8-isoprostaglandin F2a, a marker of oxidative stress in aqueous humor of patient's of senile cataract and compared the results with diabetic cataract to determine whether diabetic cataract is associated with increased oxidative stress. Aqueous humor was aspirated at the beginning of phacoemulsification cataract surgery from 25 eyes of 25 patients with senile cataract and 25 eyes of age matched diabetic cataract patients. 8-Isoprostaglandin F2a (8-IPGF) concentration in the aqueous was determined with an immunoassay method. The mean concentration of 8-isoprostaglandin F2a in the aqueous from patients with diabetic cataract i.e.624 ± 95.7 pg/ml (range 400–750 pg/ml), was significantly higher than that measured in the aqueous of age matched senile cataract i.e.190 ± 41.2 pg/ml ((range 100-290 pg/ml).8- ISoprostaglandin F2awas significantly increased in the aqueous of patients with diabetes, confirming the evidence of a role for free radical induced oxidative damage in the pathophysiology of diabetic cataract.. The antioxidative capacity of aqueous humor should next be investigated in these two types of cataracts.
Keywords:aqueous humor, cataract, diabetic, senile, 8-Isoprostaglandin F2a,

[1]. Congdon N, West SK, Buhrmann RR, Kouzis A, Munoz B, Mkocha H. Prevalence of the different types of age-related cataract in
an African population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:2478-2482.
[2]. Marsili S, Salganik RI, Albright CD, Freel CD, Johnsen S, Peiffer RL, et al. Cataract formation in a strain of rats selected for high
oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2004;79:595-612
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2008, 10:1405–1434.
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[5]. Liang FQ, Godley BF. Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible
mechanism for RPE aging and age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2003;76:397-403.
[6]. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR. Association of glycaemia
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[7]. Wentholt IM, Kulik W, Michels RP, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH. Glucose fluctuations and activation of oxidative stress in patient s
with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51(1):183–190.
[8]. Siegelaar SE, Barwari T Kulik W, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH.No relevant relationship between glucose variability and oxidative
stress in well-regulated type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 Jan 1;5(1):86-92.

Abstract:Back ground: Caffeine a white crystalline xanthine alkaloid is the most widely used psychoactive stimulant in the world. Inspite of being used as a substance of abuse, it is widely used as a CNS and metabolic stimulant for its short term and long term pharmacological action. A number of studies with dramatic results have proved that caffeine is a stimulant. Review of literature: Effects of caffeine have been studied on brain function and behavior using number of tests, but, however, studies on acute effects of caffeine on both visual and auditory evoked potentials are few. Aim of the study: To record the effect of caffeine in relation with the auditory and visual evoked potentials, as well as to highlight the individual differences in its effects in variation with age, sex and substance abuse. Materials and Method : 6 healthy volunteers were recruited for the study after a questionnaire analysis followed by routine ophthalmologic and auditory examinations. They were administered 2mg/kg body weight of caffeine (PO) after 12hr abstinence from caffeine in any form. Auditory and visual evoked potentials were recorded before and after 30 minutes of ingestion of caffeine by using RMS Polyrite. Latency and amplitude of P100 in VEP and absolute latency and amplitude, inter-peak latencies in BAEP were evaluated. Results and conclusion: The data obtained revealed the decrease in the latencies of P100 waveform in VEP and I-V inter-peak latency in BAEP as well, indicating that caffeine improves transmission in the peripheral and central brain auditory pathways.
Keywords:caffeine, evoked potential, age variation, sex variation, substance abuse.

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