iosr-JDMS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: The transversely running Deep transverse metacarpal ligament connects the metacarpal head of the index finger to little finger by attachment of volar plate. Sixty cadaveric hands, irrespective of sex, from the department of Anatomy were dissected to study the anatomical features and variation in the attachments of hypothenar muscles. In four out of sixty hands (6.66%), there was abrupt transition between the volar plate and the fibers of deep transverse metacarpal ligament. While in the rest fifty-six (93.33%) the transition was smooth. The collateral ligaments were noted on both the sides of the metacarpo phalangeal joints. Insertion of Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis in majority cases and opponence digiti minimi in few cases was observed into medial side of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament.
Keywords: Deep transverse metacarpal ligament, Hypothenar muscles, Metacarpo phalengeal joint

[1] Standring S: Gray's Anatomy- The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th edi. (London UK: Elsevier, 2008;877 )
[2] Levangei PK, Norkin CC. Joint structure and function, a comprehensive analysis. 3rd edi, (India: Jaypee brothers. 2001); 251-89.
[3] Salter M, Cheshire L. Hand therapy- Principals and Practice. (Ed. Butterwarth Heinemann. 2000;7)
[4] Al-Quattan M, Robertson G. An anatomical study of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. J Anat. 1993; 12:443-446.
[5] Snell RS: Clinical anatomy by regions. Eighth edi. (New Delhi, India: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 2008);516-17.
[6] Breathnach AS: Frazer's Anatomy of the Human skeleton. Fifth ed.( London: JS Churchill, 1958);98.
[7] Kaplan EB, Spinner M. Important muscular variations of the hand and forearm. In Spinner M ed,Kaplan's Functional & surgical
anatomy of the hand. Third ed., (Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.1984); 335-49.
[8] Willams P: Gray's Anatomy. 38th edi. (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995); 472.
[9] Ranney D. The hand as a concept: digital differences and their importance. Clin. Anat. 1995; 8:281-287.
[10] McMinn RMH. Last's anatomy – regional and applied. Eighth ed. UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1990; 142.

Abstract:Zeequn Nafas (Bronchial Asthma) is diffused involvement of bronchial system due to variety of influences resulting in chronic respiratory disability. In other words, it is difficulty in breathing due to narrowing of air passage, particularly in expiration associated with bronchial spasm. It has been identified as one of the five most pressing global lung problems. Buqrat (Hippocrates) (460-377 BC) first studied the effect of climate, water, cloths, drinks, and eating habits and others factors as the causative for the disease. According to him, it was believed to be brought about by an imbalance of humors by raised level of phlegm. He also noted the possibility that asthma could be an inherited condition.
Keywords:Bronchial asthma, socio economic status, climatic change, Respiratory morbidity, prevalence, Kashmir valley.

[1] Barnes, P.J, (1996). Is immunology for Asthma worth while, N Engl. J. Med, 334: 531 -532.
[2] Colledge, N.C.; Walker, B.R.; Ralston, S.H (2010). Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine , 21 Edition. Churchill
Livingstone, 662-671.
[3] Gupta, K.B.; Tondon, S. (1999). Noctural Asthma, Lung India, vol. 1: 1 -5.
[4] Ibne Sina, S. (1906). AlQanoon Fit Tibb, Juz Salis Matba Nami, Pp 217-220.
[5] Kabiruddin, M. (1960). Tarjuma Kabir, part-2, Matba Daftarul Maseeh, Delhi. Pp 557-558.
[6] Khan, H.M.A. (1978). Haziq, Siddiqui Kitab Ghar, Lahore. Pp 137-139.
[7] Khan, M.A. (1289H). Akseer-e-Azam, Matba Nizami Kanpur, Pp 126-128.
[8] Kumar, P.; Clark, M. (2004). Kumar & Clark Clinical Medicine, 5th Edn. W. B. Saunders, London, 874-884.
[9] Majoosi, A. (2010). Kamil-us-Sana, Vol-1, (Urdu Translation) Idara Kitab Alshifa, Dariya Ganj, Delhi -2. Pp 490-492.
[10] Razi, Z. (1957). Kitab Al Hawi, Part- 4, matba Dairatul Muarif, Usmania Hyderabad 1-2.

Abstract:The study of sex differences in cognition has been shrouded with much controversy. Working memory is a central construct in cognitive neuroscience. This study examined sex differences in working memory of students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria using the N-back task. To achieve this aim, fifty four (54) students of Ahmadu Bello University in the age range of 18-35 years consisting of 31 females and 23 males were used for the study. The subjects were screened for some confounding variables such as blood pressure profiles, body mass index that affect cognition. Cognitive functions were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination Test, while working memory was tested with the N-back task. Results obtained from the N-back scores showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in working memory sexes, with mean values of 75.09 ±0.63 for males and 73.81 ± 0.58 for females. The mini-mental state examination also revealed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the both sexes with a mean values of 29.52±0.12 for males and 29.07±0.20 for females. The mean BMI of the male and female population was 22.24±0.47 kg/m2 and 22.36±0.88 kg/m2 respectively and was within the range accepted as normal. The present work revealed no sex differences in working memory using n-back task between males and females in the studied population.
Key words:Cognition, Blood pressure, Mini-Mental State, N-back score, Sex difference, working memory

[1] M. Yvilsaker, Tutorials in cognitive intervention/rehabilitation, Journal of experimental psychology, Applied, 9, 2006, 23-32.
[2] A.Baddeley, Working Memory: the Interface between Memory and Cognition, Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 4(3), 1992, 281-
288.
[3] J. T. Shelton, R. L. Meizger and E. M. Elliot, A group-administered lag task as a measure of working memory, Behaviour Research
Methods, 39 (3), 2007, 482-493.
[4] B. J. Alloway,The cognitive and behavioural characteristics of children with low working memory. Child Development, Vol. 80,
2009, 606-621
[5] M. Daneman and P. A. Carpenter, Individual differences in working memory and reading, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal
Behaviour 19(4), 1980, 450-466
[6] A. Miyake, and P. Shah, Toward a unified theory of working memory: Emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues
and future research directions. In Miyake, A. and Shah, P. (eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance
and executive control. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, Pp.442-481.
[7] M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, and P. R. McHugh, "Mini-mental state" A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients
for the clinician, J. Psychiatr. Res. 12(3), 1975,189-98.
[8] M. Ernst, J.A. Matochik, S. J. Heishman, J. D. Van Horn, P. H. Jons, J. E. Henningfield and E. D. Jonson, Effect of nicotine on
brain activation during performance of a working memory task, Neurobiology, 98(8), 2001, 4728-4733.
[9] Hedges, L.V. and A. Nowell, "Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability and numbers of High-Scoring Individuals"
Science, 269, 1995, 41-45.
[10] G. Claxton, Understanding piaget, Cognitive psychology, Routelege and Kegan Paul 3 (London, Boston, 2002), 26-28.

Abstract:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1416 women (age: 25 years or more), belonging to Pre and post-menopausal women (1351 & 65 respectively). All subjects were interviewed by using a structured Performa for prevalence of risk factors. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured to determine the degree of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia by speed of sound (SOS) and broad band ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in the calcaneus bone. It was observed that 272 (19.2%) amongst all subjects were osteoporotic, 890 (62.9%) osteopenic whereas only 254 (17.9%) were normal. When assessment was done in groups, it was found that out of the total postmenopausal women (n=65), 32 (49.5%) were osteoporotic while 28 (43.1%) were found to be osteopenic. On the other hand, in premenopausal women group (n=1351), 240 (17.83%) were found to be Osteoporotic while 862 (63.8%) were found to be Osteopenic. There was however no significant relation in the BMI of all the three groups. The prevalence of osteoporosis was found to be high in postmenopausal but Osteopenia in premenopausal women was reported to be alarmingly high in premenopausal women probably due to lifestyle and dietary risk factors. There is a need to explore the precise causative factors associated with the high prevalence of Osteopenia recorded in the present study.
Keywords:Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, Bone Mineral Density, Pre and Post menopausal women

[1] Neema, V. Shweta & S. Inamdar. Prevalence of Osteoporosis using Quantitative Ultrasound for Menopausal women in Rural and
Urban Area. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2010; 13: 1
[2] Narang A., Arora S, Nagpal L. Osteoporosis and Homoeopathic Management. Posted April 2010.
[3] http://www.homeopathyworldcommunity.com/profiles/blogs/Osteoporosis-and-homoeopathic
[4] The Asian Audit: Epidemiology, costs and burden of Osteoporosis in Asia 2009 by International Osteoporosis foundation.
[5] http://www.iofbonehealth.org/publications/asian-audit-2009.html
[6] Gullberg B, Johnell O, Kanis JA .World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7: 407.
[7] Lubna. A Survey of Osteoporosis Risk Factors and Practices among Jordanian Women. Journal of International Women's Studies
2010.
[8] http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201005/2093689391.html
[9] Sultan A, Khan D A, Mushtaq M, Hassan MU. Frequency of Osteoporosis and its associated risk factors in postmenopausal women
in clinical practice at Rawalpindi. Pak J Pathol. 2006; 17: 115-118
[10] Fatima M, Nawaz H, Kassi M, Rehman R, Kasi P M, Kassi M, Afghan A K, Baloch S N Determining the risk factors and
prevalence of Osteoporosis using quantitative ultrasonography in Pakistani adult women. Singapore Med 2009; 50 (1) : 20
[11] Fahim F. The magnitude of low bone mineral [corrected] density in middle and old age women. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;

Abstract:Tuberculosis is a chronic communicable disease. Infections are initially asymptomatic and latent but eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, may have ≥50% mortality. In 2011, an antituberculosis drug resistance survey in Narsingdi, Bangladesh enrolled both new and retreatment patients. In the study, a number of villages were randomly selected and 264 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients were identified. All the patients received treatment with standardized first-line drug (FLD) regimens and were investigated to document treatment efficiency. Among the patients, 130 were reported in lower income, 117 in medium income and only 17 in higher income group. Farmers (95%) in low income group, and female housewives (68%) in medium income group were mostly infected. Silicosis and malnutrition were assumed responsible for high PTB cases in farmers and housewives respectively. Males were more prone to PTB and the ratios of male to female patients were found to increase with increasing age. The working youth group (25-34) and older people (above 64) were found most vulnerable. PTB patients in Bangladesh had high recurrence and death rates even after treatment with standardized FLD regimens, reinforcing the need for early survey, diagnosis and treatment, including assessment of treatment outcomes.
Keywords: Age, Bangladesh, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Socio-economic condition, Treatment efficiency

[1] V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas, N. Fausto, and R.N. Mitchell, Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.), (UK, Saunders Elsevier, 2007), 516–522.
[2] WHO, Tuberculosis fact sheet N°104, (World Health Organization, 2010).
[3] R.M. Jasmer, P. Nahid, and P.C. Hopewell, Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection, N. Engl. J. Med., 347(23), 2002, 1860–
1866.
[4] WHO, Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing, in Epidemiology, (World Health Organization, 2009), 6–33.
[5] ATS/CDC Statement Committee on Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis
infection. American Thoracic Society, MMWR Recomm Rep., 49(RR–6), 2000, 1–51.
[6] L. Segall, and A. Covic, Diagnosis of tuberculosis in dialysis patients: current strategy, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 5(6), 2010, 1114–
1122.
[7] B.I. Restrepo, Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances, Clin Infect Dis., 45(4), 2007,
436–438.
[8] H.M.J. Nijland et al., Exposure to rifampicin is strongly reduced in patients with tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes, Clin Infect Dis.,
43(7), 2006, 848–854.
[9] C.C. Leung, T.H. Lam, W.M. Chan et al., Lower risk of tuberculosis in obesity, Arch. Intern. Med. 167(12), 2007, 1297–1304.
[10] Stop TB Partnership-2002, London tuberculosis rates now at Third World proportions, (PR Newswire, Europe.
http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=95088, Retrieved 3 October 2006).

Abstract:The small scale garment industries have provided a good number of employment opportunities to both men and women of low socio-economic group although occupational health problems among them are not much explored. An observational, descriptive, cross sectional epidemiological study was carried out primarily to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal and other health problems, to find out the association between musculoskeletal problems with occupational and socio demographic factors. Two slum areas of Kolkata were selected randomly from a total of 6 slums of Chetla region, Kolkata. Data were collected from 172 workers of garment industry at household level. Interviewing and examination was done with help of pretested, predesigned, semi structured schedule after obtaining informed verbal consent. Focus group discussions were arranged to assess their felt needs. 63.4% were in 15-44 years age group, 70.3% were literate. Addiction was noted in 73.8%. Musculoskeletal disorders were most prevalent (78.5%) followed by hyperacidity and heartburn (23.3%).Neck (60.7%) most commonly involved. Education, income and years, hours and nature of work had significant (P<.05) association with musculoskeletal problem. Regular home visit of the health functionaries along with medicine and improved referral services emerged as important felt need. Patient hearing and genuine will power through participatory health program is the need of the hour for tackling different morbidities and related felt needs.
Keywords: Felt needs, Small scale garment industry, musculoskeletal problems, FGD.

[1] Govt of India (2007). National Family Health Survey – 3, 2005-2006; 1: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
[2] Occupational Health : The work place. Health and environment in sustainable development. Geneva; WHO; 1997;available from
http://www.who.int/pen/occupational health/ occupational health2.htm
[3] Sharma S, Sharma K. Encyclopedia of Indian Women. vol 2: Women Employment New Delhi; 2005; 3: 4476.
[4] Forastieri V. Information note on women worker's and gender issues on occupational safety and
health.InternationalLabourOffice,Geneva,2000;availablefromhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safe work/gender/women
wk.htm
[5] Kalia H.L. Occupational Health of Women.Indian J. of occupational health 2000; 43: 109-16.
[6] ILO Encyclopedia: Occupational Health and Safety 1998 ;4: 89-90.
[7] Srivastav A.K, Bihari V. Occupational Health for women a current need. JSCI2000; 59 : 995-1001.
[8] K. Park. Park's Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.2009;12:709.
[9] Prakash S. Trade and Development case studies country studies India part 4 : Textiles (monograph on the internet) Geneva; World
Trade Organization; 1998.
[10] Saha T K, DasguptaA,ButtA,Chattopadhyay O. Health status of workers engaged in the small scale garment industry: How healthy are they?Indian J of Com Med 2010;1;35:179-182.

Abstract:Penile fracture is a rare condition. Primarily it is a rupture of the corpus cavernosum that occurs when the penis is erect. The rupture can also affect the corpus spongiosum and the urethra. We report a case of a 32 year old man who presented with acute penile pain, peno-scrotal swelling, perineal discoloration and the inability to pass urine after a blunt trauma during sexual intercourse one day back. In emergency surgery we found bilateral partial rupture of the corpus cavernosum with complete urethral and corpus spongiosum disruption. In the one year follow up the patient presented with normal erectile and voiding function..
Keywords: Fracture penis, urethral rupture, scrotal hematoma

[1] Gontero P, Muir GH, Frea P. Pathological Findings of Penile Fractures and Their Surgical Management. Urol Int 2003; 71:77-82.
[2] Tejido Sánchez A, Martín Muñoz MP, Villacampa Abuá F, de la Morena Gallego JM, Suárez Charneco A, Leiva Galvis O. Surgical
management of the penile fractures. Our experience. Actas Urol Esp 1999; 23:784-788.
[3] Bar-Yosef Y, Greenstein A, Beri A, Lidawi G, Matzkin H, Chen J. Dorsal vein injuries observed during penile exploration for
suspected penile fracture. J Sex Med 2007; 4:1142-1146.
[4] Ateyah A, Mostafa T, Nasser TA, Shaeer O, Hadi AA, Al-Gabbar MA. Penile fracture: Surgical repair and late effects on erectile
function. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1496-1502.
[5] Eke N. Fracture of the penis. Br J Surg 2002; 89:555–565.
[6] El Atat R, Sfaxi M, Benslama MR, Amine D, Ayed M, Mouelli SB, et al. Fracture of the penis: Management and long-term results
of surgical treatment. Experience in 300 cases. J Trauma 2008; 64:121-125.
[7] Zargooshi J. Penile fracture in Kermanshah, Iran: The long-term results of surgical treatment. BJU Int 2002; 89:890-894.
[8] De Giorgi G, Luciani LG, Valotto C, Moro U, Praturlon S, Zattoni F. Early surgical repair of penile fractures: our experience. Arch
Ital Urol Androl 2005; 77:103-105.

Abstract:Hydatid cystic disease is a common zoonotic infection in Indian subcontinent.However in following case we report a rare presentation found in a young patient synchronously in paraspinal & intrahepatic location without intercommunication.Hydatid disease is to Echinococcus species commonly granulosus,sometimes multilocularis.The common locations of hydatid cyst are the liver (65% to 75%)and lungs (25%-30%).Hydatid disease rarely developes in some locations such as spleen,kidney,bones,heart,brain,peritoneum, myocardium and muscles(1-4%).A 25 year old male presented with c/o backache on right & fullness in right paraspinal region.On clinical examination he had non ballotable lump in right paraspinal region within intra muscular plane.CT abdomen (P+C) revealed well defined hypodence nonenhancing cystic lesion seen in right lobe of liver with peripheral calcification with lesion of similar morphology in right paraspinal muscles.Exploration of right paraspinal region done.Cyst was beneath oblique & lattisimus dorsi,superficial to psoas muscle without invasion in it.Cyst opened multiple daughter cysts along with pus evacuated.Cyst excised in totto without spillage.Hydatid cyst is frequently asymptomatic,most prevalent in sheep and cattle-breeding areas.The cysts can not easily grow in muscles due to their contractility and lactic acid content.Surgery is the optimal treatment for hydatid cyst.Open cyst evacuation is indicated for gharbi types 4&5,posterior cysts,central cysts,more than 3 cysts,infected cysts,biliary communication,pulmonary communication&peritoneal rupture.Alternative therapies with non-toxic scolocidal agents or combination chemotherapy has been advocated in the management of recurrence and high risk of contamination.
Keywords: Hydatid,paraspinal,surgery

[1] Garcia-Diez A.I., Ros Mendoza L.H.,Villacampa V.M.et al.: MRI evaluation of softtissue hydatid disease. Eur Radiol,2000, 10:
462-466.
[2] White C Jr, Weller PF. Echinococcosis. In: Braunwald E, FauciAS, Kasper DL, Longo DL, Jameson JL eds Harrison's
Principlesof Internal Medicine 15th edition.McGraw Hill; 2001; p.1250.
[3] Tatari H, Baran O, Anlidag T, et al. Primary intramuscular hydatidosis of supraspinatus muscle. Arch Orthop Trauma
Surg.2001;121: 93–948.
[4] Berrada S., Ridai M., Mokhtari M.:Kystes Hydatiques de la rate: splénectomies ou chirurgie conservatrice Ann Chir, 1991, 45:
434.
[5] Bellakhdar A., Lamhamdi A.,Touzani K.et al.: Les kystes hydatiques de la rate (25 cas). J Chir,1986,.123: 326.
[6] Akhan O., Ensari S., Özmen M.:Percutaneos treatment of a parotid gland hydatid cyst: a possible alternativeto surgery.Eur Radiol,
2000,12: 597-599.
[7] essaki.o; hajjam M.,Kadiri R;hydatique des parties molles;aspects radiologiques:annals of radio 1996
[8] Akal M., Kara M.: Primary hydatid cyst of the posterior cervical triangle.J Laryngol Otol, 202, 116: 153-155.

Abstract:AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy thought to arise from endothelial cells. It is the commonest malignancy seen in HIV infected patients. In the USA, it was the initial presentation in 15% of homosexual men. In Africa, it is common in heterosexual adults. Compared to other regions, it is reported to be higher in East Africa. Positivity to human herpes virus 8(HHV8) is known to predate the development of Kaposi sarcoma by 5-10 years. This interval is further shortened in patients who have HIV infection prior to seroconversion to HHV8 positivity. The disease usually develops in HIV infected patients with severe immunodeficiency. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is extremely rare among children in the developed countries and was rare in the developing countries prior to the AIDS epidemic. We report here, a 6year old female who presented with severe weight loss, swellings in oropharyngeal region with significant lymphadenopathy in the neck, axillary and inguinal regions. Histopathological studies confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma.
Keywords: Children, HIV infection, Kaposi sarcoma, Nigeria,.

[1] Oladokun R, Kolude R, Ogun G, Brown B, Osunusi K. Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV Positive Nigerian Children: A Case Series. World
J AIDS(1):2011;63-9.
[2] Asuquo M, Umana A, Otei O, Bassey I, Ebughe, G. Kaposi Sarcoma in Calabar, Southern Nigeria. OMJ; (24): 2009; 33.
[3] Cairncross LL, Davidson A, Millar AJ, Pillay K. Kaposi sarcoma in children with HIV: a clinical series from Red Cross Children's
Hospital. J Pediatr Surg. 2009; (44):373-6.
[4] Mbulaiteye SM, Ziegler JL, Katongole-Mbidde E, Tindyebwa D, Marrum L, Newton R, et al.
[5] Risk Factors for Childhood Kaposi's Sarcoma in Uganda: A Case Control Study: 7.
[6] J Acq Immune Deficiency Syndr & Human Retrovirology. 1997; (14):18.
[7] Vaz P, Macassa E, Jani I, Thome B, Mahagaja E, Madede T, et al. Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV-1-infected Mozambican
children with antiretrovirals and chemotherapy. A paper presented at 2nd International Workshop on HIV Pediatrics, Vienna,
Austria, 16-17 July, 2010.
[8] Lager I, Altini M, Coleman H, Ali H. Oral kaposi's Sarcoma: A Clinicopathol study from South Africa.
[9] Oral Surg, Oral Med, oral Path, Oral Radiol, and Endodont. 2003;(96): 701-10.
[10] Agarwal AK, Zamzachin G, Mohen Y, Singh MY, Singh N. AIDS-related Kaposi's Sarcoma-Like Lesion.

Abstract:Background: Diarrhoea continues to be the scourge of children across the world. Despite efforts by the World Health Organisation and other agencies, much still remains to be done in combating diarrhoeal diseases in the developing world, including Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the bacterial agents of diarrhoea in under-5 children and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns.
Keywords:Acute diarrhoea; Under-5; Sociodemographic factors; pathogens.

[1] Al-Jurayyan NA, Al-Nasser MN, Al-Rashed AM, et al. Management of acute childhood diarrhoea in Saudi Arabia: Practices versus
the WHO recommendations. East Afr Med J 1994;71:110-12.
[2] Amardeep T. Diarrhoea in the Dominican Republic: Determinants of the utilization of children's Health Service. J Trop Pediatr
2003; 49:93-5.
[3] Ahmed IS, Eltom AR, Karrar ZA, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers regarding diarrhoea among children in a
Sudanese rural community. East Afr Med J 1994;71:716-7.
[4] Jinadu MK, Olusi SO, Agun JI, Fabiyi AK. Childhood diarrhoea in rural Nigeria. Studies on prevalence, mortality and socioenvironmental
factors. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991; 9:323-7.
[5] Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye Mekibib, Jiang X, Goprerrero ML, Meinzen-Derr JK, et al. Human Milk Oligosaccharides
are associated with protection against diarrhoea in breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 297 – 303.
[6] Richard LG, John BS, Jay FM, Maria AS. Diarrhea as a Cause and an Effect of Malnutrition: Diarrhoea Prevents Catch-up Growth
and Malnutrition Increases Diarrhea Frequency and Duration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;47:28-35
[7] Ibe BC, Onyemelukwe N. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and infantile diarrhea in Enugu. Orient J Med 2001;13:6-8
[8] Oyedeji GA. Socioeconomic and cultural background of hospitalized children in Ilesha. Nig J Paediatr 1985;12:111-17.
[9] Hendrickse RG. Protein Energy Malnutrition. In:Hendrickse RG, Barr DGD, Matthews TS, eds. Paediatrics in the Tropics, 1st Ed.
Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1991:119-31.
[10] Cowan ST. In: Cowan ST, Steel KJ, eds. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria.3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1974:

Abstract:Periodontal regeneration has become one of the primary objectives of periodontal therapy. Bone grafting has become a valuable mainstream clinical procedure in today's era of dentistry in variety of reconstructive applications. The periodontal regeneration in dentistry is producing better and expensive devices, although clinical measurements of attachment level and probing depths, along with radiography are good methods of evaluating tooth survival and prognosis. In addition, the regeneration industry may encourage the use of allograft and alloplasts which may serve as an implement to simple wound healing. This review is an assessment of the clinical use of various regenerative tools specifically bone replacements and membranes. The future of the regeneration may depend on the merging of various technologies and biological concepts. Including the possible use of biological barriers, various bone and periodontal growth inducers and artificial matrices that will attract or carry the cells necessary for regeneration
Keywords:Alveolar bone loss, Bone graft, Barrier membrane, periodontal, regeneration.

[1] Karring T, Nyman S et al. Development of the biological concept of guided tissue regeneration – animal and human studies;
Periodontol 2000; 1: 26-35.
[2] Chan YK, Needleman IG et al, comparison of four methods of assessing root surface debridement. J Periodontol, 2000; 71(3): 385-
393.
[3] Polson AM, Heijl LC, Osseous repair in infrabony periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodontol 1978; 5(1): 13-23.
[4] Periodontal Regeneration: Bone grafts, James T. Melloning: Periodontal therapy. Vol. 1 1998, Quintessence publication co.
[5] Hegdus, Z.: The Rebuilding of the Alveolar Process by Bone Transplantation. Dent.
[6] Cosmos.65:736-742 (1923).
[7] Beube, F. E. and H. F. Silvers: Further Studies on Bone Regeneration with the Use of
[8] Boiled Heterogeneous Bone. J.PeriodontoL 7:17-21 (1936).
[9] Friedlander, G., M. Strong, and K. Sell: Studies on the Antigenicity of Bone. I. Freeze Dried and Deep Frozen Allografts in Rabbits.
J. Bone Jt.Surg. 58A:854-858 (1976).
[10] Melcher, A. H.: The Use of Heterogeneous Anorganic Bone as an Implant Material in Oral Procedures. Oral Surg.
15:996-1000 (1962).