iosr-JDMS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Background: Sympathetic reactivity is defined as an exaggerated response to stress. Studies have shown that enhanced sympathetic response to stress tilts the balance towards Sympathetic over activity which in turn indicates a pre hypertensive state. Genetic predisposition definitely plays an important role in the development of hypertension. Hence, there is a need to explore the Sympathetic reactivity in children of hypertensive parents
Keywords: Isometric hand grip, Mental stress test, Sympathetic reactivity.

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The Guilford Press: NewYork, 1987, pp 316–339.
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.Psychophysiology 1982 ,19,615-623.
[4]. De Visser DC et al ,Cardiovascular response to mental stress in offsprings of hypertensive parents : the Dutch hyper tension and
offspring study.J Hypertens 1995; 13 : 901-908.
[5]. Gerin W ,Pickering GT ,Association between delayed recovery of blood pressure after acute mental stress and parental history of
hypertension .J Hypertens 1995 ; 13: 603-610.
[6]. Wasmund Wl, Westerholm EC, Watenpaugh DE, Stephen I, et al. The interactive effects of the mental and physical stress on the cardiovascular control. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 1828–34.
[7]. Karen A Matthews, Karen L Woodall, Michael T. The cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts the future blood pressure status.
Hypertension. 1993,22:479-85.
[8]. Devaki Perumal Rajaram, R.Karthikeyan, P.Saikumar et al. The Cardiovascular response to the acute physical and mental stress
in Type -2 Diabetes Mellitus .J of clinical and diagnostic research . September2012(suppl)vol-6(7):1237-1240.
[9]. Guido Grassi et al, Phosducin — a candidate gene for stress-dependent hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(12):3515–3518.
[10]. Zhou, Z., et al. 2008. Genetic variation in human NPY expression affects stress response and emotion. Nature. 452:997-1001.

Abstract: The present study was conducted to keep in view the various predisposing factors, mode of road users and the pattern of injuries sustained in Road Traffic Accident (RTA) in Meerut. Out of 210 RTA victims who attended the hospital during the study period 185 were included for the study at emergency of SVBP hospital during September 07 to April 08. RTA victims were maximum in age group 15-24 yrs.(24.3%) and percentage of male was very high (77.8%). The maximum RTA victims were passengers (39.3%), followed by pedestrians (31.9%). The maximum RTAs occurred between 9 a.m. -12 p.m. on most of the day and the day involved in maximum of RTAs was Monday (19.6%).The most commonly involved vehicle was motorized twowheeler (38.9%) followed by a car/taxi (23.3%). Maximum injuries were sustained at lower extremity (55.7%) followed by head & neck (52.4%). In pedestrians lower extremity (57.6%), in drivers upper extremity (56.1%) and in passengers head and neck region (62.3%) was most effected part of body.
Keywords: Road Traffic Accidents, Injuries, Road Users, Pedestrians, RTA

[1] World Health Organization. Injuries in South-East Asia Region Priorities for policy and action,2002.
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Abstract: Halitosis is known as unpleasant oral odor affecting large proportion of population and may be the cause of a significant social and psychological handicap. People who are not aware of their bad breath may encounter romantic, social and professional rejection without knowing the reason. 85% cases of halitosis originate from microbial putrefaction within the oral cavity itself. Modern analytical and microbiological techniques permit diagnosis of halitosis. Management of oral malodor is directed at managing and reducing the bacterial load from oral cavity by instituting proper oral hygiene measures, control of tongue flora by brushing or scraping, and possibly the adjunctive use of antiplaque agents.

Keywords - : Chlorhexidine, oral malodor, organoleptic rating, tongue coatings, volatile Sulphur Compounds.

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Abstract: Psychological Morbidities among medical undergraduates are quite common at various stages of their training, which vary depending on academic pressures, different socio-demographic factors and the scale of measurement. Impaired mental health among students may adversely influence their academic performances, play a role in alcohol and substance use and place them at increased risk of suicidal attempts. A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was undertaken among undergraduate medical students of different batches in a Medical College in Kolkata, India using BDI II scale to assess the proportion of students had depressive symptoms along with relation of some socio-demographic factors and methods to cope with. Males and hostelites were more. Total 41.1% had probable depression among which 15% had Mild and 26.1% had Mod- Severe depression. Lower proportion of depression found among 3rd.semester batch (21.6%) than their senior batches. Depression was more among males, hostelites, students coming from higher income category. As cope up strategies, 24.4% adopted substance abuse, 6.7% attempted self mutilation which even increased to 17% for Mod-Severe depression. Screening for psychological well being of the medical students during training on regular basis along with appropriate intervention is the need of the hour.

Keywords: Beck Depression Inventory, Depression, Medical Undergraduates, Semester.

1] Dyrbye, Liselotte N, Thomas, Matthew R., Shanafelt, Tait D. Systematic Review of Depression, Anxiety and other Indicators of
Psychological Distress Among U.S. and Canadian Medical Students. Academic Medicine, April 2006;81(4):354-73.
[2] Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Pathiyil R Shankar, VS Binu, Chiranjoy Mukhopadhyay, Biswabina Ray and Ritesh G Menezes.
Psychological morbidity,sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal. BMC Medical
Education 2007;7:26.
[3] Deborah Goebert, Diane Thompson, Junji Takeshita, Cheryl Bech, Philip Bryson, Kimberly Ephgrave et al. Depressive Symptoms in Medical Students and Residents: A Multischool study. Academic Medicine,February 2009;84(2):236-41.
[4] Marjani A, Gharavi AM, Jahanshahi M, Vahidirad A, Alizadeh F. Stress among medical students of Gorgan (South East of Caspian
Sea), Iran. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2008 Jul-Sep;6(23):421-5.
[5] Najmeh Jafari, Amir Loghmani, Ali Montazeri. Mental health of Medical Students in Different Levels of Training. Int J Prev
Med. 2012 March; 3(Suppl1): S107–S112.
[6] Ajit Singh, Amarlal, Shekhar. Prevalence of depression Among Medical Students of a Pvt Medical College:India.[ accessed online
http://www.ojhas.org/issue 36/2010-4.8ht]
[7] James M Hillis, William R G Perry, Emily Y Carroll, Belinda A Hibble, Marion J Davies, Justin Yousef. Painting the picture:
Australasian medical student views on wellbeing, teaching and support services. New Zealand Medical Student Journal May 201
[8] Thomas L. Schwenk, Lindsay Davis, Leslie A.WimSatt. Depression,Stigma and Suicidal Ideation in Medical Students. JAMA
2010;304(11):1181-90(doi,10.1001/jama,2010.1300).
[9] Thelma A Quince, Diana F Wood, Richard A Parker, John Benson. Prevalence and persistence of depression among undergraduate
medical students: a longitudinal study at one U.K Medical School.BMJ Open 2012;00:e001519.doi:10.1136\bmjopen-2012-001519
[10] Gore F M, Bloem P J, Patton G C, Forquson J, Joseph V,Coffey C et al.Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 yrs.: a systematic analyses. Lancet 2011 Jun 18;377(9783):2093-102.

Abstract: Behavioral risk factors play an important role in causation of NCDs. Five of the top 10 risks worldwide is specific to non communicable disease. Ischemic heart disease and stroke are projected to increase further by 2020, and developing countries will experience the highest burden. The study was carried out to find out the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and their association with socio demographic variables. A cross sectional study was carried out among 730 subjects of 15-64 yr age group in a village of West Bengal with help of pre designed proforma. Data taken on socio demographic variables, behavioral risk factor and then analyzed using statistical software. Study population comprised of nearly 57% male, 70% Hindu, 20% illiterate and 35 % unemployed. Median PCI p.m. was Rs.1100/-. 22.9% used smoked and smokeless tobacco, 75.2% current tobacco users, 21% current drinkers, 38.5% had sedentary lifestyle, 27.1% heavily active, 46.2% took vegetables regularly, 40.8% took fruits regularly, nearly 50% added extra salt most of the times. Unsaturated oil was used by79.6%. Age, sex, PCI, employment, education seen to be associated significantly (p < .05, 95% CI) with physical activity. Education had significant association with many behavioral risk factors (p <.01). Healthy lifestyle and increase in level of education is the need of modern time.
Keywords: NCDs, Behavioral risk factors, Risk, Socio demographic variables, PCI, Healthy lifestyle

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Abstract: Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid has been shown to decrease the occurrence of neural tube defects (anencephaly, encephalocele and spina bifida). Earlier studies , conducted worldwide to assess patient's knowledge regarding periconceptional use of folic acid showed that the overall knowledge about its use among pregnant mothers was low. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding periconceptional use of folic acid and to determine factors influencing knowledge about folic acid among pregnant women. In the sample studied, 36.6% of study population had heard about folic acid and among them 33.3% could correctly state the effect of folic acid when used periconceptionally. Among those who had heard about folic acid, 80% believed that it should be taken only after confirmation of pregnancy. Low levels of education was associated with less knowledge regarding folic acid, and the difference was statistically significant (OR 4.86, 95% CI 1.74-13.61). Low socio economic status was also significantly associated with poor knowledge (OR 2.371, 95% CI 1.11- 5.05).The overall knowledge regarding periconceptional use of folic acid among a rural study population was poor. Health education regarding periconceptional use of folic acid among newly married couples may improve knowledge and hence its acceptance in the prevention of neural tube defects. Qualitative assessment regarding knowledge and beliefs also revealed the misconception about role of folic acid and food items containing folic acid among the study population.

Keywords: Folic acid, knowledge, pregnant mothers, periconceptional use

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concentrations in women at recurrence risk for neural tube defect. Br. J. Nutr. 1983 Mar;49(2):203–11.
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women of childbearing age. Prev Med. 2006 Jul;43(1):27–30.
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United Arab Emirates. Reprod. Toxicol. 2003 Apr;17(2):171–6.
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Abstract: Adjuvant to local anesthetics have been tried to enhance analgesic profile. Opioids prolong analgesia but have unfavorable side effect profile. So search for non-opioid with comparable analgesic duration and minimal side effect continues. Hence our study aims to compare Buprenorphine; an opioid similar in structure to morphine but approx. 33 times more potent, to a novel drug Clonidine; an imidazoline derivative with α2-adrenergic agonistic activity. No study comparing the two drugs has been found. Settings and Design: A total of 60 patients belonging to ASA status I & II posted for orthopedic upper limb surgery were enrolled and randomly divided into three Groups of 20 each. All patients received 20 ml Bupivacaine (0.5%) in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Group corresponding adjuvant and normal saline were added to make total solution to 40ml. VAS score and other block characteristics were observed at fixed intervals for 24 hours post operatively."GraphPad Prism version 5.03" used for descriptive, analytic and comparative statistics.
Keywords: Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Supraclavicular brachial plexus block,

[1] Viel EJ, Eledjam JJ, De La Coussaye J, D'Athis F. Brachial plexus block with opioids for postoperative pain relief: comparison
between buprenorphine and morphine. Reg Anesth 1989; 14: 274–8.
[2] Candido KD, Franco CD, Khan MA, Winnie AP, Raja DS. Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for brachial plexus block to
provide postoperative analgesia in outpatients.Reg Anesth Pain Med.2001 Jul-Aug;26(4):352-6.
[3] Candido KD, Winnie AP, Ghaleb AH, Fattouh MW, Franco CD. Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for axillary brachial
plexus block prolongs postoperative analgesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 2, Pages 162 – 167.
[4] Bazin JE, Massoni C, Bruelle P, et al. The addition of opioids to local anaesthetics in brachial plexus block: the comparative effects
of morphine, buprenorphine and sufentanil. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:858–62.
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84.
[6] Singelyn FJ, Dangoisse M, Bartholomee S, Gouverneur JM. Addingclonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesiaand
analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block. RegAnesth 1992; 17:148 –50.
[7] Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur J, Robert A. A minimum dose of clonidine added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and
analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:1046 –50.
[8] Buttner J, Ott B, Klose R. Der einflub von clonidinzusatz zu mepivacain. Anaesthesist 1992; 41:548 –54. 15. Singelyn FJ, Dangoisse
M, Bartholomee S, Gouverneur JM. Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after
axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth 1992s; 17:148 –50.
[9] Bone HG, Van Aken H, Brooke M, et al. Enhancement of axillary brachial plexus block anaesthesia by coadministration of
neostigmine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:405–10.
[10] Eledjam JJ, Viel E, Charavel P, du Cailar J. Brachial plexus block with bupivacaine: effects of added alpha-adrenergic agonists:
comparison between clonidine and epinephrine. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38:870 – 5.

Abstract: To be aware of non compliant TB patients for drug loyalty and also investigating the dread for drugs in them. For public health community, tuberculosis (TB) has accessible confront in the developing countries although curative drugs exist, yet TB has remained the foremost killers among infectious diseases. The TB treatment regimen is long, intensive and fraught with potential side effects. For these reasons, only about 20% of people with TB successfully complete treatment. Cross sectional survey was conducted on a non-probability purposive sample of 349 TB patients attending JPMC Chest OPD, Malir Chest Clinic and Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases, Karachi in the month of June and July, 2007. All the patients who were administered Antituberculous drugs (ATT) under Direct Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) in the above mentioned period were included in the study. The total response rate was 93%. Out of 349 TB patients observed, 43% [150] were males and 57% [199] were females. 94% of the patients were following DOTS i.e. they regularly came to the clinics, but 5% were those who did not follow it regularly and skipped the daily medicine. Only 13% have quit taking medication themselves. 60% of the patients experienced side effects of the anti-TB drugs whereas 40% didn't experience any side effects. Proper counseling regarding the treatment options and side effects of the treatment can help reduce the challenges associated with adherence to the TB treatment.

Keywords: DOTS therapy, Pakistan, Tuberculosis.

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Virus-Infected and Unifected adults at a Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect, 40: 116-122.
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Abstract: Background: The number of suicides in India during the last decade has recorded an increase of 25.0%. Suicide attempt rates are found to be higher than rates for completed suicides. This study is aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic profile and psychiatric morbidity in attempted suicide patients. Material and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in Dr. PSIMS & RF hospital, a general hospital, in rural region of Krishna district, South India. 150 consecutive cases of attempted suicide were recruited for the study. Structured proforma containing sociodemographic variables and suicide attempt data was administered. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) was applied to assess the psychiatric disorder and the diagnosis was confirmed using ICD 10. Results: Majority of the suicide attempters were <30 years of age (67%), men (62%), education below or up to 7th std.(69%), married (57%), low socioeconomic status (62%) and employed (61%), used oral agents (97%) and made an impulsive attempt (72%). Domestic quarrel (48%) and relationship issues (23%) were the major reasons for attempt. 59% suffered from a psychiatric disorder and major depressive episode (28%) was found to be most common diagnosed disorders.
Keywords: attempted suicide, psychiatric morbidity

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Abstract: Acid peptic diseases are the commonest afflictions of the gastro-intestinal tract and a major cause of patient morbidity, various etiological entities have been sought of which the most prolific being H.pylori; a urease producing gram negative bacilli, which colonizes the gastric submucosa and has evolved to grow and replicate in the extreme acidic milieu of the stomach. H.pylori has been considered the most common infection of man; and has been implicated in a myriad range of upper gastro-intestinal tract afflictions which includes the innocuous gastric ulcers and gastritis to capricious malignant lesions like adenocarcinoma. Various tests are now commercially available for the rapid detection of H.pylori, but most are limited in use either because of low sensitivity or exorbitant costs, inaccessibility, or want for the use of costly technologies. Rapid urease test is a cheap , easily performed test requiring minimal resources and assets and gives fairly comparable results with histopathology, which again can be complemented by the use of special staining techniques like Geimsa and Warthin starry silver impregnation method especially on gastro-duodenal biopsy Specimens. And prompt diagnosis has widespread ramifications in patient care and management.

Keywords- Acid peptic disease, Gastro-duodenal biopsy, Helicobacter pylori, Histopathological study, Rapid urease test.

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[10] Hashemi M. R, Rahanavardi M, Bikdeli B, Dehghani Zahedani M. Helicobacters pylori infection among 1000 southren Iranian
dyspeptic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(34): 5479-5482.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of N. sativa oil on carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)- induced liver damage using 35 adult Wistar rats. The experimented animals weighed between 130-180g and were randomly divided in to seven groups. Each group comprised of 5 rats. Group 1 rats were administered normal Saline (volume per body weight) orally for 2 weeks. Group 2 rats were administered olive oil 4m1/kg body weight orally for 2 weeks. Group 3 rats were administered 2ml/kg body weight of N. sativa oil orally for 2 weeks. Group 4 rats were administered 4ml/kg body weight of N. sativa oil orally for 2 weeks. Group 5 rats were administered 4ml/kg body weight CCl4 (30% CCl4 in 70% olive oil) orally for 2 weeks. Group 6 rats were administered 2ml/kg body weight of N. sativa oil plus4ml/kg body weight CCl4 (30% CCl4 in 70% olive oil) orally for 2 weeks. Group 7 rats were administered4ml/kg body weight of N. sativa oil plus 4ml/kg body weight CCl4 (30% CCl4 in 70% olive oil) orally for 2 weeks. Histopathological or biochemical changes were not evident following administration of N. sativa alone. Serum levels of aspartic transaminase (AST) was significantly increased in animals treated with CCL4 when compared to the control group while L-alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly decreased in animals treated with CCL4 when compared to the control group. This increase and decrease in liver enzymes was almost restored to normal in animals treated with N. sativa and CCl4 has that of the control. Antioxidant status in the blood serum was estimated by determining the activities of superoxide dismustase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. For histopathological evaluation, liver of all rats were excised and processed for light microscopy. CCl4 caused elevated level of TBARS and marked depletion of liver endogenous antioxidant enzymes. N. sativa treatment positively protects the alterations in these biochemical variables in the CCl4 + N. sativa-treated rats. N. sativa markedly reduced elevated TBARS and significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes. The histological examination of the liver tissues in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed normal liver architecture. The histology of the liver in group 5 showed wide spread inflammation, oedema, vascular congestion, dilated sinusoidal spaces, N .sativa oil showed hepatoprotection on histological section of the liver in groups 6 and 7. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that N. sativa through its antioxidant activity effectively protects CCl4- induced livertoxicity.

Key Words: CCl4, N. sativa, DNA, Liver, Biochemical, Wistar Rats

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Abstract: Using the right method of evaluation plays a considerable role in getting the appropriate result and making the right judgment. Aim: the aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of OSCE versus traditional clinical student's achievement at maternity nursing Methods: quasi experimental deign was adopted. Implementation of the OSCE was carried out on 190 students enrolled in maternity nursing course- Cairo University. Students' achievement and perspectives were investigated. Results: the results indicated that, there was high statistical significant differences between OSCE and traditional methods in the first and second trial (p< 0.016), and (p< 0.000) respectively. The highest rate of satisfaction belonged to OSCE methods of evaluation as the students reported that OSCE measured course objectives (70.6%), enhanced teaching level (71.6%), related theory to practice (71.6%), increased decision making ability (70.5%), enhanced methods of evaluation (70%), and made exam well developed (72%), than the traditional method. The mean score of students' opinion was (28.1+ 9.6).Conclusion: OSCE can be used as an appropriate method in evaluating nursing clinical skills because of various advantages such as improving students' clinical performance, preparing highly qualified and competent graduates, increasing decision making abilities and enhance teaching level.

Key Words: Evaluation, OSCE, traditional method, students' perspectives.

[1] Ahmad, C., N. Ahmad & Abu Baker R., Assessing Nursing Clinical Skills Performance Using Objective Structured Clinical
Examination (OSCE) for Open Distance Learning Students in Open University Malaysia. International Conference on Information;
Kuala Lumpur, (2009). 12-13 August.
[2] Alinier, G.. Nursing students' and lecturers' perspectives of OSCE, incorporating simulation(2009).
[3] Alinier, G. Nursing students' and lecturers' perspectives of objective structured clinical examination incorporating simulation.
Nurse Education Today., 2003, 23(6): 419-426.
[4] Bartfay W. J., Rombough R., Howse E, & LeBlance, R. The OSCE in nursing education: objective structured clinical examinations
can be vehicles for nursing education and practice by promoting the mastery of clinical skills and decision making in controlled and
safe environments. The Canadian Nurse (2004)100: 18–27.
[5] Brookes, D. Objective Structured Clinical Examination assessment. (2007) www.nursingtimes.net
[6] Brosnan, M., Evans, W., Brosnan, E. & Brown, G., Implementing objective structured skills evaluation (OSCE) in nurse registration
programmes in a centre in Ireland: A utilization focused evaluation. Nurse Education Today(2006). 26, 115-122.
[7] Casey PM, Goepfert AR, Espey EL, Hammoud MM, Kaczmarczyk JM, Katz NT, N, etal.. To the point: reviews in medical
education — the Objective Structured Clinical Examination. American Journal Obstetetric Gynecology; (2009)200(1): 25-34.
[8] Chehrzad MM, Shafie Pour SZ, Mirzaei M, Kazem Nejad E Comparison between two methods: Objective structured clinical
evaluation (OSCE) and traditional on nursing students' satisfaction. Journal of Medical Faculty Guilan University of Medical
Sciences. Summer; (2004). 13(50):8-13
[9] El-Nemer, A. & Kandeel, N. Using OSCE as an Assessment Tool for Clinical Skills: Nursing Students' Feedback. AJBAS July-
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[10] Furlong E, Fox P, Lavin M, & Collins R) Oncology nursing students' views of a modified OSCE. European Journal of Oncology
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Abstract: A total of 23,007 clinical samples, 2,001 were identified as Escherichia coli (E.coli). Among these, 205 strains were haemolytic. One hundred eighty one E.coli were found haemolytic among urinary isolates. Two tests i.e. salt aggregation test (SAT) and haemagglutination test (HAT) with human type A erythrocytes were performed to know the incidence of fimbriated strains amongst haemolytic E.coli isolates. Mannose resistant haemagglutination and Mannose sensitive haemagglutination was observed in 95 (46.34%) and 15 (7.31%) strains respectively. Whereas cell surface hydrophobicity was shown by 139 (67.80%) strains. Seventy nine (38.53%) strains were both SAT and HAT positive. Twenty nine (14.14%) strains were both SAT and HAT negative i.e. non-fimbriated strains. Among urinary isolates, 21.8% were found to possess both haemolytic and haemagglutinating activity. Haemolytic activity of E.coli was found associated with fimbriated strains. Thus, both act as virulence factors for the pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection. Keywords: Cell surface hydrophobicity; Fimbriae; Haemolytic Escherichia coli; Haemagglutination

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Abstract: Objective: To analyze estrogen and progesterone receptors(ER, PR) in various histopathological patterns in relation to circulating estradiol levels in patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Material Methods: 60 patients diagnosed to have dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) were studied. All of them had increased amount of bleeding during menses. Any case with a known cause of bleeding was not included in the study. A strict criterion for the definition of DUB was maintained. Serum estradiol levels were estimated by Immunoflorescence technique. Dilatation and curettage was done and sent for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry for estrogen and progesterone receptors. The histopathology report was correlated with the estradiol levels and ER, PR status.
Keywords: disordered proliferation, dysfunctional bleeding, estradiol.

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Abstract: BACKGROUND: DORSOLUMBAR TRAUMA IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PARAPARESIS OR PARAPLEGIA. OPTIMAL GOALS OF THE MANAGEMENT INCLUDE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PAINLESS, BALANCED AND STABLE SPINAL COLUMN WITH VERTEBRAL FUSION. MATERIAL & METHOD: WE REVIEWED VARIOUS TYPES OF FRACTURES OF DORSOLUMBAR SPINE, THEIR MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME IN A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 32 CASES OF DORSOLUMBAR TRAUMA MANAGED SURGICALLY AT OUR CENTRE (JUNE 2008 – OCTOBER 2010). ALL PATIENTS UNDERWENT COMPLETE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION, CT AND MR IMAGING OF THE SPINE. STUDY DESIGN & SETTINGS: PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE FROM 2008-2010.
Keywords: Dorsolumbar fracture, Frenkels Score, Paraplegia, Rehabilitation, Transpedicular fixation.

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Abstract: Malaria is a treatable cause of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Due to variation in clinical presentation, pulmonary manifestations in malaria has always been underdiagnosed. A total 95 patients with severe falciparum malaria were included in this study. The diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by examination of peripheral smear / OptiMal test/ QBC. Arterial blood gas analysis was done in patients who developed respiratory symptom. It was observed that out of 41 patients showing respiratory symptoms ARDS was present 8 ((8.42%) no. of cases, Acute lung injury in 4(4.21%) cases and Pneumonia in 4 (4.21%) cases. ARDS was more common in patients with heavy parasitemia (75% with >20% parasitemia), hypoalbuminemia(75%) and anemia(62.5%). All patients with respiratory distress were given ventilator support. Patients with ARDS showed a high mortality rate of 75%. ARDS in malaria have a poor disease outcome. Early diagnosis, institution of specific antimalarial treatment and assisted ventilation can be life-saving.
Keywords: Malaria, ARDS, ALI, pulmonary

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Abstract: The current paper reviews the influence of genetics on susceptibility of dental caries. It is clear from many dietary studies that, variation in susceptibility to dental caries exists even under the identical, controlled conditions. This implicates that, because of genetic differences, certain environmental factors are potentially more cariogenic for some people than for others. Although there is clear evidence that dental caries is a multifactorial, infectious disease, with many contributory environmental factors, there is also strong evidence for a genetic component in the etiology of this disease. Studies of twins, families, and animal models have all indicated that caries has a genetic component. Evidence of a genetic contribution to caries is based on four questions examining inheritance that altered the dental hard tissues; the immune response; sugar metabolism & consumption; salivary flow, salivary constituents; & salivary defense systems. Caries phenotypes in the primary dentition were highly heritable, with genes accounting for 54–70% of variation in caries scores. The heritability of caries scores in the permanent dentition was found to be 35–55%. The current paradigm of disease treatment is not designed to account for the multitude of genetic information known to impact our oral health. It may be time for another adjustment in our view of paradigm of oral health & disease treatment.

Key words: Dental caries, Genetics, Genetic traits, Host-genes, Inheritance,

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