iosr-JDMS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: Tolosa Hunt Syndrome(THS) is acute ophthalmoplegia with or without involvement of optic nerve and ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve and responding promptly to steroid treatment. Its recurrence is well known on the same side but involvement of the alternating side is quite rare . We describe 23 yr female patient who had MRI documented involvement of alternate eye separately at an interval of two years and the symptoms had complete resolution with steroids at both occasions. MRI documented THS has been rarely reported.

Key Words : Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome , Opthalmoplegia , Alternating ,Recurrence, MRI

[1] Gladstone JP(2007). An Approach to the Patient With Painful Ophthalmoplegia, with a Focus on Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome.Curr Pain
Headache Rep .11:317-25.
[2] Kwan ES, Wolpert SM, Hedges TR III, Laucella M (1988). Tolosa-Hunt syndrome revisited: not necessarily a diagnosis of exclusion
. Am J Roentgenol .88(150):413-418.
[3] Goadsby PJ, Lance JW 1989. Clinicopathological correlation in a case of painful ophthalmoplegia: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry.2:1290-1293.
[4] Tolosa E 1954. Periarteritic lesions of the carotid siphon with the clinical features of a carotid infraclinoid aneurysm. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry.17:300-302.
[5] Hunt WE, Meagher JN, LeFever HE, Zeman W(1961). Painful ophthalmoplegia.Its relation to indolent inflammation of the
cavernous sinus. Neurology.11:56-62.
[6] Lance JW,Olesen J.(1988). Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders,cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Headache
Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia.88(8):1-96.
[7] Lance JW, Olesen J(2004). The International Classification of Headache Disorders ICHD-II. Cephalalgia. 24:131.
[8] La Mantia L, Curone M, Rapoport AM, Bussone G: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: critical literature review based on IHS 2004 criteria
(2006). Cephalalgia. 26:772-781
[9] Ohyama M.Tezuka H,Michikawa K,Fukuchi T,Terashi A :Rinsho shinkeigaku = clinical neurology 29:3 1989 Mar pg 315-7
[10] Babak B Navi, Joseph E Safdieh.(2010). Recurrent ,alternating Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. Neurologist.16(1):54-5.

Abstract: The term success or failures in endodontics must be defined rigidity, in order to be meaningful. A clear definition & agreement of what constitute a failure following endodontic treatment does not exist among endodontist. The dentist had reduced criteria for success of endodontic treatment to a very narrow definition to absence of pain. How convenient it would be if this concept could be totally accepted. Unfortunately absence of pain is not completely a reliable measure for good health or success in endodontic treatment. Countless peoples are living today with some disease in its pain free stage after endodontic treatment. Endodontic treatment apparently success's in some cases in spite of, our best efforts. These fortunate circumstances can also be attributed to a tremendous capacity of body's natural defences to cope with infections and to enhance the body's survival rate.

[1] Crump MC :- Differential diagnosis in endodontic failure. Dental clinic of North America 1979 :23: 617
[2] Frank – Inflammatory resorption caused by an adjacent necrotic tooth . J Endodontics 1990 : 16(7) : 339-341
[3] Frank :- Resorption, Perforation and fracture . Dental Clinic North America 1994 : 18 : 465-487
[4] Grossman LI :- Endodontic failures . Dental Clinic North America 1972 : 16 : 79
[5] Grossman LI :- endodontic practice (10th Edition), Philadelphia 1981, Lea & Febiger
[6] Ingle JI :- Endodontic success and failure in endodontics . (3rd Edition), Philadelhia 1985 : p 26-53
[7] Oilet S :- Single visit endodontics- A clinical study. J Endodontics 1983 : 9: 147
[8] Richard B Pekrutin :- The incidence of failure following single visit endodontic therapy. J Endodontics 1986 : 12(2) : 68-72
[9] Samuel Seltzer :- Root canal failure in endodontology 2nd Edition , 1988 p 439-470
[10] Tronstad l, Kreshtool D, Barnett F :- Microbial monitoring and result of extra radicular infection. Endo Dental Traumatology, 1990
: 6 : 129-136.

Abstract:The frequent occurrence of Candida infections in patients with diabetes mellitus has been recognized for many years and is thought to be more prevalent among these individuals. The objective of the study was to focus on the isolation of non- albicans Candida in urine of diabetic patients. A total of 80 samples in urine of diabetic patients treated in hospitals, clinics and nursing homes and from pathological laboratories at Gwalior (M.P.), India were recruited for the study. Among the diabetic patients 62.5 % (50/80) had Candida infections. The major Candida species isolated were Candida tropicalis 34% (17) followed by C. albicans 30% (15), C. parapsilosis 16% (08), C. glabrata 14% (07) and C. krusei 6% (03). This study indicates that non- albicans Candida are also emerging in urine of diabetic patients.

Keywords - non- albicans Candida, Diabetes mellitus, urine, infections, Patients

[1] Mohammad Hossein Lotfi-Kamran, Abbas Ali Jafari, Abbas Falah-Tafti*, Ehsan Tavakoli, Mohammad Hossein Falahzadeh, Candida Colonization on Denture of Diabetic, Dent Res J, 6 (1), 2009, 23-27.
[2] E. M. Kojic and R. O. Darouiche, Candida infections of medical devices, Clin Microbiol Rev, 17, 2004, 255–267.
[3] S. Silva, M. Negri, M. Henriques, R. Oliveira, D. Williams and J. Azeredo, Silicone colonization by non-Candida albicans Candida
species in the presence of urine, J Med Microbiol, 59, 2010, 7 747-754.
[4] G.P. Bodey, V. Fainstein, Candidiasis ( New York Raven Press,1985).
[5] A. Szypowska, Fungal infections in diabetes,© Borgis - New Medicine 1/2001, 12-15.
[6] JA Vazquez, JD Sobel, Fungal infection in diabetes, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 9 (1), 1995, 97-116.
[7] M Vinitha and M Ballal, Distribution of Candida Species in different clinical samples and their virulence: Biofilm formation,
proteinase and phospholipase production: A study on hospitalized patients in Southern India, Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 3
(1), 2011, 4-8.
[8] KJ Kwon-Chung. and J.E.Bennett, Medical mycology ( Second edition Lea & Febiger, 1992, 280-326).

Abstract:Odontogenic myxoma results from failure of normal development and growth of epithelial, mesenchymal structures of teeth and associated tissues as a whole or part resulted in the formation of the tumour myxoma. WHO defined as the benign tumour of ectomesenchymal origin with or without odontogenic epithelium. The myxoma of dental origin has claimed only 3-6% of all the odontogenic tumours. Though the tumours are benign in nature they exhibit unlimited aggressive growth potential. Myxomas are commonly seen in between 2 -3 decades and have high recurrence rate of 15-20%. They are more predominantly seen in females and more commonly in the posterior part of the jaws. Most of the time patient never seeks treatment for the tumour for a long time as the tumour is symptom free before it reaches to a considerable size. A 14 year old boy who had been presented with the complaints of a swelling and numbness in the left maxilla was diagnosed as fibro myxoma and managed conservatively in order to preserve the uninvolved structures and to maintain the functional stability is described in this article

Key words: odontogenic myxoma, fibromyxoma of maxilla, myxoma of jaws ,enucleation and curettage, carnoy's solution application, cryotheraphy application

[1] JD Horrison Odontogenic myxoma –ultrastructural and histochemical studies. Journal of clinical pathology. 1973 26 570-582
10.1136/jcp26 8 570
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20.PMID1066602 Farman AG, Nortje CJ, Grotepass FW, Farman FJ, van Zyl JA. Myxofibroma of the jaws. The British Journal of
Oral Surg. 1977, 15(1):3–18. PMID 268214.
[3] Moshiri S, Oda D, Worthington P, Myall R. Odontogenic myxoma: Histochemical and ultrastructural study. J Oral Pathol Med.
[4] 1992; 21:401–3.
[5] Kaffe, Naor ,Buchner. Clinical and radiological features of odontogenic myxoma of the jaws Dento maxillofacial Radiology 1997
26 -299-303
[6] Siva Kumar, Kavitha ,Sarasvathy ,Sivabathasundaram, : Odontogenic myxoma of maxilla. Indian journal of Dental research vol 19,
issue 1: 62-65, 2008.
[7] Bruno Ramos Chrcanovic, Márcio Bruno Figueiredo do Amaral, Helenice de Andrade Marigo,Belini Freire-Maia. An expanded
odontogenic myxoma in maxilla . Stomatologija baltic dental and maxillofacial journal. 12 : 122-8, 2010.
[8] Sasidhar Singaraju, Sangeetha P Wanjari, Rajkumar N Parwani. Odontogenic myxoma of the maxilla: A report of a rare case and
review of the literature.January-June 2010, 14(1):19-23 DOI:10.4103/0973-029X.64305 PMID:21180454.
[9] Eva Maria Dietrich, Styliani Papaemmanouil, Giorgos koloutsos, Hlias Antoniades Konstantinos Antoniades odontogenic
fibromyxoma of the maxilla:A case report and review of the literature. Case report in medicine Vol 2011 article ID 238712.5
pages.
[10] Bhagavan komary Gowda, Sinhasan Sangappa P, Manjula CG Rosamma George: Odontogenic myxoma of the maxilla-A case
report. Physician academy march 2011volume 5 number 3 www.physician academy.com

Abstract:Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that have been associated with multiple etiological factors. These disorders are as a result of accumulation of dental plaque & clinical signs are caused by resultant inflammatory response. However complete removal of biofilm is not always possible by scaling & root planing alone. Reinfection of periodontal pockets results from residual biofilm and penetration of bacteria in the connective tissue needs the combination of Scaling and root planing & antimicrobial therapy. The Knowledge about the biomechanism of advantage and disadvantage of antimicrobial agents is essential in successful management & prevention of periodontal disease.

Key words: Antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, antiseptics, local drug delivery, Host modulation therapy

[1] Marsh PD, Bradshaw DJ. Dental Plaque as a Biofilm. J Industrial Microbiology 1995; 15(3): 169-175.
[2] Coghlan A.Slime City. New Scientist 1996; 2045:32-36.
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1994;65(7):731-33.
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therapeutic modalities. J Periodontol 1996; 67(2):93-102.
[5] Van Winkelhoff AJ, Rams TE, Slots J. Systemic antibiotic therapy in Periodontics. Periodontol s2000. 10: 45-78.
[6] Listgarten MA, Lindhe J,Hellden L.Effect of tetracycline and/or scaling on human periodontal disease. Clinical, microbiological,
and histopathological observations. J Clin Periodontol 1978:5:256-71.
[7] Hellden LB, Listgarten MA, Lindhe J. The effect of tetracycline and /orScaling on human periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol
1979:6:222-30.
[8] Walker CB,Tyler KT,Low SB,King CJ. Pencillin-degrading enzyme in sites associated with adult periodontitis. Oral Microbiol
Immunol 1987:2:129-131.
[9] Magnusson I,Clark WB,Low SB,Maruniak J,Mark RG,Walker CB. Effect of non surgical periodontal therapy combined with
adjunctive antibiotics in subjects with refractory periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1989:16:647-653.
[10] Walker CB, Niebloom TA,Gordon JM,Socransky SS. In vitro susceptibilities of bacteria from human periodontal pockets to 13
antimicrobial agents. In: Nelson JD,Grassi C.Current chaemotherapy and infectious disease, Vol1. Washington, D.C:American
society of microbiology,1980: 508-511

Abstract: Background: There are a lot of sports supplements marketed around the globe. The research is not conclusive regarding the various energy drinks and products in the field of sports. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of energy drink usage among football players from Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India. The study evaluated energy drink usage patterns, types of energy drinks commonly consumed, frequency of consumption and motives of athletes behind consuming energy drinks.

Keywords - Energy drinks, Energy drink usage statistics, Football players.

[1] Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter-Aeby T, Barber-Heidal K: A Survey of Energy Drink Consumption Patterns
among College Students. Nutr J 2007, 6:35.
[2] Astorino TA, Matera AJ, Basinger J, Evans M, Schurman T, Marquez R: Effects of Red Bull Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint
Performance in Women Athletes. Amino Acids 2011, DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0900-8.
[3] Paddock R: Energy Drinks‟ Effects on Student-Athletes and Implications for Athletic Departments. United States Sports Academy,
American‟s Sports University. Sport J 2008, 11(4), unpaginated.
[4] Lee SJ, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R: Caffeine Ingestion is Associated with Reductions in Glucose Uptake
Independent of Obesity and Type 2 diabetes Before and After Exercise Training. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:566-572.
[5] Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA: A Combination of Caffeine and Taurine has no Effect on Short Term Memory but induces
changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006, 31:471-476.
[6] Smit HJ, Cotton JR, Hughes SC, Rogers PJ: Mood and cognitive performance effects of "energy" drink constituents: caffeine,
glucose and carbonation. Nutr Neurosci 2004, 7:127-139.
[7] Kim M: Caffeinated Youth: Regulation of Energy Drinks in Question University of Cambridge:The Triple Helix, Inc.; 2011.
[8] Ballistreri MC, Corradi-Webster CM: Consumption of Energy Drinks among Physical Education Students. Rev Latino-am
Enfermagem 2008, 16(Special):558-564
[9] Duchan E, Patel ND, Feucht C: Energy Drinks: A Review of Use and Safety for Athletes. Phys Sportsmed 2010, 38(2):171-179.
[10] Bonci L: "Energy" Drinks: Help, Harm or Hype? Sports Sci Exch 2002, 15:1-4.

Abstract: Medial circumflex femoral artery is a branch of profundafemoris artery. It arises from the posteromedial aspect of the profundafemoris artery in the femoral triangle. It is an important artery in supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur, to the adductor muscles and to fatty tissue in the acetabular fossa. Because of its close relationship with this area there is a high risk of severing the artery after trauma or during operations such as total hip arthroplasty. The material for the present study comprises of 40 lower limbs of adult human cadavers irrespective of their sex. The study was done by dissection method. In 6 extremities (15%) medial circumflex femoral artery was originated directly from femoral artery. In 7 extremities (17.5%) a common trunk was observed form medial circumflex femoral and deep external pudendal arteries. Normal study was observed in 27 extremities (67.5%). These variations of the origins of Medial circumflex femoral artery needs to be taken into account and considered in all the surgical and interventional procedures.

Key words: Medial circumflex femoral artery, Profundafemoris artery,

[1] Susan standring, Pelvic gridle, Gluteal region and Hip joint, Gray's Anatomy, 39th edition, Elsevier, Churchil Livingstone, Spain,
2005; pp.1450-1452.
[2] Gautier E, Ganz K, Krugel N, Gill T, Ganz R, Anatomy of the medial femoral circumflex artery and its surgical implications, J Bone
Joint Surg Br,2000, 82 (5): 679 -683.
[3] Dixit, D.P, et al; Variations in the Origin and Course of ProfundaFemoris ; J Anat. Soc. India 2001; 50(1): pp.6-7.
[4] Lipchutz, B.B. Studies on the blood vascular tree, 1,A composite study of the femoral artery. Anatomical Record. 1916:10:pp. 361-70.
[5] Clark, S.M., and Colborn, The medial femoral artery: its clinical anatomy and nomenclature. Clinical Anatomy. G.L. 1993: 6:pp. 94-
105.
[6] E.Tayeli et.al, An anatomical study of the origins of medial circumflex femoral artery in Turkish population, Folia Morphologica,
These variations of the origins of Medial circumflex femoral artery needs to be taken into account and considered in all the surgical
and interventional procedures.2006; 65, No. 3: pp.209-212
[7] MB Samarawickrama ,BGNanayakkara ,KWR Wimalagunarathna ,DGNishantha , UBWalawag; Branching pattern of the femoral
artery at the femoral triangle: a cadaver study e; Galle Medical Journal, September 2009; Vol 14: No. 1, pp. 31-34.

Abstract: Background: Poor understanding of childhood convulsion among parents contributes largely to morbidity and mortality resulting from convulsion in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: This study evaluated the knowledge and attitude of women regarding childhood convulsion in Tegbesun, a peri-urban community in Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: This community based study comprised of 500 women aged between 18 and 65 years who were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and a focused group discussion among 10 women within the study group.

Keywords - Childhood-Convulsion, Perception, Peri-urban, Ilorin, Nigeri

[1] Haslam RHA, The nervous system in RE Behrman, RM Kliegman, HB Jenson, (Eds.), Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics,
(Philadelphia : WB Saunders; 2000) 1813-1826.
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[5] Izuora GI, Azubuike JC, Prevalence of seizure disorders in Nigerian children around Enugu (A preliminary report), Cent Afr J Med,
23, 1977, 80-83.
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[10] Okoji GO, Peterside IE, Oruamabo RS, Childhood convulsions: a hospital survey on traditional remedies, Afr J Med Sci, 22, 1993,
25-28.

Abstract:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is one of the two entities which come under the realm of non-inflammatory cystic lesions of the pancreas, the other one being mucinous cystic neoplasm. The clinco-pathological features of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas are unique. The patient had a long history of symptoms suggestive of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed dilatation of the main duct, ultrasonography showed cystic dilatation interpreted as pseudocyts. Current thinking suggests that at best IPMN represents a premalignant condition and, as such, surgical intervention is recommended. The aim should be to resect all gross disease while attempting to achieve a negative surgical margin, which in the majority of cases can be achieved by a partial or subtotal pancreatectomy, which was performed on the patient. Histologically, they demonstrate a spectrum of cellular atypia ranging from minimal mucinous hyperplasia to frank invasive carcinoma. Although the neoplasms are less aggressive as a group than conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, patients with IPMNs may pursue a deadly course, even in the absence of identifiable invasive carcinoma thus emphasizing the importance of recognizing IPMNs and initiating optimal modalities of treatment.

Keywords: Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN), pancreatic neoplasm, partial pancreatectomy

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[2] Klimstra DS, Takaori K, Hruban RH, et al. Consensus criteria for the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)
and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Mod Pathol 2004; 17:305A.
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patients. Cancer 1989; 64:1329-35
[4] Falconi M, Salvia R, Bassi C, et al. Clinicopathological features and treatment of intraductal papillary mucinous tumour of the
pancreas. Br J Surg 2001; 88:376–81.
[5] Fujiwara T, Tu Y, et al. Long-term follow-up of intraductal papillary adenoma of the pancreas. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37:868–73.
[6] Itai Y, Ohhashi K, Nagai H, Murakami Y, Kokubo T, Makita K, et al. "Ductectatic" mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
of the pancreas. Radiology 1986; 161:697–700.
[7] Kloppel G, Solcia E, Longnecker DS, Capella C, Sobin LH, editors. Histologic typing of tumors of the exocrine pancreas (Geneva:
Springer, 1996).
[8] Kozuka S, Sassa R, Taki J, et al. Relation of pancreatic duct hyperplasia to carcinoma. Cancer 1979; 43:1418-28.
[9] Irie H, Honda H, Aibe H, et al. MR cholangiopancreatographic differentiation of benign and malignant intraductal mucin-producing
tumors of the pancreas. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174:1403–8.
[10] Krinsky G. Case 26–2000: intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 141; author reply 141–2.

Abstract: An 84-year-old Malay gentleman presented with signs of intestinal obstruction secondary to obstructed right giant inguinoscrotal hernia. He was subjected for emergency inguinal hernia repair with intraoperative findings of multiple loop of dilated bowel with thickened omentum within the sac. Repair of the hernia defect with strengthening of the posterior wall was carried out. Post-operatively the patient was managed in ICU due to development of intra-abdominal hypertension. The presentation and management of giant inguinoscrotal hernia will be further discussed.

Keywords: giant inguinoscrotal hernia, abdominal compartment syndrome

[1] Coetzee E, Price C, Boutall A (2011). Simple repair of giant inguinoscrotal hernia. Int J of Sur; 2; 32–35.
[2] Tahir M, Ahmed F U, Seenu V (2008). Giant inguinoscrotal hernia: case report and management principles. Int J of Surg; 6; 495 – 497.
[3] Geerard L B, Oosterhuis K J, Peter M.N.Y.H. , et al (1997). Longterm follow-up (12-15 years) of a randomized controlled trial
comparing Bassini-Stetten, Shouldice, and high ligation with narrowing of the internal ring for primary inguinal hernia repair. J Am
Coll Surg; 185: 352-357.
[4] Inguinal Hernia in the 21st Century: An Evidence-Based Review (2008). Curr Probl Surg; 45: 261-312.
[5] Hayden P ( 2007). Intra abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Anaes & Crit Care; 18; 311–316.
[6] Clare B S, Vyas H (2004). Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Paed; 14; 191–196.

Abstract: Aims and objectives:To determine the relationship between Haematologic indices and immunologic marker in prediction of HIV disease in patients in the Niger delta region of Nigeria Methodology: Fifty anti-retroviral drugs naïve HIV-infected adult subjects aged 20-55 years and 50 matched controls were recruited from January-December, 2009 at Haematology clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Samples were collected for complete blood count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Retroviral screening and confirmation, and CD4 positive T-lymphocyte count. RESULTS: The mean ESR in HIV-infected patients (97.46 ± 39.9 mm/hr) and that of the control was (10.1 ± 5.7 mm/hr). The mean Haemoglobin concentration, ALC, Platelet count and CD4 positive lymphocyte count of HIV-infected patients were 10.9 ± 2.0g/dl or 0.33 ± 0.06L/L, 3283 ± 691 cells/mm3, 157000 ± 81979 cells/μl and 217.0 ± 144.8 cells/μl respectively and that of the control were 14.3 ± 1.5g/dl or 0.43 ± 0.045L/L, 4746 ± 1263 cells/mm3, 197660 ± 48742 cells/μl and 896.2 ± 198.0 cells/μl respectively. CD4 positive lymphocyte count was weakly inversely correlated to ESR in both patients and control (r = -0.18; -0.11 respectively), and weakly directly correlated to ALC (r = 0.18; r = 0.24), Haematocrit (r = 0.07; r = 0.31) and platelet count (r = 0.05; r = 0.08. Conclusion: Elevated ESR, decreased Haematocrit, ALC and Platelet count are essential haematologic predictive markers of HIV disease progression in resource limited centre's, though they may not be useful surrogate to CD4 count.

Key Words:HIV, Correlationship, Haematologic markers, Immune predictive marker.

[1] UNAIDS. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.AIDS epidemic update. November, 2007. UNAIDS information centre
and World Health Organization (WHO) 2007.UNAIDS/O7.27E/JC1322E.
[2] UNAIDS. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.AIDS epidemic update. December, 2006.UNAIDS information centre in
collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) 2006.UNAIDS/06.29E.
[3] National HIV/Syphilis Sentinel Survey Reports. Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health. December 2006.
[4] UNAIDS:Reports on the global AIDS epidemic 2009.
[5] Modified National Policy on HIV/AIDS. Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with Federal Government of Nigeria.May,2004.
[6] Ndakotsu MA, Salawu L, Durosimi MA: Relation between Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Clinical and Immune status in HIVinfected patients: Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2009.Vol.17.No.4:420-422.
[7] Idoko JA, Idigbe JA, Njoku MO, Sirisena ND, Isamade ET, et al. CD4 T-lymphocyte count in HIV-infected Healthy Nigerian
population. Nigerian Medical Practitioner 2001;39:53-55.
[8] Erhabor O, Nwauche CA, Ejele O.A, Babatunde S: CD4 positive lymphocyte reference ranges in healthy adults in Port -Harcourt,
Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal Vol 8 No.3 July-September,2005;71-75.
[9] Ogunro PS, Idogun ES, Ogungbamigbe TO, Ajala MO, Olowu OA: Serum concentration of acute phase proteins and lipid profile in
HIV-1 seropositve patients and its relationship to the progression of disease. The Nigerian postgraduate Medical Journal, 2008; Vol
5.No 4(219-224).
[10] Lefrere JJ, Salmon D, Doinelet. al. Sedimentation rate as a Predictive marker in HIV infection. AIDS 1988 Feb;2(1):63-4.

Abstract: Aim and Objectives: To determine the cause of sudden cardiovascular deaths and observe morphological changes in heart following death. Materials and Methods: A cross section of seventy-seven(77) cases of deaths involving only cardiovascular deaths autopsies from july 2007 to june 2012 was done. A detailed autopsy including external and internal postmortem examination was done. The results was analysed using Microsoft excel. Results: These shows 62% of sudden cardiovascular deaths as males,38% in females and 11% are of ages less than thirty(30) years. In this later age range males are 10% and females 1 %. Conclusion: These goes to say if one could have identified all risk factors and measures instituted most patients would have been saved from sudden death.

Keywords: Sudden Cardiovascular deaths,Hypertension,autopsy

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Abstract: Background: PFPS describes anterior and retro patellar knee pain in the absence of other pathology. PFPS is one of the most common disorders of the knee accounts for 25% of knee injuries in sports medicine clinics. Prevalence rate is 20% in USA students and morbidity is directly related to activity of patients. EMG studies of normal subject have revealed that VMO /VL ratio is about 1:1 (power CM et al) Objective: To study the VMO/VL ratio during ECCENTRIC, CONCENTRIC, ISOMETRIC exercise and Q-angle in PFPS patients and control groups. Materials & Method: SUBJECTS; 25 diagnosed with PFPS and 25 asymptomatic control were recruited for study. EMG activity of VMO VL was recorded by surface electrodes.EMG data were analyzed in three activities for both groups, ISOMETRIC, CONCENTRIC and ECCENTRIC exercise. Outcome measure was EMG MUAP amplitude and Q-angle. Results: Results showed that VMO/VL ratio is lower in PFPS subjects. And static and dynamic Q-angle is higher for PFPS groups. Conclusion: There was significant difference in VMO/VL ratio and Q-angle in both groups.

Key words: VMO, Surface EMG, Q-angle.

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Abstract: Objective: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine for post-operative pain management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: Group A: Patients received 20 ml of 0.9% normal saline as placebo (n=75). Group B: Patients received 20 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine (n=75). All patients were pre-medicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2mg, ondansetron 4 mg and ranitidine 150 mg intravenously half an hour prior to induction of anesthesia. All patients were given standard general anaesthesia with propofol (2-2.5 mg/kg), fentanyl 2 μg/kg, and succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with 60% N2O in oxygen with 0.5 to 1% Halothane. Results: The age and sex distribution of both groups were similar. The heart rate, systolic & diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure and mean trend of SpO2 in both groups remained similar over the periods. The mean VAS in both groups varied considerably within (between time) and between the groups (treatment) especially comparatively higher in Group A at initial hours 15 min to 30 min and at end hours 12-24 hrs as compared to B. On an average, the frequent dosing of rescue analgesia and mean no. of rescue analgesia doses were higher in Group A than B. Conclusion: We conclude that intraperitoneal instillation of local anaesthetic is an easy, cheap, and noninvasive method which provides good analgesia in the immediate postoperative period after laparoscopic surgery.

Key words: Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, general anaesthesia.

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