iosr-JDMS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Traditional endodontics has been based on feel not sight. Together with radiographs and electronic apex locators this blind approach has produced surprising success. There is, however, a significant failure rate, especially in long-term. Magnification helps the user not only to see more, but to see well. High levels of magnification increase the aggregate amount of visual information available to endodontists for diagnosing and treating dental pathology. Initially resisted, there has been a recent surge of interest in microscope enhanced dentistry among endodontists. Despite their higher price tags, however, when the dental operating microscope is fully integrated into an endodontic practice and used to its fullest potential, a return on investment is improved ergonomics and zero defect endodontics.

Keywords:Dental Operating Microscope (DOM), Endodontics , Ergonomics, Magnification.

[1]. Apotheker H. A Microscope for Use in Dentistry. J Microsurg. 1981; 3:7.

[2]. Gary B. Carr, Carlos A.F. Murgel-The Use of the Operating Microscope in Endodontics: Dent Clin N Am 54, 2010:191–214.

[3]. Selden HS. The dental-operating microscope and its slow acceptance. J Endod 2002; 28(3): 206–7.

[4]. CarrGB.Microscopes in Endodontics. J Calif Dent Assoc.1992: 20(11): 55-61.

[5]. Use of the Dental Operating Microscope in Laser Dentistry: Seeing the Light Glenn A. van As-J Laser Dent 2007; 15(3):122-129.

[6]. Carr GB. Magnification and illumination in endodontics. In: Hardin JF, (Editor) Clark's Clinical Dentistry. (New York: Mosby, 1998) 4:1-14.

[7]. Behle C. Photography and the Operating Microscope in Dentistry. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2001; 29(10): 765-771.

[8]. Glenn A. van As,Extreme Magnification: Seeing the Light- www.ineedce.com

[9]. Tibbets LS, Shanelec DA. Periodontal Microsurgery. Dent Clin North Am. 1998; 42:339–359.

[10]. Baldissara P, Baldissara S, Scotti, R. Reliability of Tactile Perception Using Sharp and Dull Explorers in Marginal Opening Identification. Int J Prosth. 1998; 11(6):591–594.

Abstract: A fifty year old male, diagnosed to have an acute retropharyngeal space infection reported two days after his discharge from the hospital with breathing difficulty and rapidly progressive diffuse swelling of the neck. Immediate clinical evaluation failed to localize the exact cause but computed tomography revealed large anterior visceral compartment abscess with recurring retropharyngeal space infection. In this case the involvement of visceral compartment of the neck was a unique presentation. Retropharyngeal space infections are known for their spread to other spaces. However, involvement of visceral compartment is rare. Proximity to visceral vascular space and possibility of spread of infection to superior mediastinum makes visceral space infections a life threatening condition. Deep neck space infections should be observed for extensions beyond the primary site. The role of imaging is indispensable while monitoring these infections. Prompt initiation of definitive treatment can prevent catastrophic complications.

Keywords - Visceral compartment of neck, retropharyngeal space infection, computed tomography scan.

[1] Gidley PW, Ghorayeb BY, Stiernberg CM. Contemporary management of deep neck space infections. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Jan; 116(1):16-22. [Pub med]
[2] Eugene N Myers, Operative otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Deep neck space infection, John T Jhonson. vol.1, chapter 77:p672-673
[3] Steven CR, Anthony WC. Life threatening infections of peripharyngeal and deep fascial spaces of the Head and Neck. Vol. 21, Infectious disease clinics of North America (2007): pp. 569-570.
[4] Arora S, Sharma JK, Pippal SK, Yadav A, Najmi M, Singhal D. Retropharyngeal abscess following a gunshot injury. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2009; 75(6):p. 909.
[5] Marques PM, Spratley JE, Leal LM, Cardoso E, Santos M. Parapharyngeal abscess in children: five year retrospective study. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2009; 75(6):826–830.
[6] Grodinsky, M and Holyoke, E. A. (1938): The fasciae and fascial spaces of head, neck and adjacent regions. American Journal of Anatomy 63: p. 367-93.
[7] Grodinsky M, (1939): Retropharyngeal and lateral pharyngeal abscesses: An anatomic and clinical study. Annzeles Surgery 110: p. 177.
[8] Pearse, H. E. (1938): Mediastinitis following cervical suppuration. Annzeles Surgery 108: p. 588.
[9] Iglauer, S. (1935): Surgical approaches to deep suppuration in the neck and posterior mediastinum. Archives Otolaryngology 21: p. 707.
[10] Coller, F. A. and Yglesias, L. (1935): Infections of the lip and face. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 60: p. 277.

Abstract: Background: My Fitness Trainer (MFT) balance board was produced for skiers and then surfers to practice their skills in the off season. However, there was hardly any study done by using this balance board in normal individuals. Objective: To find out the effect of My Fitness Trainer Balance Board Training on normal healthy individuals. Study Design: Pre and Post. Materials and Methods: Twenty (10 males, 10 females) healthy normal individuals between the age of 20-30 years. Individuals were made to stand in the Electronic Balance Board and the computer screen was kept in front of him for giving biofeedback and was trained for forward, backward and sideways balance re-training. At the end of training, his score was displayed in the screen & recorded for 30, 45, 60 seconds. Training was given for 30 minutes once/ week for 6 weeks. Results: The results showed improvement in the balance score after 6 weeks of training programme (p<0.01). Conclusion: MFT Balance board is of a great use for training purpose.

Keywords: Balance, Propioception, Stability

[1] Waddington G.S. and Adams, R.D., The Effect of a 5-Week Wobble-Board Exercise Intervention on Ability to Discriminate Different Degrees of Ankle Inversion, Barefoot and Wearing Shoes, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(4), 2004.

[2] Aaltonen, Karjalainen, H, Heinonen, A. Parkkari, J and Kujala, Prevention of Sports Injuries: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trial, Archives of Internal Medicine (of the Journal of the American Medical Association), 167 (15), 2007, 13-27.

[3] McGuine, T.A., Keene, J.S., The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Risk of Ankle Sprains in High School Athletes, American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(7), 2006, 15-20.

[4] Caraffa, A., Cerulli, G., Projetti, M., Aisa, G. and Rizzo, A, Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Soccer: A Prospective Controlled Study of Proprioceptive Training, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 4(1), 1996.

[5] Rhoads, Jarett A., Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Programs Impact on Knee Injury Rates in the Athletic Female: A Synthesis of the Research Literature, a masters thesis at the State University of New York College at Brockport: systematic review of eight published trials, three of which tested balance boards.

[6] McKeon PO, Hertel J., Systematic review of postural control and lateral ankle instability, part II: is balance training clinically effective? J Athl Train, 43(3), 2008,305-315.

[7] Raschner, C., Lembert, S., Platzer, H. P., Patterson, C., Hilden, T., & Lutz, M. (2008). [S3-check--evaluation and generation of normal values of a test for balance ability and postural stability]. Sportverletzungen und Sportschaden, 22, 2008, 100-5.
[8] Gaerlan, Mary Grace, The role of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems in postural balance" (2010). UNLV Theses/ Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 357. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/357

[9] Michaela Gstöttner, Andreas Neher, Arne Scholtz, Martin Millonig, Sandra Lembert, and Christian Raschner, Balance Ability and Muscle Response of the Preferred and Nonpreferred Leg in Soccer Players, Motor Control,13, 1996, 218-231.

[10] Walker C, Brouwer BJ, Culham EG, Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke, Phys Ther 80, 2000, 886-895.

Abstract: During routine dissections in the Dept. Of anatomy, Sri Venkateswara Medical college, Tirupathi, A.P. we encountered a rare anomaly in an adult male cadaver on the right upper limb. The third part of the axillary artery unilaterally divides into two major arterial stems, named according to their localization as deep brachial artery and superficial brachial artery (brachial artery proper).Deep brachial artery passes at first in between the two roots of median nerve, and later deep to lateral root of median nerve. The deep brachial artery gives off the posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, subscapular artery, and profunda brachii artery and lower down in the arm,it terminates by dividing into superior ulnar collateral artery and inferior ulnar collateral artery. This case is a anamoly of the axillary artery that has been rarely documented in the literature(0.12-3.2%). Accurate knowledge of the normal and variant arterial anatomy of the axillary artery is important for surgeons and specialists using radiodiagnostic techniques. The improved knowledge would allow more accurate diagnostic interpretations and surgical treatment.

Key words: Axillary artery, superficial brachial artery, deep brachial artery.

[1]. Cavdar S, Zeybek A, Bayramiçli M Rare variation of the axillary artery. Clin Anat. 2000;13(1):66-8. PMID: 10617889.
[2]. Kachlik D, Konarik M, Baca V. Vascular patterns of upper limb: an anatomical study with accent on superficial brachial artery. PMID: 21342134.
[3]. Nakatani T, Mizukami S, Tanaka S A rare case: the medical cord of the brachial plexus sandwiched between the axillary and superficial brachial arteries. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1997 Apr;72(2):151-4. PMID:9153967.
[4]. VijayaBhaskar P, Ritesh R, Shankar PR. Anomalous branching of the axillary artery: a case reportKathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2006 Oct-Dec;4(4):517-9. PMID: 18603967.
[5]. Yang HJ, Gil YC, Jung WS, Lee HY. Variations of the superficial brachial artery in Korean cadavers. J Korean Med Sci. 2008 Oct;23(5):884-7. PMID: 18955798
[6]. Asim kumar data. The circulatory system, in: Human Embryology, 5th edition. Current books international may 2005;195-197.
[7]. Hamilton WJ, Mossman HW. Cardiovascular system, in: Human Embryology, 4th edition. Baltimores , Williams and Wilkins, 1972;271-290.

Abstract: Menstrual hygiene is an issue that is insufficiently acknowledged. Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the scientific facts and hygienic health practices, which sometimes result into adverse health outcomes. The present study was designed to assess the knowledge, beliefs, and source of information regarding menstruation among the adolescent school girls of the secondary school and also to identify the status of menstrual hygiene among them. A descriptive, cross-sectional community based study was conducted among 147 adolescent girls of a secondary school situated in the urban field practice area of dept of Community Medicine Medical College Kolkata with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Out of 147 respondents, 62(42 %) girls were aware about menstruation prior to attainment of menarche. Hand-washing was regular among 91.8% but 16.3% washed only with water. Similarly washing of private parts were regular among 76.9% but 74.1% used only water no soap, there is significant relationship between hygienic practices followed and presence of continuous supply of water and presence of exclusive toilet of their family. Except for 2(1.3%) everybody followed some taboo or unnecessary restriction. Menstrual hygiene, a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections (RTI), is a vital aspect of health education. This problem, unfortunately, has not yet been addressed seriously in terms of its mental, social and health impact on the country.

Keywords: Adolescent girl, menstrual hygiene, RTI, sanitary pad

[1] Adolescents in India. A Profile. World Health Organization. 2003. Available at: http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Adolescent_Health_and_Development_(AHD)_UNFPA_Country_Report.pdf (Accessed on August 12, 2011).

[2] Banerjee I, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharyya NG, Bandyopadhyay S, Saiyed HN, Mukherjee D. A cohort study of correlation between body mass index and age at menarche in healthy Bengali girls. J Indian Med Assoc 2007; 105:75-8.

[3] Rao S, Joshi S, Kanade A. Height velocity, body fat and menarcheal age of Indian girls. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35:619-28.

[4] Singh MM, Devi R, Garg S, Mehra M. Effectiveness of syndromic approach in management of reproductive tract infections in women. Indian J Med Sci 2001; 55(4):209-14.

[5] Wasserheit JN. The significance and scope of reproductive tract infections among Third World women. Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet 1989; 3:145-68.

[6] Suryakantha AH, Community Medicine with recent advances. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.2nd edition 2010; 680.

[7] Khanna A, Goyal RS, Bhawsar R. Menstrual practices and reproductive problems: a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan. J Health Manag 2005;7:91-107

[8] El-Gilany AH, Badawi K. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt. Reprod Health Matters 2005; 13:147-52.

[9] Deo DS, Ghattargi CH. Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls. Indian J Community Med 2005;30:33-4

[10] Drakshayani Devi K, Venkata Ramaiah P. A study on menstrual hygiene among rural adolescent girls; Indian J Med Sci 1994; 48:139-43

Abstract: Background: Out-of-pocket payment dominates the bulk of health care financing in Osun State as in other parts of Nigeria. Pre-payment plans which have been identified to turn the unexpected health expenditures into predictable form of payments have not received desirable consideration. Given the importance of such pre-payment scheme, the aim of this study is to assess willingness to pay for community based health care financing scheme among rural and urban households in Osun State. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional comparative study of willingness to pay for community based health care financing schemes among 450 urban and an equal number of rural households in Osun State using multistage sampling method. Research instruments were pre-coded, pre-tested semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using STATA 10 software. Result: The findings from this research showed that rural household heads 373 (82.8%) were more willing to pay for community based health care financing scheme than the urban household heads 232 (51.6%). Premium Urban households were willing to pay ₦1798.90k per year while rural ones were willing to pay ₦ 721.70k. Major factors identified that contribute to willingness to pay in the households are number in the households, level of education, income, distance to the health centers, marital status, age and Male gender. Conclusion: Women, the poor, and people with low level of education were less willing to pay. Therefore, when establishing community based health scheme there should be selective targeting of the vulnerable groups within the communities due to their inability to finance health care payments. The results of this research strongly suggest that contingent valuation surveys are feasible methods for estimating households'willingness to pay for community based health care financing scheme in Osun State.

Keywords: Willingness to pay, Community based Health Care Financing, Nigeria

[1]. Arkin-Tenkorang,DC.Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa:Designing features,risk protection and resource mobilization, Health,Nutrition and Population(HNP) Discussion Paper,World Health Organization,2001,Washighton D.C.
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[3]. WHO. Country cooperation strategy: Federal republic of Nigeria, 2002-2007. Geneva Switzerland:WHO;2007
[4]. World development report (2005).World development indicators: country: Nigeria. Accessed on 24 Febuary, 2012. Available atwww.worldbank.org/external/countries/africa ext/nigeriaextn.
[5]. Adinma ED, Adinma BJ. Community Based healthcare financing: An untapped option to effective healthcare funding in Nigeria. Nigeria Med J 2010; 51:95-100.
[6]. Partners for Health Reform Plus, 21 questions on CBHF, An Overview of Community-Based Health Financing. March 2004.
[7]. Masud TI, Farooq N. Equity shortfalls and Welfare State: Willingness to pay for health care at Government facilities in Jhelum. J.Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2003,15(4):43-49.
[8]. Onwujekwe O, Okereke E, Onoka C, Uzochukwu B, Kirigiaand J , Petu A. Willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Nigeria: Do economic status and place of residence matter? Health Policy Planning, 2010; 25(2): 155-161.
[9]. Babatunde OA, Akande TM, Salahudeen AG, Aderibgbe SA, Elegbede OE, Ayodele LM. Willingness to pay for community health insurance and its determinants among household heads in rural communities in North Central Nigeria. International review of Social Sciences and Humanities 2012 ;(2):133-142.
[10]. Barnighausten T, Liu X, Zang X, Sauerborn R. Willingness to pay for social health insurance among informal workers in Wuhan, China: A contingent valuation study, London Biomed Central Health Services Research, 2007.

Abstract:Myringoplasty is the operation specifically designed to close tympanic membrane defects the main aim of surgery of chronic ear disease is to eliminate disease process and reconstruct middle ear to give the patient a dry safe and functioning ear. In this study a clinical study of myringoplasty underlay technique in the management of central perforations done. Main emphasis is laid on evaluation of prognostic factors like Eustachian tube function, middle ear mucosa at operation and audiometric evaluation pre and post operatively. A series of patients treated in the Department of ENT, Government General Hospital, Kurnool during the period of two years is taken for the study. Relevant literature regarding anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and various methods of medical and surgical management are reviewed.

Keywords : Chronic suppurative otitis media, Tympanoplasty, Eustachian tube function, middle ear mucosa, audiometric evaluation.

[1]. Ars B, Miled I, Ars. P.Allograft Myringoplasty. Acta Oto-Rhino Laryngologica Belgica 1995; 49: 207-18.
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[10]. Hough J.V.D. Experience in tympanoplasty – avoiding revisions and complications. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 1982; 15:845-860.

Abstract:Immediate dental implant placement has been an acceptable procedure for at least the past two decades. Commonly, immediate implants have been reserved for the single rooted anterior tooth and single or bi-rooted premolar tooth. Perhaps the most important aspect of any implant surgery in accordance with the successful procedure is implant stability and bone to implant contact (BIC). Removal of molar teeth provides a challenging and intriguing dilemma due to multiple root morphology. In the case of extraction and immediate placement of dental implants preserving alveolar bone proper, particularly that of the labial and lingual plates of bone is essential in providing the optimal environment for maximizing BIC and implant stability. Also, the position of the final restoration must be considered, in relation to intra and inter arch position, occlusion, function and esthetics. Thus, minimal alveolar bone removal should be considered and attained to aid in the above factors in order to provide an acceptable surgical site for successful placement of the dental implant. Finally, and perhaps most importantly when considering immediate molar implant placement, removal of the intra-alveolar septum should be avoided to aid in increasing BIC and allowing the attainment of initial implant stability at the time of placement.

[1]. Zahnmed SM: Prevention of alveolar ridge resorption after teeth extraction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 114: 328, 2004.
[2]. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Kwan S, Worthington H V, Coulthard P: Intervention for replacing missing teeth: bone augmentation techniques for dental implant treatment. Aust Dent J. 70: 54, 2009.
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[4]. Coatoam G, Mariotti A: Immediate placement of anatomically shaped dental Implants. J Oral Implantol. 26:170, 2000.
[5]. Chen ST, Darby IB, Reynolds EC, Clement JG. Immediate implant placement postextraction without flap elevation. J Periodontol. 80 : 163-172, 2009
[6]. McAllister BS, Haghighat K. Bone augmentation techniques. J Periosdontol. 78 : 377-396, 2007.
[7]. Fugazzotto PA. Report of 302 consecutive ridge augmentation procedures : technical considerations and clinical results . Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1998 ; 13 : 358-368.
[8]. Simon M, Trisi P, Piattelli A: Vertical ridge augmentation using a membrane technique associated with ossointegrated, implants. Int J Periodont Rest Dent. 14: 497, 1994.
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[10]. Schliephake H, Dard M, Planck H, Hierlemann H, Jakob A.: Guided bone regeneration around endosseious implants using a resorbable membrane VS ePTFE membrane . Clin. Oral Impl .Res:11:230, 2000.