iosr-JDMS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Aims- Periodontal disease, a chronic bacterial infection of the oral cavity is a novel risk factor for various systemic diseases. Among the systemic diseases, end stage renal disease has been shown to affect not only the general health of the patient but also oral and periodontal health. This study was conducted to gain an insight on the influence of renal dialysis on periodontal health. Materials and method- 234 patients undergoing renal dialysis (60 % male, 40 % female) were included in the study. The study group was divided into 4 age groups confounding systemic evaluation was conducted. Periodontal disease status was measured by CPITN. The collected data was analysed using SPSS.Inc Chicago ,USA (11.5) software. Results- Prevalence of moderate to severe gingivitis and moderate periodontitis were seen in renal dialysis of patients. Conclusion- The deteriorating general health causes negligence of oral health. The population needs comprehensive oral and periodontal care in consultation with nephrologist and oral health professionals.

Keywords – chronic renal disease, haemodialysis, periodontitis, CPITN index

[1]. Fergerson CA, Whyman FA, Dental management of people with renal disease and renal transplantation. N Z Dent J 1998;94, 125-136
[2]. Craig R.G . Interactions between chronic renal disease and periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2008, Jan 14(1), 1-7
[3]. Kardachi BJ, Newcomb GM. A clinical study of gingival inflammation in renal transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs. J. Periodontol 1978;49;307-10
[4]. Naugle K, Darby ML, Bauman DB, Lineberger LT, Powers R, The oral health status of individual on renal dialysis. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3;197-205.
[5]. Fisher M.A, Taylor G W, A prediction model for chronic renal disease includes periodontal disease. J. Periodontol 2009; 80; 16-23.
[6]. Fisher M.A, Taylor G W, Papapanov PN et al, clinical and serological markers of periodontal infection and chronic kidney disease. J. Periodontol 2008;79;1670-1678.
[7]. Kshirsagar AV, Moes KL, Elter JR et al, periodontal disease is associated with renal insufficiency in artherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Am.J.Kidney Dis 2005;45;650-657.
[8]. Kshirsagar AV, Craig RG, Moes KL et al, Periodontal disease adversely affecting the survival of patients with end stage renal disease. Int;2009;75; 746-751.
[9]. Borawski J, Wilczyńska-Borawska M, Stokowska W, Myśliwiec M. The periodontal status of pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease and maintenance dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Feb;22(2):457-64.
[10]. Farhad Atassi, DDS, MSc, FICOI ,Abdullah R. Al-Shammery , BDS, MSc ,Saeed Al-Ghamdi , BDS . Gingival health among individuals on haemodialysis in a Saudi population, Saudi Dental Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, May - August 2001.

Abstract: Introduction: Recognizing dental and skeletal developmental stages from cephalometric and panoramic radiographs is very useful to assess physiologic maturity without resorting to any special radiograph. Objectives: 1. Dental age determination from panoramic radiograph using Demirjian method. 2. Skeletal age determination from lateral cephalometric radiograph using Hassel and Farman method. 3. To evaluate the nature of interrelationship between Chronological, Dental and Skeletal age. Methods: The sample for study consisted of 160 radiographs (80 panoramic radiographs and 80 cephalometric radiographs) of 40 boys and 40 girls randomly selected from various schools of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India in the age group of 6 to 13 years known chronological age. Data was collected and analyzed. Results: A strong correlation exists between Chronological and assessed Dental age in both genders of 7-12age. (r = 0.8) A moderate correlation exists between Chronological and assessed Skeletal age in both genders of 9-13age (r =0.4) A moderate correlation exists between assessed Skeletal and Dental age in both genders of 9-13age (r =0.6) Conclusions: Significant strong correlation was found among Chronological and assessed Dental age. Girls showed an early maturation over boys of the same age group.

Keywords – Chronological age, Dental age, Maturity indicators, Radiographic evaluation, Skeletal age.

[1]. Brent Hassel, A.G Farman: Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae. Am J orthod Dentofacial Orthop 107, 1995, 58-66.

[2]. Demirjian A,Buschany R, Tanguay R, patterson K: Interrelationship among measure of somatic, dental and skeletal maturity. AJO Jan. 1986: 433-438

[3]. William G, Van Olmen A, Spiessens B, Charls C: Dental Age Estimation in Belgian children: Demirjian's Technique Revisited. J Forensic Sci 46(4), 2001, 893-895.

[4] Bhavna Gupta , Rajesh Anegundi: Comparison Of Dental Age of Hubli Dharwad children by Moore's method with the Skeletal and Chronological age. The internet journal of dental science.6(1), 2008.

[5]. Chertkow.S: Tooth mineralization as an indicator of pubertal growth spurt. AJO Jan, 77, 1980: 196-215.

[6]. Suleekorn Krailassiri, Niwat Anuwongnukroh, Surachai Dechkunakorn: Relationships Between Dental Calcification Stages and Skeletal Maturity Indicators in Thai Individuals. Angle Orthod 72(2):2001, 156-166

[7]. Tancan Uysa;, Sabri llhan Ramoglu, Faruk Ayhan basciftci, Zafer Sari: Chronological age and skeletal maturation of the cervical vertebrae and Hand-wrist: Is there a relationship? Am J orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006: 130:622-8.

Abstract: Background: Patient satisfaction is one of the important studied aspects of health care. Measuring satisfaction reliably, however, is an ongoing challenge, thus objective of the study was to assess patient satisfaction in CGHS Dispensaries. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted over one year period in CGHS Dispensaries at Kolkata. A multistage sampling method was followed. Total number of respondents was 412. A self administered predesigned, pretested , semi structured questionnaire was used. Likert scale was used as scoring system in the questionnaire for patient satisfaction evaluation. Results: The overall level of satisfaction( moderate & very satisfied)in this study was 36.9%. Majority of the total respondents (84%) agreed/strongly agreed regarding the inadequacy of facilities like toilet , drinking water, sitting arrangement in the dispensaries. About (72.5%) of the overall respondents agreed/strongly agreed to the fact that doctors treating them were attentive, overwhelming majority of the total respondents (88.4%) was of the opinion that overcrowding was a problem in the dispensaries. Statistically significant association was found between patient satisfaction and per capita income in this study .Conclusion: The overall recommendation is that CGHS should strive to maintain the standard it has in order to keep patients satisfied with the services they receive.

Keywords - CGHS Dispensaries , likert scale, patient satisfaction..

[1] Haldar D, Sarkar A.P, Bisoi S, Mondal P :Assessment of client's perception in terms of satisfaction and service utilization in the central government health scheme dispensary at Kolkata. Indian J Commun Med 33:121-6,2008 .

[2] Roberts J.G and Tugwell P ; Comparison of questionnaires determining patient satisfaction with medical care. Health Serv Res. 22(5): 637–654,1987 December.

[3] Prasad B, Gupta VM. A qualitative assessment of antenatal care provided by auxiliary nurse midwives. Indian J Public Health 43: 140-3. 1999.

[4] CGHS Compendium ,www.mohfw.nic.in/cghs.htm,(accessed on 15th March,2008)

[5] Luthans - F, Organizational behavior (Mcgraw Hill Series in management,5 edition ,1989).

[6] Khandalwal, A , Human Resources Development (Oxford and IBH New Delhi,1988)

[7] Srivastava R.K. Assessment of Utilization of RCH Services and Client Satisfaction at different level of Health Facilities in Varanasi District. Indian J Public Health 53(3):183-189,2009 July- Sept.

[8] Akoijam BS, Konjengbam S, Bishwalata R, Singh TA: Patients' satisfaction with hospital care in a referral institute in Manipur. Indian J Public Health 51(4):240-3, 2007 Oct-Dec.

[9] Mahapatra P, Srilatha. S, Sridhar.P; A Patient Satisfaction Survey in Public Hospitals .Journal of the Academy of Hospital Administration: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2001-07 - 2001-12).

[10] Kumari R. Study on Patient Satisfaction in the Government Allopathic Health Facilities of Lucknow District. India Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol 34: Issue 1, January 2009.

Abstract: Gingival hyperpigmentation is mostly caused by the physiologic deposition of melanin by melanocytes. Melanin pigmentation of the gingiva is completely benign and does not present a medical problem. In "Gummy Smile" Patients, melanin gingival hyperpigmentation causes an esthetic problem and physiologic disturbances. Many methods are now available for depigmentation of the gingival. This paper reports two cases of gingival hyperpigmentation managed by surgical method.

Key Words: Gingiva, Melanin, Esthetic, Depigmentation.

[1]. Dummet CO : First symposium on oral pigmentation. Journal of Periodontology, 1960; 31(5): 345-385.
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[3]. Meleti M, Vescovi P, Mooi WJ, van der Waal I. Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa and perioral tissues: a flow-chart for the diagnosis and some recommendations for the management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:606 616.[PubMed]
[4]. Hedin CA, Pindborg JJ, Axéll T. Disappearance of smoker's melanosis after reducing smoking. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:228–230.[PubMed]
[5]. Almas K and Sadiq W. Surgical treatment of melanin pigmented gingiva: An esthetic approach. Indian journal of Dental Research 2002; 13(2): 70-73.
[6]. Rosa DS, Aranha AC, Eduardo Cde P, Aoki A. Esthetic treatment of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation with Er:YAG laser: short-term clinical observations and patient follow-up. J Periodontol. 2007;78:2018–2025.[PubMed] .
[7]. Ozcelik O, Cenk Haytac M, Kunin A, Seydaoglu G. Improved wound healing by low-level laser irradiation after gingivectomy operations: a controlled clinical pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:250–254. [PubMed]
[8]. Roshna T, Nandakumar K. (2005). Anterior Esthetic gingival depigmentation and crownlenthening: Report of a case. J Contemp Dent Pract, (6)3;139-147.
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[10]. Begamaschi O,Kon S,Doine AI,Ruben MP.(1993). Melanin repigmentation after gingivectomy :A five year clinical and transmission Electron Microscopic Study in Humans.Int Journal of periodontic's and restorative Dentistry, 13(1):85-92.

Abstract: The laminae of fifth and sometimes fourth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse posteriorly in the sagittal plane leading to formation of a deficiency in the posterior wall of the sacral canal commonly known as sacral hiatus. During osteology demonstration class of MBBS students of the Department of Anatomy, U.C.M.S and G.T.B Hospital, Delhi, we noticed a sacrum in which sacral hiatus was extending to a level just inferior to the spinous process of second sacral vertebra. Review of literature suggested that the extent of sacral hiatus could be variable. To our knowledge, extension of sacral hiatus just inferior to spinous process of second sacral vertebra has not been described in the past. Familiarity with such kind of variation may help in administration of caudal epidural anaesthesia.

Key words: Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Caudal epidural block, Sacral canal, Sacral hiatus

[1]. Patil D, S; Jadav, H. R; Binodkumar; Mehta, C. D Patel V D. Anatomical study of sacral hiatus for caudal epidural block.National Journal of Medical Research, 2 (3):272-275, 2012.
[2]. Standring, S.; Gray's Anatomy. 40th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 2008.p.724.
[3]. Keith, L. Moore; Anne, M. R. Agur & Arthur F. Dalley.; Essential Clinical Anatomy. 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolter Kluwer, Baltimore, Philadelphia, 2011.p.283.
[4]. Keith, L. Moore; Arthur, F. Dalley & Anne, M. R. Agur.; Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 6th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolter Kluwer, Baltimore, Philadelphia, 2009.p.451.
[5]. Snell, R. S.; Clinical Anatomy by Regions. 8th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolter Kluwer,Baltimore, Philadelphia, 2008..p.310.
[6]. Snell, R. S.; Clinical Anatomy by Systems. 1st Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolter Kluwer , Baltimore, Philadelphia, 2007.p.317.
[7]. Nagar, S. K. A Study of Sacral Hiatus in Dry Human Sacra. J.Anat. Soc. India, 53(2): 18-21, 2004.
[8]. Sekiguchi, M; Yabuki, S; Saton, K & Kikuchi, S. An anatomical study of the sacral hiatus: a basis for successful caudal epidural block. Clin. J. Pain., 20(1): 51-54, 2004.
[9]. Vinod, Kumar; Pandey, S. N; Bajpai, R. N; Jain, P. N & Longia, G. S. Morphometrical study of sacral hiatus. Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 41 (1):7-13, 1992.
[10]. Chen, P. C ; Tang, S. F. T ; Hsu, T. C. et al. Ultrasound guidance in caudal epidural needle placement. Anesthesiology, 101: 181–4, 2004.

Abstract: Endo-perio combined treatment modality incorporating careful steps at both stages of treatment determines the ultimate prognosis and success in case of endo-perio lesions. This case report describes the successful collaborative management of a maxillary lateral incisor with a coronoradicular groove showing an advanced periodontal destruction with necrotic pulp using a combination of nonsurgical endodontic therapy, use of biodentine to seal the groove and Platelet Rich Fibrin(PRF) as a periodontal regenerative material. The rationale for this treatment modality is also discussed.

Key-words: Palatogingival Groove, platelet rich fibrin (PRF), Biodentine

[1]. Kenneth MH, Stephen Cohen Cohen's pathways of the pulp. Mosby, St.Louis, Missouri.2011
[2]. Lara VS, Consolaro A, Bruce RS. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove. J Endod 26, 2000, 345–50.
[3]. Yong-chun Gu A Micro–Computed Tomographic Analysis of Maxillary Lateral Incisors with Radicular Groove J Endod 37,2011;789–792
[4]. Lee KW, Lee EC, Poon KY. Palato-gingival grooves in maxillary incisors: a possible predisposing factor to localised periodontal disease. Br Dent J, 124, 1968, 14–8.
[5]. Peikoff MD, Perry JB, Chapnick LA. Endodontic failure attributable to a complex radicular lingual groove. J Endod, 11, 1985, 573–7.
[6]. Scott GR, Turner CG II. The anthropology of modern human teeth: dental morphology and its variation in recent human populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1997
[7]. Hou GL, Tsai CC. Relationship between palato-radicular grooves and localized periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol, 20, 1993, 678–82.
[8]. Kogon SL. The prevalence, location and conformation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodontol, 57, 1986, 231–4.

Abstract: Tongue tie or ankyloglossia is a developmental anomaly of the tongue characterized by an abnormally short, thick lingual frenum resulting in limitation of tongue movement. It can be categorized into 2 types- Total ankyloglossia and Partial ankyloglossia. Ankyloglossia can affect feeding, speech, and oral hygiene as well as have mechanical/social effects. This article reports two cases of ankyloglossia which was surgically treated with uneventful healing and good patient satisfaction.

Key words:, Ankyloglossia, frenum, speech, surgical, tongue tie.

[1]. Lawrence A. Kotlow Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie): A diagnostic and treatment quandary. Quintessence International 1999; 30:259-262
[2]. Tanaj, chaubal, maladixit Ankyloglossia and its management. J Indian Soc Periodontal 2011: vol 15;270-272
[3]. Fisher SE, Frame JW Electrosurgical management of soft tissues and restorative dentistry. Dent clin North Am vol 24:247; 1980
[4]. Suter VGA and Bornstein MM. Ankyloglossia: Facts and Myths in Diagnosis and Treatment. J Periodontol 2009;80:1204-1219.
[5]. Lalakea, M. Lauren, Messner, Anna H. Ankyloglossia: The adolescent and adult perspective. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. 2003;128:746-752.
[6]. Suter VG, Bornstein MM Ankyloglossia: facts and myths in diagnosis and treatment J Periodontol. 2009 Aug;80(8):1204-19
[7]. Messner AH, Lalakea ML. Ankyloglossia: controversies in management. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2000; 54(2-3):123
[8]. Tuli A, Singh A. Monopolar diathermy used for correction of ankyloglossia. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2010; 28(2):130.

Abstract: Fallopian tube malignancy is the rarest among genital malignancies ranging to 0.3%*1. There are no specific symptoms related to fallopian tube malignancy, therefore the diagnosis mainly depends on imaging & histopathology. We are reporting a case of fallopian tube cancer in a 40 year multiparous lady who presented with vague lower abdominal pain and no other symptoms suggestive of genital malignancies. Therefore women presenting with symptoms like abdominal pain , white discharge per vaginum should be subjected to thorough clinical examination & relevant investigations to arrive at a proper diagnosis at the earliest time possible, to give better prognosis to the patient.

Keywords: Fallopian tube malignancy, atypical, reproductive age

[1]. Jonathan S Berek. Ovarian, fallopian Tube and peritoneal cancer.In : Berek& Novak's Gynaecology 15thedn. WOLTERS KLUWER/LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2012.P.1414 [2]. Cohen CJ, Thoas GM, Hagopian GS, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Holland JF, et al. Neoplasms of the fallopian tube cancer medicine. 5th ed. Canada, B.C: Decker Inc; 2000. p. 1683.
[3]. Takashina T, Ito E, Kudo R. Cytologic diagnosis of primary tubal cancer. ActaCytol1985;29:367–372.
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[5]. Zweemer RP, van Diest PJ, Verheijen RH et al. Molecular evidence linking primary cancer of the fallopian tube to BRCA1 germline mutations. GynecolOncol 2000;76:45–50.
[6]. Aziz S, Kuperstein G, Rosen B et al. A genetic epidemiological study of carcinoma of the fallopian tube. GynecolOncol 2001;80:341–345.
[7]. Ajithkumar TV, Minimole AL, John MM et al. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma. ObstetGynecolSurv 2005;60:247–252.
[8]. Pfeiffer P, Mogensen H, Amtrup F et al. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. A retrospective study of patients reported to the Danish Cancer Registry in a five-year period. ActaOncol 1989;28:7–11.
[9]. Boutselis JG, Thompson JN. Clinical aspects of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube: a clinical study of 14 cases. Am J ObstetGynecol1971;111:98–101. [10]. Jonathan S Berek. Ovarian, fallopian Tube and peritoneal cancer.In : Berek& Novak's Gynaecology 15thedn. WOLTERS KLUWER/LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2012.P.1416

Abstract: The Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of asthma and immunotherapy is being a new concept and paradigm. Immunotherapy on asthma requires long periods of time, so administration of an adjuvant had been considered to improve its efficacy. The aims of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy combined with probiotics and Nigella sativa in the number of Th17 cells and the improvement of clinical symptoms of asthma. A total of 31 children with mild asthma were evaluated and then randomized to receive immunotherapy or immunotherapy plus Nigella sativa or immunotherapy plus probiotic or immunotherapy plus Nigella sativa plus probiotic openly for 14 weeks. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in the mean number of Th17 cells pre and post test in all four treatment groups, however we found a significant differences asthma control test (ACT) score before and after the immunotherapy + Nigella sativa treatment (p = 0.001), before and after immunotherapy + probiotic treatment (p = 0.004), as well as before and after immunotherapy plus Nigella sativa plus probiotic treatment (p = 0.000). Correlation test found a significant association between the number of Th17 cells and ACT score in all groups. The combination immunotherapy with Nigella sativa and probiotics did not reduce the number of peripheral blood Th17 cells mild asthmatic children, but can improve the clinical symptom. Keywords – Immunotherapy, House dust mite, Probiotics, Nigella sativa, Th17 cell, Asthma Control test

[1] Lazaar, A. & Panettieri, R. 2000. Airway smooth muscle as a Regulator of Immune Respones and Bronchomotor tone. Clin Chest Med. 27(1): 53-69.

[2] Muro, S., Minshall, E.M., Hamid, Q.A. 2000. The Patology of Chronic Asthma. Clin Chest Med. 21 (3): 225-244. [3] Oboki, K., Ohno, T., Saito. H. & Nakae, S. 2008. TH17 and Allergy. Allergology Int J. 57(1): 121-134. [4] Cosmi, L., Liotta, F., Maggi, S., Romagnani, Annunziato, F. 2011. Th17 cells: New Players in Asthma Pathogenesis. Allergy J. 66 (4): 989-998.

[5] Wang, Y.H., Wills-Karp, M. 2011. The Potential Role of Interleukin-17 in Severe Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 11(1): 388-394. [6] Bahceciler, N., Isik, U., Barlan, IB., Baaran, M. 2001. Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy in Children with Asthma and Rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 32: 49-55.

[7] Ippoliti, F., De Santis. W., Volterrani, A. 2003. Immunomodulation during Sublingual Therapy in Allergic Children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 14 (1): 216-221.

[8] Nuhoglu, Y., Ozumut, SS., Ozdemir, C., Ozdemir, M., Erguven, M. 2007. Sublingual Immunotherapy to House Dust Mite in Pediatric Patients with Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Course over a 3-Year Follow-up Period. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 17(6): 375-378.

[9] Bot, CM., Moed, H., Berger, M., Roder, E., Groot, H., Jongste, JC et al. 2008. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Trial of Sublingual Immunoteraphy in Children with House Dust Mite Allergy in Primary Care; study design and recruitment. BMC Family Practice. 59 (9): 1-9.

[10] Eifan, A.O., Akkoc, T., Yildiz, A., Keles, S., Ozdemir, C., Bahceciller, N. et al. 2010. Clinical efficacy and immunological mechanisms of sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy in asthmatic/rhinitis children sensitized to house dust mite: an open randomized controlled trial. Clinical et Experimental Allergy. 40: 922-932.

Abstract: Background: Low vision affects around three fourths of the people globally and about half the population nationally. In order to set policies and priorities and to evaluate global eye health, it is essential to have up to date information on prevalence and causes of visual impairment. Objective: To study the prevalence and determinants of low vision among Adult Population in a Coastal Area of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted between February 2013 to March 2013 among the 1034 adult individuals (>18 years old), selected by multistage cluster sampling method, who were residents of Marakkanam block, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu. The Data was collected using a predesigned structured and validated questionnaire by interview/examination method through house to house visit by trained Post Graduates, Interns, MBBS (final year part 1 students) under the supervision of faculties from the department of Community Medicine, PIMS. Informed Consent was obtained from all the study participants. Results: Prevalence of low vision was 12.8% (CI: 10.72 -14.88) and 1% of the study population were economically blind. Low vision was more prevalent (37.3%) among > 59 yrs age group in the study population (p value=0.001).16.8% of the study population who worked in dim light were found to have low vision (p=0.032). Study respondent with diabetes mellitus and hypertension had significant low vision (p value 0.024) compared to others. Similarly dim light work, frequent travelling without helmet, watching TV/Computer in dark background found to be significant determinants of low vision among study population. Conclusion: Our study found that the Low vision is a public health problem to be noted and there is an urgent need to strengthen the existing strategies and formulate innovative strategies to halt and reduce the burden of low vision.

Key words:- Low vision, rural area, determinants,

[1]. World Health Organization (1992): Management of Low Vision in Children P. 7 [2]. World Health Organization. Strategies for the prevention of blindness in national programmes. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 1997. [3]. Donatella Pascolini , Silvio Paolo Mariotti. Global estimates of Visual impairment – 2010, World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2009. Geneva: WHO 2009. [4]. Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M, Appleyard M, Jensen GB, Nielsen NV. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults: The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 53-61. [5]. Javadi MA, Katibeh M, Rafati N, Dehghan MH, Zayeri F, Yaseri M, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol 2009; 9: 12. [6]. Nirmalan PK, Katz J, Robin AL, Tielsch JM, Namperumalsamy P, Kim R, et al. Prevalence of vitreoretinal disorders in a rural population of Southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 581-6. [7]. National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/older.aspx) (accessed on 21st February 2013 )
[8]. Rajiv Khandekar et al, Prevalence and determinants of blindness, low vision, deafness and major bone fractures, among elderly Omani population of Nizwa Wilayat, IJO 2010, 58(4), 313-320
[9]. Abbas Ali Yekta et al, The Prevalence of refractive errors and its determinants in the elderly population of Mashhad, Iran; Ophthalmic epidemiology.07/2009;15(3):198-203.

Abstract: Plasmodium infection is usually complicated by cerebral malaria, hemolysis, acute kidney injury and respiratory distress. Myocardial involvement is a rare complication of plasmodium infection. We have reported a case of plasmodium infection (p. falciparum and p. vivax) complicated by myocarditis.

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Abstract: Aims & Objectives: This is to determine the cause of death of victims abducted as to aid justice to the relatives/nation and assist the law enforcement agent to conclude their investigation. Material and Methods: Eight People were abducted, five of which were men and three were females (two middle aged women and a young girl of about 20 years a grand daughter) that was abducted alongside with the aged grand mother. Results: Five of the cases were in advanced stages of decomposition but we were able to find the cause of death to be multiple soft tissue and skeletal injuries consequent to gunshots. The rest three though fresh bodies were seen with impressions of strangulation on the neck,ankle and the wrist with single shots either at heart,chest or liver regions. Conclusion: This has assisted for a truce in mitigating of justice and end to the missing individuals. Correspondence: Dr Martin Nnoli. Consultant Anatomic & Forensic Pathologist

Keywords: Abduction, Exhumation, Autopsy.

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Abstract: Aims & Objectives: Is to determine the necessity of histological examinations of post-tonsillectomy specimens. Materials and Methods:A study of post-tonsillectomy histologically diagnosed were analyzed from January 2005 to December,2012. Almost all samples seen within this period showed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. A total of 392 samples were collected,of which 228 were males and 164 females. The analyses was done using SPSS version 16. This was represented according to age range and gender distribution per each year of study. They were also further displayed in both bar and pie chat. Results: The percentage of female affected within the study was 164(41.84%) and that of males was 228(58.16%). The study also showed the most affected age range are children under 10 years and this is closely followed by age range of 10-20years. These goes to show that the pediatric age is the most vulnerable age that was mostly affected. Conclusions: These shows that lower age ranges are more affected and the males are the most vulnerable in our study. We could not deduce what actually may be the factor contributing to the increase in lesion of this gender.

Keywords: Post-tonsillectomy Samples, Histology, Examination

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Abstract: Aim & Objectives: This is to determine the age range thatare vulnerable to this lesion with view of evaluating possible cause of infertility. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study of post-surgical uterine samples, histologically reported leiomyoma totaling 557 from 2005-2012 were collected from the departmental result records. The whole samples were seen to be females and analysis done per each year using SPSS(statistical package for the social sciences) version 16. Results: The most prevalent age range of occurrence throughout the study was-age range of 30-40 years and this is closely followed by 40-50 years. These ranges fall into the fertility years of most African women hence the search for effective treatment and cause of infertility. Conclusion: We were able to actualize that at early ages and late-post menopausal the number of lesion appears to be minimal.

Keywords: leiomyoma,Histology,infertility

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Prevelance Of Leiomyoma In South Eastern Tertiary Hospital Of Nigeria From 2005-2012.
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Abstract: A 12-year-old male child, who was previously well, complained of pain and lump in abdomen. Physical and radiological investigations revealed a mass in pancreas. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed pancreatoblastoma. Pancreatoblastoma is an unusual malignant tumour seen in infants and children although rare cases have also been reported in adults. They are clinicopathologically distinct from adult pancreatic ductal carcinoma. The histogenesis, clinical features and treatment options are discussed along with presentation of the case.

Keywords: alpha-foetoprotein,pancreatic tumour, pancreatoblastoma ,PLADO

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Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the role of ultrasound(U/S) versus spiral Computed Tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of urinary system calculi. This study was conducted in the Department of Radiology in ALamal Hospital in Khartoum State, in the period ranged (August 2011- December 2011), included 50 subjects (35 males (70%) and 15 females (30%)), their ages range from 15 to 72 years old with symptoms of renal stones They were selected from patients who had been referred for CT KUB and U/S in ALamal hospital.Spiral CT and U/S were done for all cases .this study showed that The most affected age group ranged from 21-40 years old 56 %, most patients were affected in the both sides, with no history of renal stones in their families most of the stones lodged in the kedneys (36%) and at the ureters (8%). It can be said that the two image modalities were performed together and used as essential techniques of renal stones, which help to obtain accurate diagnosis and demonstrate any changes that can affect urinary systems by stones.

Key words: Computed Tomography, Renal Stones, Ultrasound, spiral CT

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[8]. Strouse P.J., Bates D.G., Bloom D.A.,Goodsitt M.M.: Non-contrast thin section helical CT of urinary tract calculi in children. Pediatr Radiol, 2002, 32: 326-332.

[9]. Niall O., Russell J., MacGregor R., Duncan H., Mullins J.: A comparison of noncontrast computerized tomography with excretory urography in the assessment of acute flank pain. J Urol, 1999, 161: 534-537.

Abstract: Leiomyomata of uterus are the most common benign tumors of the female genital tract. They present with symptoms such as excessive menstrual bleeding, dysmennorhoea, pelvic pain and discomfort. myomectomy is virtually always an option, even if a large number of fibroids are present or the tumors are very large or both. The uterus functions well in pregnancy after a myomectomy. Here we present a case of large leiomyoma in a 26yr old unmarried woman, who presented as mass per abdomen and discomfort without menstrual disturbances

Keywords: Leiomyoma , myomectomy, large fibroid

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