iosr-JDMS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5

Abstract:We treated 54 patients with complex acetabular fractures by single ilioinguinal approach, open reduction and internal fixation using plate osteosynthesis for anterior column and lag screw for posterior column through anterior approach and prospectively followed them up for a mean period of 10.50 years (minimum 3 and maximum 27 years). We assessed patients during their serial follow-up using Harris hip score , Merle De Aubigne and Postel scrore. We correlated our results with Matta's radiological fracture reduction criteria. All patients achieved union. Reduction achieved was poor in 13%, imperfect in 33.7% and anatomical in 53.3% patients. Our mean Harris hip score and Merle de Aubigne score at mean follow up improved from19.22 & 2.57 to 85.78 & 15.6 at end of mean follow up of 10.5 years. There were 2 cases of infection and 2 cases required revision and conversion to the conventional anterior + posterior approach . There were two cases of secondary osteoarthritis of hip in patients with poor reduction. With our study we conclude that ilioinguinal approach with anterior column plating and lag screws for posterior column anteriorly offers good functional, clinical and radiological outcome for complex acetabular fractures .It must be used in experienced hands and patients selection is key to success. Comminuted posterior column fracture or fractures with more comminuted posterior column as compared to anterior column must be dealt with posteriorly. Aim must be to achieve anatomical reduction radiologically for better functional results

Key Words: Acetabular Fractures, Ilioinguinal approach, Bicolumnar,, T-shaped fracture.s

[1]. Rommens PM:(1999) Acetabulum fractures. Unfallchirurg , 102:589-590
[2]. Hirvensalo E, Lindahl J, Kiljunen V: (2007),Modified and new approaches for pelvic and acetabular surgery. Injury, 38:431-441
[3]. Matta JM.-Fractures of the acetabulum:(1996) accuracy of reduction and clinical results inpatients managed operatively within three weeks after the injury. J Bone Joint Surg[Am];78-A:1632-45.
[4]. Letournel E – (1993)The treatment of acetabular fractures by ilioinguinal approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res , July;(292):62-76
[5]. Weeks after injury.J bone J Surg. NOVEMBER ,VOL. 78-A, NO. 11, Helfet DL, Schmeling GJ.(1994)
[6]. Management of complex acetabular fractures through single non extensile exposures.Clin Orthop ;305:58-68. Matta JM.- (1994)
[7]. Operative treatment of acetabular fractures through the ilioinguinal approach: a 10-year perspective.Clin Orthop ;305:10-19.

Abstract: Depression in old age is associated with genetic susceptibility, chronic disease and disability, pain, frustration with limitations in activities of daily living. The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of depression and associated socio-demographic factors among geriatric patients attending a tertiary care hospital by Geriatric Depression Scale. 65.3% of the study population had depression (mild-36.2%, severe-29.1%) and the association of this depression with age (p<.001), gender (p<.001), residence (p=.027), marital status (p=.004), education (p<.001), occupation (p<.001), family type (p<.001) and economic dependency (p=.002), living condition (p<.001) was statistically significant. Social support group, local clubs and respective families should address the issue of depression among elderly.

Key Words: elderly, depression, mental health, GDS

[1] Indian J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan-Mar; 48(1): 56–61.

[2] United Nations, World Demographic Estimate and Projections Ingle GK et al. Geriatric Health in India: Concerns and Solutions. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2008;33(4):214-218.

[4] Murray CJ and Lopez AD. Alternative Projections of Mortality and Disability by Cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1498-504.

[5] Poongothai S, Pradeepa R, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Prevalence of depression in a large urban South Indian population - The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-70). PloS One2009;4:E7185.

[6] Abhay K et al. Psychiatric disorders in medical inpatients. Indian J Psychiatry 2008;40:73-8

[7] Uwake R. Psychiatric morbidity in elderly patients admitted into non psychiatric wards in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:346-54.

[8] Brink TL et al,Development and Validation of a Geriatric Depression Scale: A preliminary report.J Psychiatr Res,1982, 17(1): 37-49 [9] Sood A, Singh P, Gargi DP. Psychiatric morbidity in non-psychiatric geriatric inpatients. Indian J Psychiatry. 2006;48(1):56 – 61

[10] Kalra S, Jhamb R, RuchiR.Profile of Medical and Psychological Disorders in the Elderly Persons attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in DelhiJIACM 2011; 12(1): 21-5

Abstract: Benign fibro-osseous lesions (BFOLs) of the maxillofacial bones represent a diverse group of pathologic conditions that includes developmental lesions, reactive or dysplastic diseases, and neoplasms. A great deal of controversy surrounded these lesions as to whether they represent distinct entities or a single entity in different stages. It has now been accepted, following genetic studies that these are actually distinct entities having a similar histopathologic appearance. Fibrous Dysplasia is a idiopathic fibro-osseous disease which causes progressive expansion and deformity of bones. Cafe-au-lait spots have been reported to occur with the polyostotic form of the disease but not with the monostotic form. However, it has also been suggested that the abnormal maturation of bones proceeds synchronously in the affected bones of the craniofacial complex, and thus exists in a silent or subclinical stage in apparently normal appearing bones as well. Reported here is a case of Fibrous Dysplasia of the Maxilla in a 12 year old boy with cafe-au-lait spots over the neck and trunk region. Other bones did not appear to be affected by the disease at this stage. A long term follow-up is required to determine whether other bones will be subsequently affected or not.

Key words: Benign fibro-osseous lesions, Fibrous Dysplasia, monostotic, polyostotic

[1]. Brannon RB, Fowler CB. Benign Fibro-osseous lesions: a review of current concepts. Adv Anat Pathol, 8, 2001, 126-143.
[2]. Lionel G, Deborah C: Fibro-osseous Diseases oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America: Surgical Pathology, Nov, 1997, 551-56.
[3]. Gross CW, Montgomery WW: Fibrous dysplasia and malignant degeneration, Arch Otolaryng, 85,1967, 653-657.
[4]. Reed RJ, Hagy DM: Benign non odontogenic fibro-osseous lesions of the skull: Report of two cases oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol,19-2, 1965, 214-227.
[5]. Chen YR, Noordhoff MS: Treatment of craniomaxillofacial fibrous dysplasia:How early and how extensive?, Plast Reconstr Surg, 865, 1990, 835-42; discussion 843-4.

Abstract:Objectives: A prospective study, to establish the underlying pathology and evaluation of patients with pancytopenia. Materials and Methods: A total of 11 cases of pancytopenia were analyzed over a period of One month i.e. from 1st August to 31stAugust-05 at Department of Pathology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary, Karnataka. All patients who presented with pallor, fever, generalized weakness, and diarrhoea were subjected to complete hemogram and were included in the study based upon the laboratory results. Criteria to consider a case to be pancytopenic are hemoglobin <5g/dl, TLC < 4000/cumm, and platelet count < 1, 50,000/cumm. Patients who had undergone blood transfusion and aged more than 65yrs were excluded from the study. A detailed history and clinical examination was carried out in each case and the relevant information was noted in a proforma. Bone marrow aspiration was performed using Salah's bone marrow aspiration needle from the iliac crest or sternum. A full blood count was done, peripheral smear and reticulocyte count was also performed in each case. Bone marrow smears were stained with Leishman, Giemsa and iron stain wherever necessary. Results: All patients presented with pallor. Other complaints are fever, generalized weakness, cough, and diarrhea in descending order. The youngest patient being 16yrs old and the oldest patient 58yr old. M: F ratio being 7:4 showing the higher prevalence of the disease in male than in female. Majority of the patients fall in the middle class of socioeconomic group. The most common cause of pancytopenia as revealed by bone marrow was Megaloblastic anemia (73%) and Aplastic anemia (27%). Conclusion: Megaloblastic anemia and Aplastic anemia are the common causes of pancytopenia. M: F ratio being 7:4. Majority of the patients fall under the age group of 26-35yrs (54%) and in the middle class of socioeconomic group.

Keywords: Pancytopenia, Megaloblastic anemia, Aplastic anemia, Bone marrow, Hemogram.

[1]. Daryll.M.Williams; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 10th edition, William
[2]. & Wilkins; 1999: 1449.
[3]. G.Richard Lee, Thomas.C.Bithel, John Foerster et.al: Pancytopenia- Aplastic anemia & pure cell aplasia, Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th edition; 1993: 911-913.
[4]. Habib-Ur-Rehaman; Md. Fazil, Faiz .Md. Khan: The etiology pattern of
[5]. Pancytopenia in children up to 15 yrs. Pak Armed forces
[6]. Medical.Jr.2003:63:183-187.
[7]. Keisu.M, Ost A: Diagnosis in patients with severe pancytopenia suspected
[8]. of leaving Aplastic anemia. European Jr of Hematology; 1990:45:11.
[9]. Kishor Khodke, S. Marwah, G.Buxi, et.al: Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. Jr of Indian Acad of Clinical .Med.2001; 2:55.
[10]. Mussarrat Niazi, Fazl-i-Raziq: The incidence of underlying pathology in pancytopenia- an experience of 89 Cases: JPMI; 2004:18:76-79.

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic smoking on various types of cataracts in healthy male smokers. Tobacco use as the single most important preventable risk factor to human health in developed countries and an important cause of cataract. Out of 4000 chemical in cigarette, 100 are toxic. smoke contains harmful free radicals that potentially damaging lens proteins and the fiber cell membrane in the lens. smoking reduces the body's levels of antioxidants and certain enzymes which may help to remove damaged proteins from the lens. Methods: 53 smokers and 53 nonsmokers were selected from the OPD of ophthalmology department of konaseema institute of medical sciences and research foundation ( KIMS & RF ) ,Amalapuram, EG district, AP,india with age of 40-60 yrs as subjects. Smoking group smokes for a period 12 to 40 yrs. Results: the smokers registered an increase Incidences of Immature Cataract is more among the smokers 60.38 % ( No.32 ) than the nonsmokers 52.83 % (No.28). Incidences of mature Cataract is more among the smokers 28.30 % (No.15)than the nonsmokers 22.64 % (No.12). Incidences of Nuclear Cataract is more among the smokers 11.32 % (No.6 )than the nonsmokers O9.43 % (5). Incidences of Cataract among the smokers is highest in the tobacco roll smokers 84.91 % (No.45),high in the cigarette smokers 13.21 % (No.7), 13.21 % (No.7), very low among the beedi smokers 01.88 % (1). Conclusion: In our study, on 53 smokers, we found the significant increase in number all types of cataract. Key Words: Cataract, Cigarette smoking, Slit lamp examination

[1]. W.H.O Tobacco epidemic : A global public health emergency. Fact sheet No.118.

[2]. Raju P, George R . Ve Ramesh S, Arvind H, Baskaran M, Vijaya L. Influence of tobacco use on cataract development. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:1374–1377.

[3]. Shalini V K, Luthra M, Srinivas L. et al Oxidative damage to the eye lens caused by cigarette smoke and smoke condensates. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1994. 31261–266.266.

[4]. Solberg Y, Rosner M, Belkin M. The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases.
[5]. Krishnaiah S, Vilas K, Shamanna B R. et al Smoking and its association with cataract: results of the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study from India. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005. 4658–65.65.

[6]. Kawara T, Obazawa H. A new method for retro-illumination photography of cataractous lens opacities. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:186–9.

[7]. Simon P K, Judith T, Richard E. et al Smoking and cataract: review of causal association. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005. 312395–2404.2404.

[8]. West S, Munoz B, Emmett EA, Taylor HR Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1166–1169.

[9]. DeBlack SS Cigarette smoking as a ris

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral microorganism on surface topography of acrylic resin denture base material. Materials and methods: Fifty rectangular plates of dimensions 30mm x 20mm x 1 mm were fabricated with heat polymerizing acrylic resin denture base material. an area of 10mm x 10 mm in the center of each acrylic plate was marked for evaluation of surface topography by Laser Triangulation Sensor.The plates were then sterilized by immersion in 2 % Gluteraldehyde for 30 minutes, and placed in sterilized containers. saliva sample were collected from 40 healthy edentulous people of 40 to 60 years in age wearing acrylic complete denture. 0.1 ml of saliva was immediately poured on central portion of each were placed in incubator at 37 degree centigrade for 72 hr. after 72 hr each plate was inspected for bacterial colonies. Results: The mean value of difference of mean surface roughness value (ra) of acrylic plates before culture and after culture of microorganism is 2.13343 with overall standard deviation of 0.9964, and standard error 0.1821. Conclusion: The acrylic resin plates showed some amount of roughness even after polishing (mean surface roughness value 'Ra') before culture of microorganism on them. The acrylic resin plate showed an increase in mean surface roughness after culture of microorganism. Thus this roughness will deteriorate the denture by the time, even after the use of latest denture cleanser and other auxiliaries, by offering more plaque and microorganism accumulation and cycle go on.

Keywords: Surface topography, microorganism, laser triangulation sensor.

[1]. E. Barastegguai. Surface roughness of finished composite resins. JPD. Nov. 1992.
[2]. Abelson DC. Denture plaque & denture cleansers. JPD, 45[4]:376-379, April 1981.
[3]. WM Nolte. In vitro changes in the pH of dental plaque material and surrounding saliva.
[4]. William Nolte. Oral microflora. Chapter 9:198-237
[5]. D. Orastavik. The in vitro attachment of an oral streptococcus sp. to the acquiredpellicle. Archives Oral Biology. 23:167-173, 1978.
[6]. Gordon E. Green and Mathew C. Dodd. A study of the bacterial flora of caries-susceptible and caries-immune saliva: J.D. Res. August 1956.
[7]. Shafer Hyne Levi. Dental caries. Textbook of Oral Pathology.
[8]. Kennedy Shay. Denture hygiene: A review update I.
[9]. Kennedy Shay. Denture hygiene: A review update II Denture debris.
[10]. Landa JS. Trouble shooting in complete denture prosthesis part VI factors of oral hygiene chemicotoxicity, Nutrition Allergy & conductivity. JPD. 10[5]:887-890, Sept 1960.

Abstract:Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy constituting a major cause of maternal and fatal morbidity and mortality.Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state with changes in procoagulant, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic systems. In preeclampsia, there is a shift in the haemostatic balance towards a pro-thrombotic state, together with changes in endothelial function. It is a state of enhanced coagulation as evidenced by an increased amount of clotting factors in maternal circulation. Aim of the study:To study the changes in plasma fibrinogen in pregnant women suffering from severe preeclampsia in comparison with healthy normotensive pregnant women and to correlate its level with the severity of preeclampsia. Patients and Methods:This study was carried out at Alyarmouk Teaching Hospital from July to October 2010.This study included thirty five pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy with severe preeclampsia.A total of thirty five healthy pregnant women who werenot in labour, their age and gestational age matchedwith the patients and normotensive throughout gestation were included as a control group.All patients gave their written informed consent before entering the studyBlood samples were taken from both groups for measurement ofFibrinogen. The student T-test and correlation coefficient study were used for statistical tests. Results:There was significant difference inmean plasma fibrinogen between patients with severe preeclampsia (5.10±0.83) and control group (4.24±0.61). (P value <0.0001). Conclusions:Plasma fibrinogen was significantly increased in patients with severe preeclampsia than control group and show significant direct linear correlation with the severity of preeclampsia.

Key word: fibrinogen, preeclampsia

[1]. Hoffman M., Roberts H.Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of the Coagulation Factors and Pathway of Hemostasis. In: Lichtman MA, Beutler E , Seligsohn U , Kipps T, Kaushansky K , Prchal J,editors .William's Haematology .8thed. China The McGraw-Hill companies; 2010. Chapter 115.
[2]. Greenbery CS, Orther C. Blood coagulation and Fibrinolysis. In: Greer JP, Foerster J, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. 11thed. Baltimone: William's and Wilkins. 2003; Chapter 21.
[3]. Laffan M, Manning R. Inv of hemostasis. In:Lewis SM, Bain BJ, Bates I, editors. Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2006; 19:380-437.

Abstract: The pantropical shrub, Sida acuta is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of a variety of ailments. This study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the histological feature of the cerebral cortex. Twenty female rats weighing between 150-200g were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups labeled A, B, C, and D with each group consisting of five rats. Group A served as the control and received distilled water, while groups B, C and D, the experimental groups, received 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta respectively for 14 days. The extract was orally administered with the aid of an orogastric tube. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation method; the cerebral cortex dissected out and fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histology and thereafter stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin method. Histological observations of the cerebral cortex showed 4 basic zones namely marginal, cortical, intermediate and sub-ventricular, while animals administered with 200mg/kg, and 600mg/kg, showed hyperplasia of cells in the cortical, intermediate and sub-ventricular layers, respectively. Animals that received 400mg/kg of the extract showed hypertrophy of cell in the intermediate and sub- ventricular layers. This result suggests that high doses of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta may cause some neurological disorders; therefore caution must be taken when used for the treatment of various ailments.

Key word: Cerebral cortex, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Neurological, Sida acuta, Subventricular.

[1]. Bodeker G., Willcox ML. New Research Initiative on plant-based antimalarials. Lancet, 2000, 335; 761.
[2]. Harvey A.L.. Natural Products in Drug Discovery Today.. Strathclyde Institute of pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde . 2008, 13 (19-20), 894-901
[3]. Sofowara E.A.. Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd. New York 1992; pp. 96-105.
[4]. Itah A.Y., Opara A.A. Prevalence Characterization and Antibiogram of Bacillus Ceveus Stains Isolated from Canned Food sold in Calabar. Nig. J.med. Lab. Sce.4, 1990; 87-90.
[5]. Kayode J. Conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Botanicals in Ekiti state, Nigeria. J. Zheijiang University Sci. B. 2006, 7: 713-718.
[6]. Edeoga H.O., Okwu D.E. and Mbaebrie B.O. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigeria medicinal plants. Afri.J.Biotechnol; 2005, 4: 685-688.
[7]. Benzouzi,J. T.,Prado R.,Menan,H.,Valentin A.,and Roumestan, C; Mallie, M.,Pelissier. Y.,Blache Y. Studies of medicinal plants of Ivory Coast:Investigation of Sida acuta for invitro antiplasmodial activities and identification of an active constituent.Phytomedicine,, 2004, 1: 338-341.
[8]. Karou D., Savadogo A, Canini A, Yameogo S, Montesano C, Simpore J et al. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sida acuta. African J. Biotechnol,2006, . 5,: 195-200.
[9]. Malairajan P., Gopalakrishnan G., Marasimhan S. & Veni K. J. K. Analgesic activity of some Indian Medicinal Plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 106: 425-428.
[10]. Kuniata L. & Rapp G. (2001). Bio control of Sida rhombifolia in Papua New Guinea 2001 .http://www.nt.Gov.au/dpf/pubcat/agnotes/542.htm.4p.

Abstract:Two distinct hematological phenomenon can occur in endurance-trained athletes: (a) a rheological adaptation to endurance exercise leading to a rapid increase of plasma volume which decreases hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels (athletes' pseudoanemia) and (b) a true iron deficiency and anaemia. Most studies, in the past, had failed to differentiate these two conditions.Studies exist in the literature examining the prevalence of anaemia in athletic populations, yet it is still controversial whether anaemia is in fact more frequent in athletes than in non-exercising population. Aim - To evaluate & assess hemoglobin and ferritin levels in football players and to compare these values with non-exercising controls Method: n=30 male Professional football players in the age group of 18-25 years playing football for last 5 years were enrolled for the study. n=30 healthy age and sex matched non exercising individuals were taken as controls. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels were estimated in both the groups. Results:The mean age was 20.36±2.23years in the study group and 20.96±2.0 years incontrols. The mean hemoglobin concentration in the football players was 14.92±1.16 gms% and in controls it was15.60±1.17 gms %( p=0.01). The serum ferritin levels in the study group were 65.05±54 ng/ml while in the controls it was 135± 40.90ng/ml (p=0.0003) Conclusion:The chances of developing true anaemia in football players is the likely possibility in future, hence the study recommends to follow up these subjects to maintain iron stores.

Key words- Sports anaemia, hemoglobin, ferritin, football players

[1]. Eichner ER. The anemias of athletes.Physician Sports Med 1986; 14 (9): 122-30
[2]. HallbergL,Magnusson B. The etiology of "sports anemia‟.Acta Med Scand 1984; 216: 145-8
[3]. Balaban EP. Sports anemia.Clin SportsMed 1992; 11 (2): 313-25

Abstract: The activities of Marigold (T.erecta) extract on the wound healing of albino Wister rats have been evaluated. Thirty six male and female rats weighing 150-200g were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups (A, B, C, D). The test rats were fed normal rat feed and water ad libitum in addition to oral administration of 1.0ml of the petal extract of marigold. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture of the animals into EDTA bottles for analysis. The initial blood picture of the animals was taken before administration of the extracts to the test rats. Results showed that Tagete erecta extract increased platelet count, white blood cell count (p>0.05) and shortened the bleeding and clotting times. There was a slight increase in haemoglobin concentration and Packed cell volume. This shortening in bleeding and clotting times could be due to presence of certain elements present in the extract. Short running title: Marigold, evaluation, wound healing, platelet count, and bleeding time.

[1]. Baker F.J(1985). The full blood count, introduction to medical laboratory technology, Butter worths publication, Woburn London pg 325-328.
[2]. Chirife J, Herszage L, Joseph A, Kohn E.s (1983). In vitro study of bacteria growth inhibition in concentrated sugar solution: Micro biological basis for the use of sugar in treating infected wounds. Anti microbe agent's chemother 1983, 23 (5): 766-73.
[3]. Crescent Bloo. Com (2009). Medicinal action of common plants.
[4]. Dacie J.K and Lewis S.M (1991). Pratical Haematology London. Churchill living stone pp 566.
[5]. Davies J.R, (2002). In dept profile of marigold- calendula officinalis herbs hands he…… http/ www.herbs. Hands healing. Co. UK /single herbs/ marigold. Html.
[6]. Dejana E, Degactano G, (1982). Bleeding time in rats. A comparision of different experimental conditions. Thromb. Haemostat 48:108-111.
[7]. Edet E.E, Akpanabiatu M.L, Eno A.E, Umohi.B Han E.H (2009): Effect of Gongronema latifolium crude leaf extract on some caroliac enzymes of alloxan-induction induced rats. African journal of biochemistry 3(11) 366-369.
[8]. Herszage L, Montemegro J.R, Joseph A.L, accucargranulado commercial. Bol trabsoc Argent Cir 1980, 41 (21-22):315-30.
[9]. Lorke D. (1993). A new approach to pratical acute toxicity testing. Arch toxicol 54: 275-278.
[10]. Okoli C.O, Akah P.A, Okoli A.S (2007). Potentials of leaves of Aspilla Africana(compositae)in wound care: an experimental evaluation.

Abstract: Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias are an unusual presentation of trauma. The diagnosis is often missed because of non-specific clinical signs, and the absence of additional intra-abdominal and thoracic injuries. Thus, a delay in diagnosis may occur which, in the presence of obstruction and/or strangulation, is associated with a high mortality and morbidity.

[1]. Tang, C.-T. et al. (2011) Delayed presentation of a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Signa Vitae. Taipei.
[2]. Hegarty, M. et al. (1978) Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Annals of Surgery, 188, 229-233.
[3]. Lochum et al. (2002) Imaging of diaphragmatic injury: A diagnosis challenge? RadioGraphics 22, 103-118.
[4]. Khan, M. A. et al. (2008) Management of traumatic diaphragmatic hernias. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute, 22, 981-984.
[5]. Muroni et al. (2010) Diaphragmatic rupture with right colon and small intestine herniation after blunt trauma: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 4, 289.
[6]. R.E. Al-Refaie et al. (2009) Blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture: a retrospective observational study of 46 patients. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 9, 45-49.

Abstract:Gene transfer technologies enable the controlled, targeted and sustained expression of gene products at precise anatomical locations, such as the joint. In this way, they offer the potential for moreeffective, lessexpensive treatments of joint diseases with fewer extra-articular adverse effects.Many orthopaedic conditions are difficult to treat by conventional means; however, they are good candidates for gene therapy.Arthritis, aseptic loosening of prosthetic joints, bone defects, orthopaedic tumours, as well as the repair and regeneration of cartilage, ligaments, and tendons-in all these conditions gene therapy through transgene expressionmay have attractive implications. There have been few clinical trials and no FDA-approved gene therapy product exists.Among the multifactorial reasons, clinical translation is expensive anddifficult to fund by traditional academic routes, gene therapy is viewed as unsafe andrisky. Nevertheless, the preclinical and early clinical data are impressive and provide considerable optimism that gene therapy will provide straightforward, effective solutions to the clinical management of several common debilitating orthopaedic disorders that are otherwise difficult and expensive to treat.

Keywords: Gene therapy, Gene transfer, Orthopaedic conditions, Transgene expression.

[1] E. Marshall. Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector. Science, 286, 1999, 2244–2245.

[2] Anonymous Burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. Bone and Joint Decade Newsletter, 1,2008,1

[3] P.J. Mease, N. Wei, E.J. Fudman, A.J. Kivitz, J. Schechtman, R.G. Trapp, K.F. Hobbs, et al. Safety, tolerability, and clinical outcomes after intraarticular injection of a recombinant adeno-associated vector containing a tumor necrosis factor antagonist gene: results of a phase 1/2 Study. J Rheumatol.37, 2010, 692–703. [PubMed: 20032102]

[4] C.H. Evans. Gene therapy for bone healing.Expert Rev Mol Med.12, e18, 2010. [PubMed: 20569532]

[5] G. Turgeman. Engineered human mesenchymal stem cells: a novel platform for skeletal cell mediated gene therapy. J Gene Med, 3, 2001, 240–251.

[6] T. Engstrand. Transient production of bone morphogenetic protein 2 by allogeneic transplanted transduced cells induces bone formation. Hum Gene Ther, 11, 2000, 205–211.

[7] S. Ebara, K. Nakayama .Mechanism for the action of bone morphogenetic proteins and regulation of their activity.Spine, 27S, 2002, 10–15.

[8] J.L. Dragoo. Bone induction by BMP-2 transduced stem cells derived from human fat. J Orthop Res, 21, 2003, 622–629.

[9] H. Penget al. Development of an MFG-based retroviral vector system for secretion of high levels of functionally active humanBMP4. MolTher,4, 2001, 95–104.

[10] S.L. Abboud. Rescue of the osteopetrotic defect in op/op mice by osteoblast-specific targeting of soluble colony stimulating factor. Endocrinology, 143, 2002, 1942–1949.

Abstract:Histological effects of yaji extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were studied using adult wistar rat. Twenty wistar rats weighing between 150-210g were used. They were designated into four groups of five animals each. Group A animals served as the control and received 0.6ml of distilled water. Group B received 0.5ml of yaji extract, group C received 0.3ml of carbon tetrachloride while group D received 0.5ml of yaji extract plus 0.3ml of carbon tetrachloride. The administration lasted for twenty-eight days using intubation method. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the animals were weighed and sacrificed using chloroform. Liver tissue was collected, weighed and fixed in zenkers fluid for histological studies. The body weight of group C animals were significantly higher (P<0.001) than the control. The group D relative liver weight were statistically similar to the control. The photomicrograph of group A showed central vein that is centrally placed, group B showed central vein and sinusoids congested, no abnormality was seen, group C showed complete distortion of the cytoarchitecture of the liver, no hepatic cell nuclei are visible, hence hepatocellular necrosis. Group D photomicrograph showed mild fibrosis around the central vein, congested sinusoid in a background of hepatocellular hypertrophy.

[1]. Nwaopara, A.O., C.I.P. Anibeze and F.C. Akpuaka, (2010). Histological signs of neurodegeneration in the cerebrum of rats fed with diet containing Yaji: The complex Nigerian suya meat sauce. Asian J. Med. Sci., 2(1): 16 -21.
[2]. Nwaopara A.O, L.C. Anyanwu, C.A. Oyinbo, I.C. Anaikot, (2004). The histological changes in pancreas of wister rats fed with diets containing Yaji (Local meat sauce) .J. Exp. Clin. Anat., 3(2):44-47.
[3]. Igene JO, Mohammed ID (1983). Consumers' attitudes towards 'suya' meat product. Ann. Borno. 1. Retrieved 20th October, 2009 from http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin512.pdf.
[4]. Uzeh, R.E., R.E. Ohenhen and O.O. Adeniji, (2006). Bacterial contamination of tsire-suya, a nigerian meat product. Pak. J. Nutr., 5(5): 458-460.
[5]. Omojola AB (2008). Yield and organoleptic characteristics of Suya (an intermediate moisture meat) prepared from three different muscles of a matured bull African J. Biotech. 7(13): 2254-2257.
[6]. Friedman SE, Grendell JH, McQuaid KR (2003): Current diagnosis and treatment gastroenterology. Lang medical Books/ McGraw-Hill New York pp: 664-679.
[7]. Reyes-Gordillo K, Segovia J, Shibayama, M, Vergara, P, Moreno MG, Muriel P (2007): Curriculum protects against acute liver damage in the rats by inhibiting NF-KB, proinflammatory cytokines production and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophysics Acta. 1770: 989-996.
[8]. Raucy JL, Kraner JC, Lasker (1993): Bioactivation of halogenated hydrocarbons by cytochrome P450. EI. Grit Review of Toxicology 23:1-20.
[9]. Recknagel RO, Glende, EA, Dolk JA, Waller RL (1989):Mechanism of carbontetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacological Therapy 43: 139-54.
[10]. Manjunatha H, Srinivasan K (2008). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant potency of heat processed turmeric and red pepper in experimental Rats. Afr. J. Food Sci. 2: 1-6.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three cavity disinfectants (chlorhexidine gluconate-based. Consepsis; benzalkonium chlorite-based, Tubulicid red; sodium hypochlorite based-Chlorcid V on the self -etch dentine bonding agent ( Adeper Easy One,3M ESPE ) under SEM. Method and materials: 30 Class V cavity preparations were prepared on the buccal surfaces of extracted mandibular molars with occlusal margins at the enamel and gingival margins in cementum then they were divided into 3 experimental groups-A,B and C. In the experimental groups, cavities were treated with combinations of one of the three cavity disinfectants with Adeper Easy One, self -etch dentine bonding agent. After the cavity preparations were restored with resin composite Filtek Z 35O (3M ESPE), specimens were thermocycled, , and sectioned the tooth-resin composite interface of the sectioned specimens was examined under scanning electron microscopy. Results: Consepsis and Tubilicid red specimens shows the resin-tag formation whereas Chlorcid V exhibited marginal gap formations at the tooth-resin composite interface. Conclusion: 2%chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chlorite can be used as cavity disinfectants with Adeper Easy One SE bonding agent. However sodium hypochlorite is not an appropriate disinfectant to use with this bonding system as it showed marginal gap formation.

Keywords: cavity disinfectants, self etch dentine bonding agent, chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkonium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite.

[1]. P.R.Walshaw,D.McComb .SEM Evaluation of resin-dentin interference with proprietary bonding agent in human subjects. J Dent Res. 1994 May; 73(5):1079-87.
[2]. H.Chigara, W.Yutikani ,T.Hasegawa ,K.Itoh.Self-etching dentine primers containing Phenyl-P. J Dent Res May 1994; 73(5): 1088-1095.
[3]. N.Nakabayshi. Bonding of restorative materials to dentine: the present status in Japan. Int Dent J. 1985 Jun; 35(2):145-54.
[4]. Kidd EA.Microleakage: a review. J Dent. 1976 Sep; 4(5):199-206.
[5]. Gultz.J, Boylan R, Schers W. Antibacterial activity of cavity disinfectants. Gen Dent. 1999 Mar-Apr; 47(2):187-90.
[6]. Besic C. F. The fate of bacteria sealed in dental cavities. J Dent Res October 1943; 22(5): 349-354
[7]. Brannstorm M, Nyborg Hilding. Cavity treatment with a microbial fluoride solution: Growth of the bacteria and the effect on the pulp J Prosthet Dent. 1973 Sep; 30(3):303-10.
[8]. Meirs JC, Kresin JC. Cavity disinfectants and dentine bonding. Oper Dent. 1996 Jul-Aug; 21(4):153-9.
[9]. M Turkun, L S Turkun, Z Equire. Is an antibacterial adhesive systems more effective than cavity disinfectants? Am J Dent. 2006 Jun;19(3):166-70.
[10]. Murat Turkun, Shebnem Turkum ,Kalender Atkan . Effect of cavity disinfectants on the sealing ability of the non-rinsing dentine bonding resins. Quintessence Int. 2004 Jun;35(6):469-76.

Abstract:Management of impacted teeth in the orthodontic practice is of paramount importance, as the existence of one or more impacted teeth may complicate orthodontic treatment and present dilemmas especially when inaccessibility or ankylosis is factor. The management of impacted teeth in orthodontic practice varies widely from extraction of the tooth to forced orthodontic eruption. Orthodontic eruption varies between closed or open techniques that must be determined for each case.

Key Words: impacted teeth, orthodontic treatment, surgical exposure, smile makeover.

[1]. Orthodontic treatment of impacted teeth - Ardian Becker.
[2]. AJO 1983, Aug ,125 – 132 The etiology of maxillary canine impactions – Jacoby.
[3]. AJO 1994 ,Jan ,61 – 72 Tunnel traction of infraosseous impacted maxillary canines - Crescini, Clauser, Giorgetti, Cortellini, and Prato.
[4]. AJO,1982 Mar ,236 - 239 Txt Orthodontic considerations in the treatment of maxillary impacted canines - Fournier, Turcotte, and Bernard.
[5]. AJO1991, Dec ,494 - 512 Txt Rare earth magnets and impaction - Vardimon, Graber, Drescher, and Bourauel.
[6]. Seminar in orthodontics,vol 16 no 3 sept2010,p 163 - 142 - management of impacted teeth.