iosr-JEEE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: The fundamental and the core of all the Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) are its multipliers and the speed of the DSPs is mainly determined by the speed of its multiplier. IEEE floating point format is a standard format used in all processing elements since Binary floating point numbers multiplication is one of the basic functions used in digital signal processing (DSP) application. In this work VHDL implementation of Floating Point Multiplier using ancient Vedic mathematics is presented. The idea for designing the multiplier unit is adopted from ancient Indian mathematics "Vedas". The Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra (method) was selected for implementation since it is applicable to all cases of multiplication. Multiplication of two no's using Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra is performed by vertically and crosswise, crosswise means diagonal multiplication and vertically means straight above multiplication and taking their sum. The feature is any multi-bit multiplication can be reduced down to single bit multiplication and addition using this method. On account of these formulas, the carry propagation from LSB to MSB is reduces due to one step generation of partial product. Keywords: Vedic Mathematics, Urdhva-triyakbhyam sutra, Floating Point multiplier, FPGA

[1]Aniruddha Kanhe, Shishir Kumar Das, Ankit Kumar Singh," Design and Implementation of Floating Point Multiplier based on Vedic Multiplication Technique" 2012 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT), Oct. 19-20, Mumbai, India [2] Mohamed Al-Ashrafy, Ashraf Salem, Wagdy Anis."An Efficient Implementation of Floating Point Multiplier". [3] Honey Durga Tiwari, Ganzorig Gankhuyag, Chan Mo Kim, Yong Beom Cho, "Multiplier design based on ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics", 2008 International SoC Design Conference, PP 65-68. [4]Anvesh Kumar, Ashish Raman, Dr.R.K.Sarin, Dr.Arun Khosla, "Small area Reconfigurable FFT Design by Vedic Mathematics" 978-1-4244-5586-7/10C 2010 IEEE, Volume 5. [5]Brian Hickmann, Andrew Krioukov, and Michael Schulte, Mark Erle,"A Parallel IEEE 754 Decimal Floating-Point Multiplier," In 25th International Conference on Computer Design ICCD, Oct. 2007 [6]Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krisna Tirthaji Maharaja, "Vedic Mathematics Sixteen Simple Mathematical Formulae from the Veda,"1965.

Abstract: We consider a peer-to-peer scheduling for a network with compound wireless devices. Now a day's much attention has been focused on data driven peer –to-peer streaming systems due to its fast growth over the internet. In these streaming system each node randomly select their neighbors and exchanges block of data with neighbors. To improve the performance of the streaming data over the network the block scheduling method for improving the throughput of a constructed overlay is used. In this paper we provide the survey on the existing P2P solutions for live and on-demand video streaming. In general streaming system includes tree, multi-tree and mesh based systems. The block scheduling problem for a network is modeled as a classical min-cost energy network approach. We then propose a distributed heuristic algorithm approach to optimize the system throughput. To improve the quality of reception further, a video coding technique is aimed. This technique will augment the block scheduling and distributed heuristic algorithm. The results of simulation demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms conventional ad hoc scheduling strategies especially in stringent buffer and bandwidth constraints. .

Keyword: peer-to-peer network, video streaming, block scheduling, throughput

[1] Meng zhang,, yongqiang, qian zhang lifeng sun,shiqiang yang, " Optimizing the throughput of data driven peer-to-peer streaming", IEEE transaction on parallel and distributed systems, vol.no.1 JANUARY 2009. [2] V.pai et al.,"Chainsaw: Eliminating Trees from Overlay Multicast,"proc.IEEE INFOCOM'05,feb 2005. [3] V.Agarwal and R.Rejaie, "Adaptive Multi-source streaming in Heterogeneous Peer-to-Peer Networks,"proc.Multimedia computing and networking(MMCN'05),jan 2005. [4] Gustavo Marfia, Giovanni Pau, Paolo Di Rico, Mario Gerla, " P2P Streaming Systems: A Survey and Experiments," procin IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Expo (ICME), July 2008..
[5] [ Online]. Available: http://www.cedmagazine.com/article/CA6412165.html [6] X. Jin, K.-L. Cheng, and S.-H. Chan, "Sim: Scalable island multicast for peer-to-peer media streaming," in IEEE International Conference onMultimedia Expo (ICME), July 2006. [7] J. Li, "Peerstreaming: A practical receiver-driven peer-to-peer media streaming system," Microsoft Research, Microsoft Research TR-2004- 101, Sept. 2004. [8] Y. hua Chu, S. G. Rao, and H. Zhang, "A case for end system multicast," in SIGMETRICS '00: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press, 2000. [9] V. Pai et al., "Chainsaw: Eliminating Trees from Overlay Multicast," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM '05, Feb. 2005.

Abstract: Advances in wireless communications have motivated the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for low-cost and easy-deployable physical and environmental monitoring. WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) composed from a large number of small, low data rate and inexpensive node that communicate in order to sense or control a physical phenomenon. WSN have a lot of applications like disaster management, health, military and security, and enormously attracted the community of researchers and has fueled the interest in sensor networks during the past few years. Sensors are typically capable of wireless communication and able to solve several problems in numerous domains. India is known about its varied heritage. It is a multi-religious country, in which there are so many holy areas. Kumbh Mela, Amaranath Yatra, Pandharpur Vari such different events are conducted every year in respective state. Millions of pilgrims participate in such events in that elderly people visiting the pilgrimage is noteworthy, the respective authorities of the holy areas were facing a lot of problems related to the health of pilgrims and their position in the area of pilgrimage. Numerous existing applications using RFID are focused just on the identification of pilgrims and listing their information. Others focus only on the localization of pilgrims lost. At this moment, none of these applications treat health monitoring of pilgrims in real time. It is in this context, we propose a hybrid architecture based sensor networks using BSN and able to locate lost pilgrims consists of portable wireless sensor units with BSN carried by pilgrims and a fixed wireless network infrastructure capable of gathering, processing, and routing information on locations and time stamps of the pilgrims. This letter focuses on the design, implementation of a real time pilgrim tracking and health monitoring system.

Keywords: Body Sensors, GPS, Pilgrims Tracking, Pilgrimage, WSN

[1] Hasan, K.S., Rahman, M., Haque, A.L., Rahman, M.A., Rahman, T. and Rasheed, M.M., Cost effective GPS-GPRS based object tracking system. In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009 (Hong Kong, March 18 - 20, 2009)
[2] Mohamed Mohandes, "An RFID-Based Pilgrim Identification System" 11th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2008.OPTIM 2008.
[3] F. Abdessemed, Member IEEE, "An Integrated System for Tracking and Control Pilgrims Shuttle Buses", 14th International IEEE conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2011.
[4] Yamin, M. and Ades, Y. 2009. Crowd management with RFID and wireless technologies. In Proceedings of the 2009 First international Conference on Networks & Communications (December 27 - 29, 2009). NETCOM. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 439-442.
[5] Mohandes, Haleem, Abul-Hussain, and Balakrishnan, "Pilgrim tracking using wireless sensor network," presented at the Workshops Int. Conf. Adv. Inform. Netw. Appl. (WAINA 2011), Singapore, Mar. 22–25, 2011.
[6] M. Mohandes, "RFID-based system for pilgrims identification & tracking," J. Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. (ACES), vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 273–282, Mar. 2010.

Abstract: For any area of engineering, the development in 'data acquisition hardware' and the 'development in data processing software' go hand in hand. The hyperspectral image acquisition systems are rapidly developing and providing data with more and more dimensionality. However, unless we develop suitable algorithms for processing this data, no useful information can be extracted. This high dimensional data requires special considerations beyond the conventional processing techniques. Precisely, if we develop a pre-processing stage which works on the key problem of 'very large number of labeled samples', then the conventional approaches can be retained for rest of the algorithm. Thus, reduction of hyperspectral images is chosen as the fundamental research area. Within the variety of already available techniques for hyperspectral image reduction, the method of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is chosen for analysis because of the wavelet's inherent multi-resolution properties. This paper includes reduction of hyperspectral image using various wavelet.

Keywords: hyperspectral, biorthogonal, wavelet, HAAR

1] The Effect of the Spectral Band Selection Method on Hyperspectral Images Segmentation Accuracy Ali Bakhshi, Mohammad Hassan Ghassemian, and Alireza Ahmadifard, International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2012 [2] Dimensionality Reduction and Classification of Hyperspectral Image Data Using Sequences of Extended Morphological Transformations Antonio Plaza, Member, IEEE, Pablo Martínez, Javier Plaza, and Rosa Pérez, , IEEE transaction 2008. [3] Multivariate denoising using wavelets and principal component analysis Computational Statistics & Data Analysis by Aminghafari, M., Cheze, N. & Poggi, J.-M. (2006). 50, 2381–2398. [4]Ancona, M., Cazzola, W., Raffo, P. & Corvi, M. (2002). Image Database Retrieval Using Wavelet Packets Compressed Data. In Proceedings of the Sixth SIMAI National Conference. Chia Laguna, Italy. [5] Dimensionality Reduction of Hyperspectral Data Using Discrete Wavelet Transform Feature Extraction Lori Mann Bruce, Senior Member, IEEE, Cliff H. Koger, and Jiang Li, Student, Member, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience And Remote Sensing, Vol. 40, NO. 10, October 2002. [6] Image Denoising for Gaussian Noise Reduction in Bionics Using DWT Technique Iram Sami, 2Abhishek Thakur, 3Rajesh Kumar IJECT Vol. 4, Issue Spl - 3, April - June 2013

Abstract: With the advent of numerous remote sensing sensors available for the researcher, the fusion of digital image data has become a valuable tool in remote sensing image evaluation. The review on data fusion fusion techniques with the availability of multisensor, multitemporal, Multiresolution and multifrequency image data from operational Earth observation satellite, is presented in this paper. Digital image fusion is a emerging research field at the leading edge of viz. Multi-spetral, Hyper-spectral, and Microwave technology based remote sensing sensors. Since data with different characteristics are combined, Fused images may provide increased interpretation capabilities and more reliable results. The objective in image fusion is to reduce uncertainty and minimize redundancy in the output image while maximizing relevant details particular to an application or task. It open-up doors for researcher all over the world being a rapidly developing area of research in remote sensing domain. This paper exhibits the pros and cons of mainly pixel based image fusion techniques, where it is evaluated primarily for vegetation analysis using remote sensing data.

Keywords: Image fusion, Multispectral ,Panchromatic, , Pixel level, Pansharpening

[1] Z. Wang, D. Ziou, and C. Armenakis, A comparison analysis of image fusion methods, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1391–1402, 2005.

[2] David L. Hall, and James Llinas, An Introduction to Multisensor Data Fusion, PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 85, NO. 1, JANUARY 1997 [3] P.J. Burt, The pyramid as a structure for efficient computation, in: A. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Multiresolution Image Processing and Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984, pp. 6–35. [4] Yang Jinghui, Zhang Jixian, Li Haitao, Sun Yushan, Pu Pengxian, Pixel level fusion methods for remote sensing images: a current review In: Wagner W., Székely, B. (eds.): ISPRS TC VII Symposium – 100 Years ISPRS, Vienna, Austria, July 5–7, 2010, IAPRS, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 7B [5] Qifan Wang, Zhenhong Jia, Xizhong Qin, Jie Yang, Yingjie Hu 'A New Technique for Multispectral and Panchromatic Image Fusion' 2011 International Conference on Advances in Engineering

[6] Yu Lijun, Nie Yueping, Liu Fang, and Zhu Jianfeng, 'Research on Data Fusion Method for Archaeological Site Identification', Nov. 9-11, 2012 International conference on Image Analysis And Signal Processing (IASP), Hangzhou, China.

[7] Komeil Rokni, Maged Marghany, Mazlan Hashim and Sharifeh Hazini 'Comparative Statistical-based and Color-related Pan Sharpening Algorithms for ASTER and RADARSAT SAR Satellite Data', (ICCAIE 2011) International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics.

Abstract: Floating-point numbers are widely adopted in many applications due their dynamic representation capabilities. Floating-point representation is able to retain its resolution and accuracy compared to fixed-point representations. Unfortunately, floating point operators require excessive area (or time) for conventional implementations. The creation of floating point units under a collection of area, latency, and throughput constraints is an important consideration for system designers. This paper presents the implementation of a general purpose, scalable architecture used to synthesize floating point multipliers on FPGAs. Although several implementations of floating point units targeted to FPGAs have been previously reported, most of them are customized for specific applications. Multiplication is an important fundamental function in arithmetic operations. It can be performed with the help of different multipliers using different techniques. The objective of good multiplier is to provide a physically compact high speed and low power consumption. To save significant power consumption of multiplier design, it is a good direction to reduce number of operations. The main objective of this paper is to design "Simulation of IEEE 754 standard double precision multiplier and check for the latency, area and troughput" using VHDL.

Keywords: Floating point multiplier, VHDL, FPGA

[1] D. Goldberg, "What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic ,ACM Computing Surveys vol. 23-1 , pp. 5-48 ,1991. [2] B. Parhami, "Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs",Oxford University Press, 2000. [3] Michael L. Overton, "Numerical Computing with IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic, Published by Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,2001. [4] Cho, J. Hong, and G Choi, "54x54-bit Radix-4 Multiplier based on Modified Booth Algorithm," 13th ACM Symp.VLSI, pp 233-236, Apr. 2003. [5] N. Besli, R. G. DeshMukh, "A 54*54-bit Multiplier with a new Redundant Booth's Encoding," IEEE Conf. Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 2, pp 597-602, 12-15 May 2002. [6] Sumit Vaidya and Deepak Dandekar," Delay-Power Performance comparison of multipliers in VLSI circuit design", International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol.2, No.4, pg 47-55, July 2010. [7] . K. D. Underwood. FPGAs vs. CPUs: Trends in peak floating-point performance. In Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Monterrey, CA, February 2004. [8] P. Assady, "A New Multiplication Algo Using High-Speed Counters", European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X, Vol.26 No.3 ,pp.362-368, 2009. [9] Y. Wang, Y. Jiang, and E. Sha, "On Area Efficient Low Power Array Multipliers",In the 8th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, pp 1429– 1432,2001.
[10] U. Kulisch, "Advanced Arithmetic for the Digital Computers", Springer- Verlag, Vienna, 2002.

Abstract: Trees naturally convert the carbon dioxide into oxygen. But today because of Greed Selfish Humans are cutting trees and forests and on that place we humans are building white cement forest. Population is increasing and number of tress are decreasing. Co2 is not good for humans but Trees convert water into oxygen which we humans need to survive. This will lead to Global warming problems, Acid Rain, respiratory disease many more. But do not worry now Artificial Trees will do this Job in future.This Tree opens up new prospects for urban lighting in that it satisfies today's most pressing environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic demands.

Keywords: LDR, PIC 16F877A, pc software vb6. Solar Panels, temperature sensor, Vertical axis windmill, Voltage Regulators.

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http://topdiysolarpanels.com/ solarelectricityhandbook.com www.elctronicsforu.com Books Basic Electronics – B.Ram Digital Electronics – R.P.Jain SOLAR ENERGY-S P Sukhatme Digital electronics: Morris Mano Communication system: Simon haykins.

Abstract: In this paper, the virtual instruments software LabVIEW and its Simulation Interface Toolkit are introduced at first. With visualization technology, LabVIEW can simulate an industry plant with better effect. The LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit (SIT) provides a seamless integration between MATLAB/Simulink software and LabVIEW. A method is presented to implement real-time digital simulation with no hardware-in-the-loop and a pure software real-time digital simulation example of a lever process control system using LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit is given. It can get better effect in teaching or training of industry process control system with minimal cost.

Keywords: LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit, Real-time, Digital Simulation, MATLAB.

[1] National Instruments Corp. LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit User Guide," October 2003 [Online]. Available: http://digital.ni.com [2] National Instruments Corp.Building a LabVIEW User Interface for a Simulink Model with the LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit [Online]. Available: http:// zone.ni.com/devzone [3] National Instruments Corp. Using CAN with the LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit [Online]. Available: http://zone.ni.com/devzone [4] National Instruments Corp. Getting Started with LabVIEW," April 2003 [Online]. Available: http://digital.ni.com [5] A. A. Rodriguez et al. Description of a Modeling, Simulation, Animation, and Real-Time Control (MoSART) Environment for a Class of Electromechanical Systemsresources [J]. IEEE Trans. Educ., 2005,48(3): 359-374. [6] Ogata K. Modern Control Engineering, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002
[7] MathWorks, Inc. Using Simulink [Online]. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/

Abstract: During a speech voice is enriched to convey not only intended language message but also the emotion state of a person. Recent advancements suggested that emotion is a integral to our rational and intelligent decision, which helps to relate expressing our feelings. Speech prosody is one of the important communicative channel influences to express the emotional message. Pitch contour is one of the important features of speech that is affected by modulation by which emotions can be recognized whether it may be a neutral or emotion speech. In this project the pitch contour is analyzed in order to extract salient features for emotion detection. Fundamental frequency 𝐹0 is plotted based upon pitch contour features like mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, kurtosis, upper quartile ,lower quartile, skewness and inflexion. Here 𝐹0 is a rhythmic property of speech source using global statistics of pitch contour over entire utterance or sentence known as Sentence Level. Entrance of pitch features over voiced region is known as Voiced Level. Probability density function has to be plotted for each feature and for all emotional and reference data bases. In order to discriminate neutral and emotional speech KLD is used. If the distance between reference neutral and emotion are similar it is best features. If the distance between reference neutral and emotion are different then it is lowest.GMM which is a parametric model used for building these best features and testing the GMM to identify the emotional speech. Result will be indicating that emotional modulation is not uniformly distributed in time and space across different communicative languages.

Keywords: Emotional speech analysis, emotional speech recognition, expressive speech, KLD, pitch contour analysis.

[1] J. Garofolo, L. Lamel, W. Fisher, J. Fiscus, D. Pallet, and N. Dahlgren, "TIMIT Acoustic- Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus,' 1993. [2] S. Lee, S. Yildirim, A. Kazemzadeh, and S. Narayanan, "An articulatory study of emotional speech production," in Proc. 9th Eur. Conf. Speech Commun. Technol. (Interspeech'05—Eurospeech), Lisbon, Portugal, Sep. 2005, pp. 497–500. [3] M. Grimm, K. Kroschel, E. Mower, and S. Narayanan, "Primitives- based evaluation and estimation of emotions in speech," Speech Commun., vol. 49, no. 10–11, pp. 787–800, Oct.–Nov. 2007. [4] M. Liberian, K. Davis, M. Grossman, N. Marty, and J. Bell, "Emotional prosody speech and transcripts," in Proc. Linguist. Data Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, 2002, CD-ROM. [5] F. Burckhardt, A. Paeschke, M. Rolfes, W. Sendlmeier, and B. Weiss, "A data base of German emotional speech," in 9th European Conf. Speech Communication and Technology (Interspeech'2005—Eurospeech), Lisbon, Portugal, Sep. 2005, pp. 1517–1520. [6] J. Montero, J. Gutiérrez-Arriola, S. Palazuelos, E. Enrique, S. Aguilera, and J. Pardon, "Emotional speech synthesis: From speech database to TTS," in 5th Int. Conf. Spoken Lang. Process. (ICSLP'98),Sydney, Australia, Nov.–Dec. 1998, pp. 923–925. [7] E. Douglas-Cowie, N. Campbell, R. Cowie, and P. Roach, "Emotional speech: Towards a new generation of databases," Speech Commun., vol.40, no. 1–2, pp. 33–60, Apr. 2003. [8] S. Ananthakrishnan and S. Narayanan, "Automatic prosody labeling Using acoustic, lexical, and syntactic evidence," IEEE Trans. Speech.

Abstract: In mathematics, multiplication is the most commonly used operation such as DSP application. This paper will explores the design approach of a convolution encoder using vedic multiplier and booth multiplier which will lead to improved delay and faster speed. Here, the efficiency of Urdhva Triyagbhyam Vedic method for multiplication which strikes a difference in the actual process of multiplication itself. It enables parallel generation of partial products and eliminates unwanted multiplication steps. This algorithm follows a fast multiplication process and achieves a significantly less computational complexity over its conventional counterparts. Finally, the coding will be done in VHDL and synthesis will be done using Xilinx ISE simulator. Results will be compared with these techniques.

Keywords - Convolutional Encoder, Multiplier, Urdhava Tiryakbhyam, Vedic Mathematics.

[1] Honey Durga Tiwari, Ganzorig Gankhuyag, Chan Mo Kim, Yong Beom Cho, Multiplier design based on ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics, 978-1-4244-2599-0/08 2008 IEEE. [2] Shamim Akhter, VHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF FAST NXN MULTIPLIER BASED ON VEDIC MATHEMATIC, 1-4244-1342-7/07 2007 IEEE. [3] Vaijyanath Kunchigi, Linganagouda Kulkarni, Subhash Kulkarni, High Speed and Area Efficient Vedic Multiplier. [4] Ms.G.S. Suganya, Ms. G.kavya, RTL Design and VLSI Implementation of an efficient Convolutional Encoder and Adaptive Viterbi Decoder, 978-1-4673-4866-9/13/2013 IEEE.

Abstract: In this paper, we will analyze MIPS instruction format, instruction data path, decoder module function and design theory based on RISC CPU instruction set. Here, we will use pipeline design process which involves instruction fetch (IF), instruction decoder (ID), execution (EXE), data memory (MEM) and write back (WB) modules of 32-bit CPU based on RISC CPU instruction set. Function of IF module mainly includes fetch instruction, latch module, address arithmetic module, check validity of instruction module and synchronous control module. The instruction decoder includes register file, write back data to register file, sign bit extend and relativity check. Finally, the coding will be done in VHDL and synthesis will be done using Xilinx ISE simulator.

Keywords - Data Flow, Data Path, Instruction Set, MIPS, Pipeline.

[1] Mrs. Rupali S. Balpande, Mrs.Rashmi S. Keote, Design of FPGA based Instruction Fetch & Decode Module of 32-bit RISC (MIPS) Processor, 2011 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 978-0-7695-4437-3/11, 2011 IEEE. [2] Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, MEEE, Md. Shabiul Islam, MEEE, Mohd. S. Sulaiman, MEEE, A Single Clock Cycle MIPS RISC Processor Design using VHDL, ICSE2002 Proc. 2002, Penang, Malaysia, 0-7803-7578-S/02/S, 2002 IEEE. [3] Kui YI, Yue-Hua DING, 32-bit RISC CPU Based on MIPS Instruction Fetch Module Design, 2009 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 978-0-7695-3615-6/09, 2009 IEEE. [4] Rohit Sharma, Vivek Kumar Sehgal, Nitin Nitin1, Pranav Bhasker, Ishita Verma, Design and Implementation of a 64-bit RISC Processor using VHDL, UKSim 2009: 11th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, 978-0-7695-3593-7/09, 2009 IEEE.

Abstract: The performance of speech recognition systems have improved due to recent advances in speech processing technique but there is still need of improvement. In this paper we present the hybrid approach for feature extraction technique using MFCC & LPC, two classification techniques, Gaussian mixture models (GMM) and Vector quantization (VQ) with LBG design algorithm are used for classification of speakers.The Vector Quantization (VQ) approach is used for mapping vectors from a large vector space to a finite number of regions in that space. Each region is called a cluster and can be represented by its center called a codeword. The collection of all codewords is called a codebook. After the enrolment session, the acoustic vectors extracted from input speech of a speaker provide a set of training vectors. LBG algorithm due to Linde, Buzo and Gray is used for clustering a set of L training vectors into a set of M codebook vectors. For comparison purpose, the distance between each test codeword and each codeword in the master codebook is computed. The difference is used to make recognition decision. The entire coding was done in MATLAB and the system was tested for its reliability.

Keywords - Feature extraction, feature matching, MFCC,LPC,GMM,VQ

[1]C.E. Vivaracho, J. Ortega-Garcia, L. Alonso, Q.I. Moro, "A Comparative Study of MLP-based Artificial Neural Networks in Text-Independent Speaker Verification against GMM-based Systems", EUROSPEECH 2001-SCANDINAVIA, Aalborg Denmark, Volume 3, pp. 1753-1756, September 2001 [2] Campbell J.P. and Jr. "Speaker recognition: A Tutorial" Proceeding of the IEEE. Vol 85, 1437- 1462 1997.

[3] S.Furui. "Fifty years of progress in speech and speaker recognition," Proc. 148th ASA Meeting, 2004.

[4] A. Rosenberg, "Automatic speaker recognition: A review," Proc. IEEE, vol. 64, pp. 475487, Apr. 1976.

[5] G. Doddington, "Speaker recognition-Identifying people by their voices," Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, pp. 1651-1664, 1985

[6] Douglas A. Reynolds, Member, IEEE, and Richard C. Rose, Member, IEEE, "Robust Text- Independent Speaker Identification Using Gaussian Mixture Speaker Models", TRANSACTIONS ON SPEECH AND AUDIO PROCESSING, 1995

[7] J. Hertz, A. Krogh, and R. J. Palmer, Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, USA. 1991.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a wireless data acquisition (DAQ) for foot plantar pressure sensors. Foot plantar pressure is the pressure fields that act between the foot skin and its supporting surface that humans experience during daily activities. Information derived from such pressure is important for diagnosing lower limb problems, footwear design, sport biomechanics performance and injury prevention. The system is intended for an in-shoe wireless pressure measurement system. The objective of this DAQ is to be a system which can be integrated into a shoe with the ability of wireless transmission to an external on body receiver. Such device provides low power consumption, convenient and comfortable testing system simulating a range of normal daily life activities.

Keywords - Foot plantar pressure, pressure sensor, wireless system.

Y. Wahab, A. Zayegh, R. K. Begg, and R. Veljanovski, "Design of MEMS biomedical pressure sensor for gait analysis," in IEEE International Conference on emiconductor Electronics, 2008.ICSE, 2008, pp. 166-169. L. Lavery, S. Vela, J. Fleishli, D. Armstrong, and D. Lavery, "Reducing plantar pressure in the neuropathic foot," Diabetes care, vol. 20, pp. 1706-10, 1997. Mueller, "Application of plantar pressure assessment in footwear and insert design," The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, vol. 29, p. 747, 1999. S. Praet and J. Louwerens, "The influence of shoe design on plantar pressures in neuropathic feet," Diabetes care, vol. 26, p. 441, 2003. R. M. Queen, A. N. Abbey, J. I. Wiegerinck, J. C. Yoder, and J. A. Nunley, "Effect of shoe type on plantar pressure: A gender comparison," Gait & Posture, vol. 31, pp. 18-22, 2010.
"[Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/." S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, "Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030," Diabetes care, vol. 27, p. 2569, 2004.