iosr-JEEE   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ July – Aug. 2020

Abstract: In this paper work, especially in India, we need to concentrate on certain aspects of increasing the productivity level and subsequent profit of agriculture and reducing the financial issues and thus solving the problems of farmers. Today in India, farmers use conventional methods for cutting / harvesting crops, using human labor but this method consumes a lot of time and energy. It is well known that crops like Jowar, Tuar, Bajra, Maize require more force in contrast to the crops like wheat, rice etc., need. This project presents a vital concept for design and analysis of crop cutters. The crop cutting is an important phase in the field of agriculture. It can be used for cutting dry stalks of grain, breaking trunk of tree. This mechanism is used for harvesting the moderate crop. But a single machine can do a work of 7-8 laborers and help to increase the economy of farmers. The only drawback of machine is that it depends on battery and it works automatically without using man power.

Keywords: Dc motor, Battery, Wheels, Blades

[1]. Hubertus Siebald, Oliver Hensel," Real time acoustic monitoring of cutting blade sharpness in agricultural machinery", IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol.22, Issue 6, Dec-2017.Mayank Kumar Gupta, Pradeep Tyagi, Shubham Chauhan, "Design and Fabrication of Multi Crop Cutter", IJARSET, Vol.4, Issue 5, May -2017.
[2]. Praveen Kiran Mali, Dr. C. N. Sakhali. S. D. Shelare. "A Literature Review on Design and Develeopment of Maize Thresher" Ijpret, 2015; Volume 3 (9):9-14Issn 2319-507
[3]. Fabrication and performance test of an ultraportable crop cutter" Mr G Maruthi prasad Yadav, GMD JaveedBasha IJRSET Volume 2
[4]. Farm power source, their availability and future requirement to sustain agriculture product, by N. S.L. Srivastava.
[5]. State of India Agriculture 2012-13, Indian Government Analysis.

Abstract: Quadrotor (or quadcopter), a typical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), has many applications in daily life, military, agriculture, industry, commerce, and other useful applications. Control for stabilizing quadrotor is the main point needed to be solved before making tracks along the desired trajectory. This research presents an explicit scheme to design a PID regulator for stabilizing quadrotor. For more details, the mathematical model of quadrotor is defined under an engineering point of view, based on which a suitable PID controller is designed and programmed on STM32 microcontroller. Furthermore, a good control feedback system needs a clean feedback signal, so the effects of sensor noises are decreased by applying the complement filter. The performances of the control system and how sensor noises are well eliminated are going to be demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.

[1]. V.Martínez, "Modelling of the Flight Dynamics of a Quadrotor Helicopter", in Aerospace Sciences, vol. Master of Science: Cranfield, 2007.
[2]. T. Bresciani, "Modelling, Identification and Control of a Quadrotor Helicopter", in Automatic Control vol. Master of Science Sweden: Lund, 2008.
[3]. Mckerrow, P., "Modeling the Draganflyer four rotor helicopter", 2004 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, April 2004, New Orleans, pp. 3596.
[4]. Tayebi, A. And mcgilvray, S., "Attitude stabilization of a four rotor aerial robot", 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, December 2004, Bahamas, pp. 1216.
[5]. A. L. Salih, M. Moghavvemi, H. A. F. Mohamed, and K. S. Gaeid, "Flight PID controller design for a UAV quadrotor," Scientific Research and Essays, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 3360–3367.

Abstract: Load forecasting is the technique for prediction of electrical load. In a deregulated market it is much need for a generating company to know about the market load demand for generating near to accurate power. If the generation is not sufficient to fulfil the demand, there would be Problem of irregular supply and in case of excess generation the generating company will have to bear the loss. Neural network techniques have been recently suggested for short-term load forecasting by a large number of researchers. This paper proposes the load forecasting for the Power Grid Company Bangladesh Ltd. (PGCB) by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). It uses the advanced back....

Key Word: Short Term Load Forecasting, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Power GRID Company Bangladesh (PGCB); MATLAB Simulink

[1]. Y. Al-Rashid and L.D. Paarmann, "Short-term electric load forecasting using neural network models," Circuits and Syst., Ames, IA, 1996, pp. 1436-1439.
[2]. I. Moghram and S. Rahman, "Analysis and evaluation of five short-term load forecasting techniques," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 4, pp. 1484-1491, Nov. 1989.
[3]. G. Gross and F.D. Galiana, "Short-Term Load Forecasting," Proc. IEEE, vol. 75, pp. 1558-1573, Dec. 1987.
[4]. Daily Load report of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) Available: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=18
[5]. T. Hong, M. Gui, M. Baran, and H.L. Willis, "Modeling and forecasting hourly electric load by multiple linear regression with interactions," Power and Energy Soc. General.

Abstract: In this paper, a modified window function is proposed to design a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) low pass filter. The window function is designed with MATLAB by using the Curvefit Library, Iteration and fvtool. The main aim of this work is to attenuate the sidelobe peak with the same or slightly increase the main lobe width. A window adjusting parameter is defined to incorporate the aim. The proposed window function results in a better performance like minimum side lobe incorporate with equal ripple. The designed window function is compared with Blackman, Hamming, and Hanning window, and the simulation result indicates an improved performance compared to other commonly used windows. Moreover, the low pass finite impulse response filter designed with the proposed window bolster the consequence

Key Word: FIR filter, Iteration, Sidelobe, Sinc function, filter Response, filter kernel.

[1]. Mohd. ShariqMahoob, Rajesh Mehra, "Design of Low Pass FIR Filter Using Hamming, Blackman, Harris And Taylor Window", International Journal of Advance Research In Science And Engineering, IJARSE, Volume-3, Issue No.11, November 2014 ISSN-2319-8354(E).
[2]. Proakis, J. G. and Manolakis, D. G. "Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications"Pearson Education Ltd.
[3]. M. Shil, H. Rakshit, and H. Ullah, "An adjustable window function to design an FIR filter," Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Imaging, Vision & Pattern Recognition (icIVPR), 2017, pp. 1-5.
[4]. A. G. Deczky, "Unispherical windows", Proceedings of IEEE ISCS, vol. II, pp. 85-89, 2001.
[5]. M. Jascula, "New windows family based on modified Legendre polynomials", Proceedings of IEEE IMTC, pp. 553-556, 2002.

Abstract: Background: The voltage rise issue in low voltage (LV) distribution networks with high entrance of photovoltaic (PV) assets is one of the most important situations in the advancement of these renewable assets. In this paper, BES frameworks are utilized to explain the voltage fall during the peak PV age just as the voltage drop while meeting the peak load. Method adopted: In this paper, a control method of procedure is suggested for BESs employed in rooftop PV systems to moderate the voltage rise/drop issues in the LV distribution networks with high entrance of PV sources. A planned control methodology is presented in this paper to direct the charge/release of BESs utilizing a mix of the nearby hang based control strategy and an appropriated control conspire which guarantees the voltages of feeder stay inside allowed limits....

Key Word: Battery energy Stocking (BES); Distribution networks; Low Voltage(LV); Voltage drop.

[1]. Pearsall, Nicola, ed. The performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems: Modelling, measurement and assessment. Woodhead Publishing, 2016.
[2]. Masson and M. Brunisholz, "IEA PVPS trends 2015 in photovoltaic applications," IEA International Energy Agency, Tech. Rep. IEA-PVPS T1-27:2015, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.iea- pvps.org/index.php?id=trends
[3]. R. Tonkoski, D. Turcotte, and T. H. M. EL-Fouly, "Impact of high pv penetration on voltage profiles in residential neighborhoods," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 518–527, Jul. 2012.
[4]. R. A. Shayani and M. A. G. de Oliveira, "Photovoltaic generation penetration limits in radial distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1625–1631, Aug. 2011.
[5]. Wang, P. Zhang, W. Li, W. Xiao, and A. Abdollahi, "Online overvoltage prevention control of photovoltaic generators in microgrids," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2071–2078, Dec. 2012.

Abstract: High cost of power and environmental hazards such as CO emission and noise pollution produced by diesel generators has made the use of renewable energy source very necessary. Biogas and solar power are renewable energy sources which can be utilized as a backup in case of power interruption. The present work focuses the ability of biogas production using both human and kitchen waste of a selected building to generate electricity. The expected biogas yield, power generated output, total component cost of the system and payback period is compared to total component cost of installing solar PV system for the same load. The analysis enable us to ascertain the viability of biogas compared to other renewable energy resources. These data are used to determine the standalone component sizes, installation cost and the pay-back periods of both systems.......

Key Word: Biogas plant, Sizing, PV modules, load, Estimation

[1]. Obadia, K.B; Lingling, Z.; and Gerald, M. (2018). The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review. Clean Technology vol.1 Pp 70-88
[2]. Akinbami, J. F. K.; Ilori, M. O.; Oyebisi, T. O.; Akinwumi, I. O. and Adeoti, O. (2001). Biogas Energy use in Nigeria: Current Status, future prospects and policy Implications. Renew Sustain Energy. Vol. 5, pp 97 – 112.
[3]. Energy Commission of Nigeria (1998). Rural Renewable Energy Needs and Five supply Technology: Papers prepared for the joint ENC-NYSC Rural Renewable Energy project Training workshop pp 40-42.
[4]. Kevin, N. and Christopher, E. (2017). Comparative Biogas Yield Analysis of Selected Animal and Non-Animal Waste Substrates in the Tropics. 16th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies – SET 2017 17th - 20th of July 2017, Bologna, IT
[5]. Rajib, B.; Sujan, K.T. and Md., A.Z (2016). Biogas Utilization from Biomass and Kitchen Waste and its Impact on Energy Cost on a University Campus. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) Volume-5, Issue-11, pp-150-157

Abstract: The necessity of better Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal compression techniques is greater today than few years ago for several reasons. The quantity of ECG records is increasing in millions each year and previous records cannot be deleted since ECG signal is important for the comparison of records obtained over a long period of time to monitor the state of patients' heart. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure data generated is compressed as much as possible so that it takes up the least amount of space necessary and could be effectively transmitted despite the bandwidth limitation. In this research, hybrid lossless electrocardiogram signal compression algorithm using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) was developed to find an optimal compression......

Keywords: Electrocardiogram, Discrete cosine transform, fast fourier transform, saving percentage, compression ratio, percentage root mean difference.

[1]. Ahmed, S.M., Al-Zoubi, Q., and Abo-Zahhad, M. (2007): "A hybrid ECG Compression Algorithm based on Singular Value Decomposition and Discrete Wavelet Transform," Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 54-61.
[2]. Al-Shrouf, A., and Ahmed, S. (2003): "A Novel Compression Algorithm for Electrocardiogram Signals based on the Linear Prediction of the Wavelet Coefficients," Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 13, pp. 604-622.
[3]. Benmalek, M. and Charef, A. (2009): "Digital Fractional Order Operators for R Wave Detection in Electrocardiogram Signal," IET Signal Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 381–391.
[4]. Berne, R.M., and Levy, M.N. (1990): Cardiovascular in Principle of Physiology, Wolfe Publications Ltd, London, pp. 212-213.
[5]. Cardenas, J., and Lorenzo, J. (1999): "Mean-Shape Vector Quantization for ECG Signal Compression," IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 62-70.

Abstract: The diode is one of the important semiconductor devices used in many commercial electronic equipments. It is a unidirectional device, in which forward current rises with an increase in forward voltage. Earlier studies on diode were done with anode at positive and cathode at negative polarity voltage in order to make the diode act as a closed switch [1]. In this paper, both anode and cathode are connected to positive voltages to act as a closed switch and the corresponding forward V-I characteristics are obtained. In addition to it, reverse characteristics also obtained for different voltage magnitudes. Here, MATLAB Simulink is used to obtain theoretical values. Also, experimental setup with IN4148 and 460 Ohms are used and practical V-I characteristics are obtained.

Key Word: Semiconductor device; PN junction diode; V-I characteristics; IN4148; MATLAB

[1]. Thomas L Floyd, Electronic devices, seventh edition, 2004, Pearson publishers.
[2]. Kishore K Lal, Electronic devices, 2008, PS Publications.
[3]. Hudgins, J.L., Simin, G.S., Santi, E., and Khan, M.A.: "An assessment of wide bandgap semiconductors for power devices‟, Trans. Power Electron., 2003, 18, (3), pp. 907–914
[4]. Nishikawa, A., Kumakura, K., and Makimoto, T.: "High critical electric field exceeding 8 MV/cm measured using an AlGaN p-i-n vertical conducting diode on n-SiC substrate‟, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2007, 46, (4B), pp. 2316–2319
[5]. Nishikawa, A., Kumakura, K., Kasu, M., and Makimoto, T.: "High-temperature characteristics of AlxGa1−xN-based vertical conducting diodes‟, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2008, 47, (4), pp. 2838–2840

Abstract: The utmost goal of this study is to X-ray the imperativeness of power factor (p.f) on the performance of electric power system, which include; electric power generator, transmission and reception (load), and the associated cost implications to electric power industries. System's performance parameters such as magnetizing current, armature reaction, leakage reactance, air gap length, machine rating, voltage regulation, efficiency and so on are adversely affected by its power factor (p.f). Power factor changes according to loads on a system. User loads change all the time as equipment is switched on and off. Variations (increasing, decreasing or unity) in power factor have a devastating effect on electric power system lines and machines. As power factor is one amongst the prevailing concerns in electrical industries, a striking balance (corrective......

Key Word: Armature reaction, lagging power factor, leading power factor, magnetizing current, phase angle reactive power, unity power factor

[1]. Power factor- Wikipedia "https; //en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/power factor
[2]. V.K Mehta, Rohit Mehta (2000) "Principles of Electrical Machines" S. Chand and Company Ltd (An ISO 9001:2000 Company) Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110055.
[3]. D.P. Kothari, I.J Nagrath (2007) "Electric Machines'' Published by Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi .Third Edition.
[4]. Smarajit Ghosh (2007) "Electrical Machines" Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) PVt Ltd, Licenses of Pearson Education in South Asia. Head Office 482, F.I.F, Palparganj Delhi 110092, India.
[5]. Arthur .E. Fitzgerald et al (2003) "Electric Machinery "Published by MC Graw-Hill. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Sixth Edition.

Abstract: Voltage collapse analysis (VCA) plays an important role in stability studies and system operation of power system. Due to overloading or fault condition (system turbulence) the system can be stressed beyond its permissible limit thereby causing failure of power delivery. In order to study the effect of VCA on Nigerian 330kV 34-bus power system network, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique basedSwarm Particle Optimizer Predictor (sPOP) approach is proposed in this paper. Using sPOP, simulations were performed over several trial runs and the results portray the sPOP as a promising VCAtechnique for power system network planning.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, optimization, power systems network, predictor, voltage collapse.

[1]. Adebayo, I. G., Jimoh, A. A., &Yusuff, A. A. (2015, September). A comparison of voltage collapse point prediction capabilities of voltage stability index and inherent structural characteristics. In AFRICON 2015 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[2]. Avraam, C., Rines, J., Sarker, A., Paganini, F., &Mallada, E. (2018). Voltage Collapse Stabilization: A Game Theory Viewpoint. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.10133.
[3]. Azadani, E. N., Hosseinian, S. H., &Hasanpor, P. (2008). Optimal placement of multiple STATCOM for voltage stability margin enhancement using particle swarm optimization. Electrical Engineering, 90(7), 503-510.
[4]. Chatterjee, S., & Roy, B. K. S. (2019). Prediction of Line Contingency Catastrophic Failures Using Synchrophasor Measurements. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 30(6), 1107-1115.
[5]. Devaraj, D., & Roselyn, J. P. (2010). Genetic algorithm based reactive power dispatch for voltage stability improvement. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 32(10), 1151-1156..

Abstract: The artificial neural network (ANN) uses the method of counterfeiting biological neural connection computing ability to find the optimal solution. In this paper, we apply neural network learning algorithms to approximate the value of weight geometric dilution of precision (WGDOP) to optimize wireless positioning accuracy in mobile communication system. By selecting the base-station (BS) set with the minimum of WGDOP to locate the mobile station position, it can reduce the effects of geometric distribution and improve positioning accuracy. In this paper, we choose the best combination of four base-stations for positioning the mobile station (MS), and each BS can measure signal arrival time. The architecture we proposed in this research can be applied to the global positioning system, wireless sensing network and mobile communication system.

Key Word: Artificial Neural Network (ANN); Weight Geometric Dilution of Precision (WGDOP); Mobile Station Positioning; Mobile communication system

[1]. J.Y. Tham, S. Ranganath, M. Ranganath and A.A. Kassim, "A novel unrestricted center-biased diamond search algorithm for block motion estimation," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 369-377, Aug. 1998.
[2]. S. Venkatraman and J. Caffery, "Hybrid TOA/AOA techniques for mobile location in non-line-of-sight environments," Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. and Net. Conf., pp. 274-278, Mar. 2004.
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[5]. Evennou, Frédéric, and François Marx, "Advanced integration of WiFi and inertial navigation systems for indoor mobile positioning," Eurasip journal on applied signal processing (2006), 2006, pp. 164-164.

Abstract: Power consumption is increasing day by day and it necessitates power grids to operate near peak transmission capacities. This leads to more serious transient stability issues caused by disturbances. When large disturbances occur in interconnected power systems the operating point of the system will change and may be displaced from the associated region of stability, if proper stabilization techniques are not employed. The stability of the synchronous generator in the electrical power system will be lost by a non-periodic deviation of the rotor angle, or due to speed deviation oscillatory. Proportional Integral plus Derivative Power System Stabilizers (PIDPSS) with fixed parameters are widely used in the power industry to provide damping to these oscillations, to keep the rate of deviation within limits, thus ensuring stability. When the power system state is close to the equilibrium,.....

Key Word: Single Machine Infinite Bus; Power System Stabilizer, Firefly Algorithm; Tidal force; Opposition based Reinforcement Learning; Damping

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