iosr-JEEE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: The global electrical energy consumption is steadily rising. To meet the growing demand of electricity and reduction of greenhouse gas emission has prompted renewed interest in the renewable energy system. The cost of renewable energy technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand and production increases. Among various possibilities, the solar cell is an instinct source of energy, which is increasingly being studied, researched and for conversion of electrical energy. In this paper we have studied dc to ac conversion technique using boost inverter with solar energy stored via PV cells in a battery as input. In this way we have enabled to convert 12V dc to 220V ac for home applications. The overall project has been verified by simulation with OrCAD 15.7 simulation software. This technique supports the use of dc-ac boost inverter technique to feasible solution for solar home application.
Keywords -Boost Inverter, VSI, Ground Isolation, Lock out circuit.

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[3] RafiaAkhter, AminulHoque, ―Analysis of a PWM Boost Inverter for solar home application‖. CISE 2006, International Conference,
Enformatika, Volume 17, ISSN 1305-5315, pp. 212-216, December 2006.
[4] Ram´on O. C´aceres, Ivo Barbi,‖ A Boost DC– AC Converter: Analysis, Design, and Experimentation‖, IEEE transactions on
power electronics, vol. 14, pp. 134-141, January 1999.
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Abstract: This paper presents a rotor position estimation technique for a 6/4 switched reluctance machine based on Adaptive Neuro fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). This technique is applied for modelling the nonlinear rotor position of SRM using the magnetization characteristics of the machine. ANFIS has a strong nonlinear approximation ability which could be used for nonlinear modelling and its real time implementations. In this paper, the best features of ANFIS is utilised to develop the computationally efficient rotor position model θ (I,ψ) for SRM. Mathematical model for θ (I,ψ) using ANFIS has been successfully arrived, tested and presented for various values of phase currents (Iph) and phase flux linkage(ψ) of a non linear SRM. It is observed that ANFIS is highly suitable for rotor position θ (I,ψ) modelling of SRM which is tested to be in good agreement with the training and checking data used for modelling
Keywords: Rotor position estimation model, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), Switched reluctance machine (SRM), Phase flux linkage.

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Abstract:Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) cell is a device which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy by means of photovoltaic effects. Photovoltaic cells are made of semi conductors which generate electricity when they absorb light. PV cells generate electricity by using the renewable energy technology which generates green power. The Photovoltaic industry in India is facing severe shortage of silicon, hence the Government of India is not able to achieve the set targets. The purpose of this research paper is three fold: 1. To bring out the latest innovations to better the performance of PV modules. 2. Reduction of direct manufacturing cost. 3. Improve the conversion efficiency.
Keywords :Renewable energy sources ,Semi conductor, solar photo voltaic cell, Silicon, Mono Si, poly Si, EFG – Si, cost reduction, economies of large scale production.

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Abstract:Nanostructured metal oxides are gradually being interesting for their remarkable properties and mechanical fields. Many methods have been used for the preparation of nanostructured metal oxides. Here we report the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by anodization method at the same time optical and structural characterization was also conducted. Anodization is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. Anodization was carried out using a twoelectrode configuration. The close packed titanium was attached to a copper rod to form the working electrode. The titanium rod was protected by a non-conductive epoxy in order to avoid being anodized in the electrolyte. A platinum sheet (2.0×1.5cm2) connected to a copper wire was used as the counter-electrode. Anodization was conducted in 0.5ml HF with (50ml distilled water) and 0.5ml glycerol in (50 ml distilled water) with potentials ranging from (3-10) V for 2 hours at room temperature. Anodization changes the microscopic texture of the surface and changes the crystal structure of the metal near the surface. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UVVis) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were carried out to characterize the optical and structural properties of the synthesized samples respectively. Optical absorbance study in the photon wavelength range between 300 and 600 nm reveals that strong absorbance peak is positioned around 423 nm (2.93ev) whereas visible energy band is almost transparent for the materials. Based on X-ray Diffraction, TiO2 nanparticles grown through anodization are amorphous. Interestingly, very small nanoparticles below 5 nm, have been shown using Stokes- Einstein equation to have unusual structural disorder that can substantially modify the properties of nanoparticles.
Keywords :Nanoparticles, Anodization, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction.

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Abstract:Conventional street lighting systems in areas with a low frequency of passersby are online most of the night without purpose. The consequence is that a large amount of power is wasted meaninglessly. With the broad availability of flexible-lighting technology like light-emitting diode lamps and everywhere available wireless internet connection, fast reacting, reliably operating, and power-conserving street lighting systems become reality. The purpose of this work is to describe the Smart Street Lighting (SSL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible Public lighting systems.
Keywords :Energy efficient systems, User-centered design, Location-aware applications, Mobile computing, Wireless sensor systems, Lighting systems, Computing, Mobile technology.

[1] Caponetto, R., Dongola, G., Fortuna, L., Riscica, N. and Zufacchi, D. (2008), "Power consumption reduction in a remote controlled
street lighting system", International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM
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Abstract:Fabric defect detection is one of the most important and challenging field in textile industry. In recent times 2-D Gabor filter technique can be used for defect detection in images.This paper aims at investigating methods for solving the problem of fabricdefectdetection.The work focuses on two aspects.First detect the defects in images using Gabor filter and Morphology technique. Second calculate the defective areas in images by calculating black and white pixels in the images and at the end compare the effective segmented area of proposed algorithm with morphology technique. Fabric images are used in evaluation and the experimental results obtained further confirm the designed algorithm achieved a high detection success rate.
Keywords :Defect detection, segmentation, Gabor filter, morphology, pixels.

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Abstract:This paper introduces novel framework for the modeling of hydro and thermal power plants generation system expansion plan for Pakistan. The modeling is achieved by using WASP-IV (Wien Automatic System Planning) model. It consists of seven modules. Each module determines different outputs with their respective inputs. Electricity demand is rapidly increasing as the population rises. The Electricity demand increased with devastating rate of 7.8% per year from 2003 to 2011. The installed capacity is not fulfilling the electricity demand. An mandatory generation mix supply is required for the time period 2011-2030. The Power Expansion Planning is done on generation level. In 2011, electricity demand raised to 25,400 MW. . In this paper load is forecasted with standard regression method. It helps in prediction of different types of loads. Then the Load Duration Curves generated are normalized against capacity factor at which power plant is operated. Further several necessary parameters are evaluated which are involved in generation expansion plan. Moreover, the selection of plants is achieved through screening curves. It allow us to know the most economical plants for base load, base load and peak load at different capacity factors. Screening curve is created by finding annualized cost, capital cost, heat rate, fuel rate and fixed costs for each plant. Thus by comparison, it helps us in a more convenient way to select the most feasible plant in correspondence of economical and fuel constraints. The result illustrates the Optimized Cost of Generation Plan, Generation Mix Supply for Pakistan (year 2030). It emphasizes on Investment and Production Costs ($ US Million), Fuel requirement and their costs, Operation and Maintenance Costs, and Loss of Load Probability. In the end, least cost financial plan for the whole time period is determined.
Keywords :Screening Curves, Capacity Factors, Heat Rate, Generation Mix Supply, Load Duration Curves, Loss of Load Probabilility.

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