iosr-JEEE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: GaN/InGaN heterostructure contains a unique property of piezoelectric polarization charges at the interface due to different thermal expansion coefficients. In this paper, we report a simple mathematical model for Ga-face GaN/InGaN heterostructure solar cell. The results obtained from the given model indicates that the piezoelectric polarization charges at the interface of Ga-face GaN/InGaN heterostructure improves the efficiency of a single GaN/InGaN heterostructure photovoltaic solar cell in comparison to the non-polar solar cells by 45% for AM 1.5. This structure can also provide a fundamental solar cell unit for developing very high efficiency MQW solar cell and a MJ solar cell using Ga-face GaN/InGaN structure.
Keywords -GaN/InGaN hetero-structure, Multi-Quantum-Well, Multi-Junction solar cell, Piezoelectric polarization

[1] MMehta,OJan,CHonsbergBJampana,IFerguson,ADoolittle,Modifying PC1D to model spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in III-V nitride solar cell, 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 3-7 September, Milan Italy (2007) 409-413.
[2] O.Jani,C.Honsberg,Y.Huang,J.O.Song,I.Ferguson,G.Namkoong,E.Trybus,A.Doolittle,S.Kurtz,Design,Growt h,Fabrication and
Characterization of High-BandGap InGaN/GaN Solar Cells, Proc. of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006.
[3] RudigerQuay, GalliumNitrideElectronics, SpringerSeriesInMaterials science 96, 2008, 30.
[4] H. Morkoc, Nitride Semi-conductor and Devices, Springer Series in Materials Science 32, 1999, 73.
[5] O. Ambacher, J. Majewski, C. Miskys, A. Link, M. Hermann, M. Eickhoff, M. Stutzmann, F. Bernerdini, V. Fiorentini, V. Tilak, B.
Schaff, L. F. Eastman, Pyroelectric properties of Al(In)GaN/GaN hetero and quantum well structures, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter,
vol. 14 (2002) 3399-3434,
[6] Omkar Jani, Ian Ferguson, Christiana Honsberg, Sarah Kurtz, Design and characterization of GaN/InGaN solar cells, Applied
Physics Letters 91 (2007) 132117-1-3
[7] E.A.Berkman,N.A.El-Masry,A.Emara,ands.M.Bedair,Nearlylattice-matched n, i, and p layers for InGaN p-i-n photodiodes in the
365–500 nm spectral range, Appl. Phys.Lett. 92 (2008) 101118-1-3
[8] M.J.Bergmann,U.Ozgur,J.Casey,H.O.Everitt and J.F. Muth, Ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices for AlxGa1-xN epitaxial
layers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 67-69.
[9] Omkar Jani, Christiana Honsberg, Ali Asghar, David Nicol, Ian Ferguson, Alan Dwliffle, Sarah Kurtz Characterization and analysis
of InGaN photovoltaic devices, Photovoltaic 31st IEEE Specialists Conference, Lake Buena, Vista, FL Jan. 3-5 (2005)
[10] Jenny Nelson "The Physics of Solar Cells." Imperial College Press.(2003).ISBN978-1-86094-340-9.
http://www.solarfreaks.com/download/file.php?id=281

Abstract: Over the years, a variety of other linear transforms have been developed which include discrete Fourier transform (DFT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) and many more, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Among these techniques, DWT has been proven to be very efficient for ECG signal coding. It is proposed to develop, a hybrid two-stage ECG signal compressor based on DCT and DWT. Proposed method is hybrid ECG compression technique based on wavelet transformation of the DCT coefficients of the signal. Interaction of DCT analysis with DWT transformations, signal thresholding and coding are a few of the many outstanding challenges in ECG compression. Proposed method will offer optimized CR and PRD, which would be suitable for most monitoring and diagnostic applications.
Keywords: DCT, DWT, Wavelet, Image Processing, Signal Compression.

[1] http://www.physionet.org/physiobank/database/mitdb
[2] A Comparison of Single Lead ECG Data Compression Techniques.
[3] Al-Shrouf, A., Abo-Zahhad, M. and Ahmed, S.M., 2003, A novel compression algorithm for electrocardiogram signals based on the
linear prediction of the wavelet coefficients. Digital Signal Processing, 13, 604–622.
[4] Sabah, M.A. and Abo-Zahhad, M., 2001, A new hybrid algorithm for ECG signal compression based on the wavelet transformation.
Medical Engineering and Physics, 24, 50–66
[5] Abo-Zahhad, M. and Rajoub, B.A., 2002, an effective coding technique for the compression of one-dimensional signals using
wavelets. Medical Engineering and Physics, 24, 185–199.
[6] Manikandan, M.S. and Dandapat, S., 2007, Wavelet thresholding based ECG compression using USZZQ and Huffman coding of
DSM. Biomedical Signal Processing and Coding, 1, 261–270.
[7] Miaou, S. and Yen, H., 2000, Quality driven gold washing adaptive vector quantization and its application to ECG data
compression. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform for ECG signal
compression has been presented & their combination removes Engineering, 47, 209–218.
[8] Leonardo Vidal Batista a, b, c,*, Elmar Uwe Kurt Melcher a, Luis Carlos Carvalho b, 2001, Compression of ECG signals by
optimized quantization of discrete cosine transform coefficients, Medical Engineering & Physics 23 (2001) 127–134
[9] Zigel, Y., Cohen, A. and Kats, A., 2000, the weighted diagnostic distortion (WDD) measure for ECG signal compression. IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 47, 1422–1430.
[10] Lu, Z., Kim, D. and Pearlman, W., 2000, Wavelet compression of ECG signals by set partitioning in hierarchical trees algorithm.
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 47, 849–856.

Abstract:Various methods have been proposed and developed for video shot boundary detection. Commonly used method for shot detection is Block Matching Algorithm. It is the most commonly used motion estimation technique. Various block matching algorithms have been proposed for shot detection such as Exhaustive Search, Three Step Search, New Three Step Search, Simple and Efficient Search, Four Step Search, Diamond Search, Adaptive Rood Pattern Search. This paper presents the comparative study of various Block Matching Algorithm used for boundary detection in videos.
Keywords: Block Matching, Motion Estimation, Motion Vectors, PSNR.

[1] Video shot boundary detection using motion activity descriptor Abdelati Malek Amel, Ben Abdelali Abdessalem and Mtibaa
Abdellatif, april 2010.
[2] Aroh Barjatya, "Block Matching Algorithms For Motion Estimation, "Student Member, IEEE, DIP 6620 Spring 2004 Final Project
paper.
[3] Jianhua Lu, and Ming L. Liou, "A Simple and Efficent Search Algorithm for Block-Matching Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans.
Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, vol 7, no. 2, pp. 429-433, April 1997
[4] Lai-Man Po, and Wing-Chung Ma, "A Novel Four-Step Search Algorithm for Fast Block Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans. Circuits
And Systems For Video Technology, vol 6, no. 3, pp. 313-317, June 1996.
[5] Shan Zhu, and Kai-Kuang Ma, " A New Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans.
Image Processing, vol 9, no. 2, pp. 287-290, February 2000.
[6] Yao Nie, and Kai-Kuang Ma, "Adaptive Rood Pattern Search for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans. Image
Processing, vol 11, no. 12, pp. 1442-1448, December 2002.
[7] Renxiang Li, Bing Zeng, and Ming L. Liou, "A New Three-Step Search Algorithm for Block Motion
[8] Estimation", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 438-442, August 1994.
[9] Chun-Ho Cheung, and Lai-Man Po, "A Novel Small Cross-Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Video Coding and Video
Conferencing Applications", Proc. IEEE ICIP, September 2002.
[10] Chun-Ho Cheung, and Lai-Man Po, "A Novel Cross-Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Block Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans.
CircuitsAnd Systems For Video Technology, vol 12., no. 12, pp. 1168-1177, December 2002.

Abstract:Due to large application of induction motors in industries, it has become prudent to work on its speed control. As the inverter provides better sinusoidal voltage or current, speed control of machines becomes more fine. It is possible only if inverter gets better gate pulses. Hence for testing of quality of inverter output voltage or current, %THD and switching frequency are two important parameter. It also contain the output voltage or current at 3k Hz switching frequency.
Keywords: Different methods of PWM Techniques, SIMULINK Model of Different Techniques, Output characteristics of inverter, %THD of Output of Voltage or current Vs switching frequency.

Books:-
[1] S.Hasan Saeed, Automatic control systems sixth revised edition 2008
[2] Dr. P.S.Bimbhra "power electronics, Fourth edition, 2009
Papers:-
[3] Mahesh A. Patel, Ankit Patel, Dhaval R.Vyas and Ketul Patel "Use of PWM Techniques for power Quality" International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, May 2009"
[4] Zhang Wei, Luo Jian Jun "Speed and Rotor Flux Estimation of Induction Motors Based on Extended Kalman Filter" Zhejiang
Wanli University Ningbo, China IEEE Conference, Page(s): 157 – 160, Cited by 1, Publication, Year: 2010
[5] R.Arulmozhiyal1, K.Baskaran2, R.Manikandan "An Intelligent Speed Controller for Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor
Drive"978-1-4244-5967-4/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
[6] Literature Number: BPRA073, Field Orientated Control of 3-Phase AC-Motors, Texas Instruments Europe, February 1998
[7] V. NAGA BHASKAR , "Comparison of Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Inverter fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor" International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(10), 2010, 5206-5214
[8] Ing. Pavel Gajdůšek, "Programmable Laboratory Invertor and Space Vector PWM Hardware Implementation and Application Setup
for Pc Based Control of Induction Motor" Msm Project No. 0021630516
[9] Muhammad H .Rashid "Power Electronics circuits, Devices and Applications "Third Edition, Sixth Impression,2009
[10] www.mathwork.com

Abstract:Energy auditing has been conducted to the Jawaharlal College of Engineering & Technology to estimate the Energy consumed in a day, week and monthly. The Energy Auditing for a day is the index of the consumption which normalizes the situation of Energy crisis by providing the conservation schemes. Any organization so called bulk consumer of electrical energy propose to adopt suitable technology or scheme of energy conservation to minimize. The unwanted power shutdown either incidentally or by load shedding.
Keywords: conservation, feasibility, recommendations, payback period.

[1] Utilization of Electric power by N.V.Surya Narayana.New age international publishers.
[2] Utilization of Electrical power byR.K.Rajput.New age international publishers
[3] Designing with Light- A lighting Handbook - Anil Walia-International Lighting Academy
[4] Handbook of Functional requirements on Industrial Buildings-SP-32- Bureau of Indian Standards
[5] Efficient Use of Electricity In Industries- Devki Energy Consultancies Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara
[6] Websites/Product Information CDs of the following manufacturers:
I. Crompton Greaves Lighting Division
II. Bajaj Electricals
III. GE lighting, USA
IV. Watt Stopper Inc, USA
V. Vergola India Ltd
VI. Lighting research centre, USA
VII. LBNL , USA
[7] Free guide to achieving financial success as an energy auditor by Energy audit Institute-USA.
[8] working manual on energy auditing by the asian productivity organization(apo) and national productivity council (npc) in new
delhi, india, conducted in 2007,

Abstract:Traction systems are huge consumers of reactive power. It due to the presence of inductive reactance in traction transformer, traction motors, auxiliary motors, smoothening reactor. Reactive power keeps on varying in a traction substation as the number of locomotives increases and decreases in its working environment. As a result of this a detailed study of reactive power is required in traction substation and the traditional fixed capacitors should be replaced with active filter based on PI controller.
Keywords: traction substation, Indian railway, reactive power, active power, voltage imbalance, PI controller, shunt active filter.

[1] Busco, B..Marino, P M. Porzio, R. Schiavo, and F. Vasca, Digital control and simulation for power electronic apparatus in dual
voltage railway locomotive, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1146– 1157, Sep. 2003.
[2] Han B., B. Bae, H. Kim, And S. Baek, Combined Operation Of Unified Power-quality Conditioner With Distributed Generation,
IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, January 2006.
[3] Behrooz Bahrani, Alfred Rufer, And Martin Aeberhard , catenary Voltage Support Adopting Modern Locomotives With Active
Line-side Converters, IEEE Transactions On Smart Grid, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2012 H.Cheng-Ping,W. Chi-Jui, C.Yung-Sung, P.
Shih-Kai,Y. Jung-Liang, a nd H. Ming-Hong, Loading characteristics analysis of specially connected transformers using various
power factor definitions, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1406–1413, Jul. 2006.
[4] Celli, F. Pilo, S.B. Tennakoon, "Voltage Regulation on 25 kV AC railway systems by using Thyristor switched capacit or",
Proceedings of 9th Intl. Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Vol. 2, pp. 633-638, Oct. 2000.
[5] Chen, R. J. Li, and H. Pao-Hsiang, Traction system unbalance problem-analysis methodologies, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
19, no. 4, pp. 1877–1883, Oct. 2004.
[6] Hung-Yuan K. and C. Tsai-Hsiang, Rigorous evaluation of the voltage unbalance due to high-speed railway demands, IEEE Trans.
Veh. Technol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1385–1389, Nov. 1998.
[7] Li X. and L. Zuo," Research on balance compensation of STATCOM", in Proc. 2nd IEEE Conf. Ind. Electron., pp. 563–568,Appl.,
2007
[8] Morris Brenna, And Federica Foiadelli, Analysis Of The Filters Installed In The Interconnection Points Between Different Railway
Supply Systems, IEEE transactions on smart grid, vol. 3, no. 1, march 2012
[9] Otto R. A., T. H. Putman, and L. Gyugyi, Principles and applications of static, thyristor-controlled shunt compensators, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-97, no. 5, pp. 1935–1945, Sep. 1978.
[10] Senini S. and P. J. Wolfs, Hybrid active filter for harmonically unbalanced three phase three wire railway traction loads, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 702–710, Jul. 2000.

Abstract:This paper presents the design and modeling of a GSM-based Energy Recharge System for prepaid metering. It is observed that one of the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. This paper models a GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. GSM-Based Recharge System(GBRS) for single phase prepaid meter has been modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The results obtained shows good system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility.
Keywords: GSM, Energy meter, Microcontroller, Prepaid card, Recharge

[1] Amit. J and Mohnish (2011). B- A Prepaid Meter using mobile communication International Journal of Engineering, Science and
Technology-Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011, pp. 160- 166
[2] Hong. L and Ning.L (2004). Design and Implementation of Remote Intelligent Management System for City Energy Resources base
on Wireless Network. Study of Computer Application 12:237-239.
[3] Jawarkar, N. P, Ahmed, V, Ladhake, S. A and Thakare, R. D (2008). Micro-controller based Remote Monitoring using Mobile
through Spoken Commands. Journal of Networks 3:58-63.
[4] Koay .B.S, Cheah.S.S, Sng .Y.H,Chong. P.H.J, Shun.P,Tong.Y.C (2003) . Design and implementation of a Blue tooth energy meter.
proceedings of the Joint 4th International Conference on Information, Communication and Signal Processing and the 4th Pacific Rim
Conference on Multimedia .3: 1474-1477
[5] Maheswari, C; Jejanthi, R (2009). Implementation of Energy Management Structure for street Lighting System. A Journal of
Modern Applied Science 5:6-10.
[6] Malik S.H .l, Aihab. K, and Erum .S (2009). SMS Based Wireless Home Appliance Control System (HACS) for Automating
Appliances and Security. Issue in informing Science and Information Technology 6:887-894.
[7] Nair, L.R and Maharaj, B.T(2004)-Efficient Digital GSM/GPRS Metering for Rural Electrification.
[8] http://www.ursi.org/Proceedings/ProcGA05/pdf/C01.5%2801208%29.accessed 2010.
[9] Nwaoko kosi JOY (2006). Electrical Energy Accounting Methods. Impressed Publishers, Lagos Nigeria, 1-8.
[10] Omijeh.B.O- "Ph.D Thesis on the Design and Evaluation of GSM-based Intelligent Prepaid Energy Metering System for Nigeria"
Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, 2012.