iosr-JEEE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: The communications sector is undergoing significant changes, with the emergence of a number of platforms available to provide a different range of services. Some of these platforms are complementary, others are competitive, or can provide a valid substitute for some of the services provided. Till now, the most important communications platform in most of the countries is the public switched telecommunication network (PSTN), which provides access to all households and buildings across most countries. This paper focuses on the area where the most significant changes are taking place in the communications sector. This paper gives a description of the wire line and wireless (NGN) networks, its basics, its transformation to wireless technology, need for convergence towards next generation networks and the future of NGN networks. The focus is on the next generation access and core networks, it is because they are changing the public switched telecommunication networks, the changes taking place in the PSTN are considerable. For over 100 years copper has been used as the transmission technology in the local loop to connect each home and building to the telecommunication network. Copper is increasingly being replaced by fibre in the local loop while packet-based technology using the Internet Protocol is replacing existing circuit-based switching technologies. This paper describes the need of wireless technology, why and how it becomes essential in terms of technological, social and economic need of the society. It tells us about how the circuit switched technology has been switched to IP technology and how the PSTN networks, which are circuit switched will be converted to packet-based networks These changes affect existing regulations and policy frameworks, convergence, investment and choice in the market place. Finally it concludes with the latest developments, which are going on in Wireless systems.

Index Terms – PSTN, NGN, Convergence, LTE

[1] Dave Wisely, ―IP for 4G‖, Wiley India, 2011.
[2] International Telecommunication Union, Ruling the New and Emerging Markets in the Telecommunications Sector, Challenges: The
Emergence of Next Generation Networks Background Paper, NGN/01, 23 March 2006, p. 14.
[3] International Telecommunication Union, Interconnection in an NGN Environment, Background Paper, NGN/02, 23 March 2006.
[4] International Telecommunication Union, What Rules for Universal Service in an IP enabled NGN Environment? Background Paper,
NGN/03, 23 March 2006.
[5] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Consultation Paper on Issues Pertaining to Next Generation Networks (NGN), 12 January
2006, Consultation Paper No: 2/2006.
[6] International Telecommunication Union, NGN Overview, International Conference for Regulators, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 7
February 2007.
[7] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, ―Convergence and Next Generation Networks‖,International Conference
for OECD community, Seoul,Korea, June 2008.
[8] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, ―Issues pertaining to Next Generation Networks‖, National Conference of Telecom
Regulators, Mumbai,India, January 2011.
[9] Dr Jingming Li Salina, ―Next Generation Networks‖, John Wiley &Sons Ltd.,2008
[10] Tsuguo Kato, ―PSTN, Timeline History‖ by Icon Group International, 2010.

Abstract: This paper is based upon Adaptive Rood Pattern Search algorithm for Block Matching Algorithm. There are various types of algorithm is available but this method is most reliable. Experimental results shows that it gives better results than other algorithms. This algorithm uses motion activity of the video. In this paper, adaptive rood pattern search method using motion activity is applied on videos.

Keywords: motion activity, segmentation, motion vectors, PSNR.

[1] Video shot boundary detection using motion activity descriptor Abdelati Malek Amel, Ben Abdelali Abdessalem and Mtibaa
Abdellatif, april 2010
[2] Aroh Barjatya, "Block Matching Algorithms For Motion Estimation, "Student Member, IEEE, DIP 6620 Spring 2004 Final Project
paper.
[3] Dr.V.K.Ananthashayana and Pushpa.M.K, "Joint Adaptive Block Matching Search (JABMS) Algorithm for Motion Estimation",
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 2, November 2009
[4] Yao Nie, and Kai-Kuang Ma, "Adaptive Rood Pattern Search for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans. Image
Processing, vol 11, no. 12, pp. 1442-1448, December 2002.
[5] D. A. X. Sun and B. S. Manjunath, "A Motion Activity Descriptor and Its Extraction in Compressed Domain," IEEE Pacific-Rim
Conference on Multimedia (PCM), vol. LNCS 2195, pp. 450-453, October 2001.
[6] Don Adjeroh, M. C. Lee, N. Banda, and Uma Kandaswamy, "Adaptive Edge-Oriented Shot Boundary Detection," Hindawi Publishing
Corporation EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 859371, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2009/859371,
18 May 2009.
[7] Amel Malek Abdelati, Jlassi bahaeddine, Abdessalem Ben Abdellali and Abdellatif Mtibaa, " Suivi d'objet en movement par la
method Level Set variationnelle, " international workshop on system engineering design & application, October 24 -26, 2008,
Monastir, Tunisia.
[8] S. Jeannin and A. Divakaran, "MPEG-7 visual motion descriptors, " IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology, vol. 11, pp. 720-724, 2001

Abstract: The energy crisis is appearing as a grave problem the whole world is facing today. The challenge is to refine the renewable technologies to make them competitive with traditional energy sources. The paper mainly focuses on the recent trends in Photovoltaic Technology and photovoltaic market development in brief. Recent trends adopted in photovoltaics offers a key solution to deliver a sustainable, secure, reliable and long term supply of energy at efficient rate and affordable cost to the livelihood. The fast growing photovoltaic technology has currently acquired a position to lead the worldwide challenge and also has boosted the opportunities in industrial sector. The remarkable growth of the photovoltaic sector in recent years provides a clear justification for this publication. Also, the paper will give insight to the basics of photovoltaics.

Keywords - Cost and Performance, Energy Demand, Photovoltaic Technology, Renewable Energy Resources, Sustainable Development.

[1] Technology Roadmap- Solar Photovoltaic Energy,IEA
[2] Report, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Development and current research, European Commission 2009
[3] Solar Photovoltaics: Status, Costs and Trends, EPRI, December 2009
[4] Princeton University, Engineering School."Tiny Structure Gives Big Boost to Solar Power." Science Daily, 6Dec..2012.
Web.13Dec.2012
[5] "Scientists Build the First All-Carbon Solar Cell." Science Daily, Stanford University.31Oct.2012. Web.12 Jan.2013
[6] University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering ." Record efficiency for next-generation solar
cells. ScienceDaily. 29Jul.2012. Web 31Dec.2012
[7] Photovoltiacs- wikipedia, [accessed 16Dec. 2012]
[8] Raj Prabhu,"Will india join the "gigawatt club‟ this year?", Mercom Capital Group,[www.mercom capital.com/india-newsanalysis][
accessed 02Jan.2013]
[9] Solar cell central By: Four Peak technologies, Inc. Scottsdale, AZ, Solar Markets [solar cell
central.com/markets_page.html],[accessed 16Jan.2013]

Abstract: A sliding mode controller is used to estimate the maximum power point as a reference for it to track that point and force the PV system to operate in this point. In sliding mode control, the trajectories of the system are forced to reach a sliding manifold of surface, where it exhibit desirable features, in finite time and to stay on the manifold for all future time. The load is composed of a battery bank. It is obtained by controlling the duty cycle of a DC-DC converter using sliding mode control. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration while considering the dynamic parameters solar irradiance and delivering more power to charge the battery. The proposed system with sliding mode control is tested using MATLAB / SIMULINK platform in which a maximum power is tracked under constant and varying solar irradiance and delivered to the battery which increasing the current that is charging the battery and reduces the charging time.

Keywords— Sliding manifold, Solar irradiance, Photo voltaic system.

[1] Emil A. Jimenez Brea, Eduardo I. Ortiz-Rivera, Andres Salazar-Llinas, Jesus Gonzalez-Llorente, May 2010, "Simple Photovoltaic
Solar Cell Dynamic Sliding Mode Controlled Maximum Power Point Tracker for Battery Charging Applications", IEEE
Transactions on power electronics, Vol. No.978-1-4244-4783-1, pp. 666-671.
[2] K. N. Hasan, M. E. Haque and M. Negnevitsky, 2008, ‟‟Control Of Energy Storage Interface With A Bidirectional Converter For
Photovoltaic Systems‟‟ Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference.
[3] Wu Libo, Zhao Zhengming, Liu Jianzheng, Dec. 2007, "A Single-Stage Three Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System With
Modified MPPT Method and Reactive Power Compensation", Energy Conversion, IEEE Transaction on Vol. 22, Issue 4, pp. 881 –
886.
[4] l-Song Kim, 2007, "Robust Maximum power point tracker using sliding mode controller for the three-phase grid-connected
photovoltaic system", .Solar Energy 81, pp. 415-414
[5] Il-Song Kim, Myung-Bok Kim, Myung-Joong Youn, August 2006, ""New Maximum Power Point Tracker Using Sliding-Mode
Observer For Estimation Of Solar Array Current In The Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System‟‟, IEEE Transactions On Industrial
Electronics, Vol. 53, No.4, pp. 1027-1036.
[6] Jae Ho Lee, Hyun Su Bae, Bo Hyung Cho, Aug 2006,"Advanced Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with a Variable Step
Size", Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, EPE -PEMC 2006. 12th International, pp. 603 – 607.
[7] Femia, N.; Petrone, G.; Spagnuolo, G.; Vitelli, M., July 2005, "Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking
method", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 963– 973.
[8] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, 2005, "An efficient Photovoltaic DC Village Electricity Scheme Using a Sliding Mode Controller", IEE E
Conference on Control Applications, , pp 1325-1330.
[9] Femia, N. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, G. Vitelli, May 2004, "Perturb and Observe MPPT technique robustness improved‟, IEEE
International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 2, 4-7, pp. 845 -850 vol. 2
[10] Weidong Xiao; Dunford, W.G., June 2004, "A modified adaptive hill climbing MPPT method for photovoltaic power systems",
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC IEEE 35th Annual Vol.3, 20-25 pp. 1957 - 1963

Abstract: Environment friendly solutions are becoming more prominent than ever as a result of concern regarding the state of our deteriorating planet. A new system configuration of the front end rectifier stage for a photovoltaic system is used. Further increasing the solar output voltage is achieved by connecting the soft switched boost converter. The soft switched boost converter converts low voltage dc supply to high voltage dc supply .The inherent nature of the soft switched boost converter to reduce the voltage stress and ripple. The input rectifier stage allows the maximum power point tracking to be used to extract maximum power from the sun when it is available. An analog fuzzy based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) will be used for the photovoltaic (PV) system.

Keywords- Analog fuzzy based MPPT, Maximum power point tracking, Soft switched boost converter.

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technique for photovoltaic-based micro grids‟ IEEE Transaction Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1010–1021.
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LCL filter coupled due to grid impedance in PV plants‟ IEEE Transaction Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 770–785.
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using ripple-based extremum seeking control‟ IEEE Transaction Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2531–2540.
[6] Femia N., Petrone G., Spagnuolo G. and Vitelli M. (2005) "Optimization of perturb an observe maximum power point tracking
method‟ IEEE Transaction Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 963–973.
[7] Hassan M. A. and Abido M. A. (2011) "Optimal design of micro grids in autonomous and grid -connected modes using particle
swarm optimization‟ IEEE Transaction Power electronics, vol. 26, no. 3.
[8] Irisawa K., Saito T., Takano I. and Sawada Y. (2000) "Maximum power point tracking control of photovoltaic generation system
under non uniform insolation by means of monitoring cells‟ Proceedings 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1707–
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[9] Jain S. and Agarwal V. (2007) "A single-stage grid connected inverter topology for solar PV systems with maximum power point
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on DC bus‟ IEEE Transaction Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 523–531.