iosr-JEEE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is used to regulate the voltage at the load terminals from various power quality problems like sag, swell, harmonics, unbalance etc. in supply voltage. This paper presents modelling aspects of several types of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) working against various voltage sags by simulation. Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are used to protect sensitive loads from the effects of voltage sags on the distribution feeder. Significant simulation results show that these several types of the modelled device can work very well against balanced and/or unbalanced voltages caused by faults in a distribution system. Detailed analyses illustrate that with suitable parameter setting these devices can deal with different levels of voltage sag severity. In addition, appropriate ways to obtain a good quality output voltage by a DVR during voltage sag is also presented. It then provides analyses of working performance of the device, including capability and quality of compensation.

Index Terms- Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Balanced and unbalanced faults, Compensation capability, Power quality sag severity, voltage sag.mode control

[1] T.L. Tan, S. Chen, and S.S. Choi, "An overview of power quality state estimation", the 7th International IEEE Power Engineering Conference, (IPEC05), 2005, pp: 1-276.
[2] G Putms, J. Wijayakulasooriya, and P. Minns, "Power Quality: Overview and monitoring", IEEE International Conference on / Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS07), 2007, pp: 551-558.
[3] T Vmnal, K. Janson, and H. Kalda, "Analysis of power consumption and losses in relation to supply voltage quality", IEEE 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications EPE '09,2009, pp: 1-9. [4] R. Lima, D. Quiroga, C. Reineri, and F. Magnago, "Hardware and software architecture for power quality analysis." Computers & Electrical Engineering, Vol. 34 (6), pp. 520-530,2008..=
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[6] N.H. Woodley, L. Morgan, and A. Sundaram, "Experience with an inverter-based dynamic voltage restorer", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 14, issue 3, pp. 1181 -1186, Jul. 1999.
[7] M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions. New York: IEEE Press, 1999.
[8] M. F. Mc.Granaghan, D. R. Mueller, and M. J. Samotyj, "Voltage sags Q in industrial systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 29, pp. 397-403, Man/Apr. 1993.
[9] J. C. Smith, J. Lamoree, P. Vinett, T. Duffy, and M. Klein, "The impact of i voltage sags on industrial plant loads," in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Quality: End-Use Applications and Perspectives (PQA'9I), 1991, pp. 171-178. [4]
[10] W. H. Kersting, "Radial distribution test feeders", PES summer meeting, 2000. Available: http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/sacom/ testfeeders.html .

Abstract: This paper work is aimed at developing a STATCOM-based control scheme for mitigating source current harmonics in a grid-connected wind generating system. A bang-bang controller which is based on hysteresis current control scheme is developed for STATCOM and the performance of the control scheme is investigated through a test system modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the impact of integration of wind generating system with the grid and the effectiveness of the STATCOM control scheme in minimizing the impact.FFT analysis carried out for the source current shows that the THD is considerably reduced and is clearly within limits imposed by standards with STATCOM connected at point of common coupling(PCC).

Keywords - Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Power Quality (PQ), Point Of Common Coupling (PCC) , Wind generating System (WGS), wind turbine generating system (WTGS).

[1] Sharad W. Mohad, and Mohan V. Aware," A STATCOM-control scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement," IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL 4 NO 3,SEP 2010.
[2] H. Hassan .El- Tamaly*, Mohamed A. A. Wahab and Ali H. Kasem, " Simulation of Directly Grid-Connected Wind Turbines for Voltage Fluctuation Evaluation," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.2, No.1, pp. 15–30,2007.
[3] H.M. Abdel_Mageed Sayed, S.M. Sharaf, S.E. Elmasry, M.E. Elharony, " Simulation of a Transient Fault Controller for a Grid Connected Wind Farm with Different Types of Generators", International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.2, No.1, pp. 15–30,2007.
[4] Sharad W. Mohad, and Mohan V. Aware," A STATCOM-control scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement," IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL 4 NO 3,SEP 2010.
[5] R.Ganesh.Harimanikyam1, R. Lakshmi Kumari, "Power Quality Improvement of Grid Connected Wind Energy System by STATCOM for Balanced and Unbalanced Linear and Nonlinear Loads," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development,Vol 3, PP. 09-17.Aug 2012.
[6] .R.Ganesh.Harimanikyam1, R. Lakshmi Kumari, "Power Quality Improvement of Grid Connected Wind Energy System by STATCOM for Balanced and Unbalanced Linear and Nonlinear Loads," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development,Vol 3, PP. 09-17.Aug 2012
[7] Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy, "PI & Fuzzy logic based controllers STATCOM for grid connected wind generator", International journal of Engineering Research and Application (IJERA).Vol.2,Issue 5,Sep-oct-2012.
[8] R. S. Bhatia, S. P. Jain, D. K. Jain, and B. Singh, "Battery energy storage system for power conditioning of renewable energy sources," in the Proceedings of International Conference on Power Electronic Drives System, vol. 1, pp. 501–506 Jan 2006N.

Abstract: In this paper energy analysis of LVRM actuator is demonstrated. Linear Variable Reluctance Motor Actuator (LVRM) is a modification of Switched Reluctance Motor.The motor with transverse magnetic flux consists of a primary part, which is moving and a secondary part which is stationary and does not have any windings. The motor can operate under AC or DC supply . When supplied from an AC source it must be equipped with a capacitor connected in series with the coil. In this case the motor operates on the basis of resonance in an RLC primary circuit. When supplied from a DC source it must be equipped with a controlled switch connected to the primary circuit.Design calculations were focused on determining the resistance, the inductance and the mass of the primary part .The concept of Co-Field energy ,is also demonstrated .

Keywords: Field Energy,Co-Field Energy, LVRM, Reluctance,SRM

[1] P. Khong, R. Leidhold and P. Mutschler. "Magnetic guidance of the mover in a long-primary linear motor," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions – electronic publishing, DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2011.2125934, March 2011.

[2] P. Khong, R. Leidhold and P. Mutschler. "Magnetic guidance of the mover in a long-primary linear motor," in ECCE 2009. IEEE, San Jose, CA Sept. 2009, pp. 2354–2361

[3] P. Khong, R. Leidhold and P. Mutschler."Magnetic guiding and capacitive sensing for a passive vehicle of a long-primary linear motor," in EPE/PEMC 2010, Ohrid-Macedonia, Sept. 2010, pp. S3-1 – S3-8.

[4] R.Krishnan, R.Arumugam, James F. Lindsay, "Design procedure for switchedreluctancemotors", IEEE Trans. on industry applications, Vol. 24, No.3, 1988.

[5] Bae,Han-Kyung,Byeong-SeokLee, Praveen Vijayraghavan, and R.Krishna, "Linearswitched reluctance motor: converter and control", in Conf. Rec. of the 1999 IEEE IAS Ann. Mtg., Oct. 1999, Phoenix, AZ, pp. 547-554.

[6] T. Kenjo and S. Nagamori, "Permanent-magnet and brushless DC motors",Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985

[7] E.A. Mendrela, "Comparison of the performance of a linear reluctance oscillatingmotor operating under AC supply with one under DC supply", IEEE Trans. 0nenergy conversion, Vol. 14, No.3, September 1999

[8] E.A. Mendrela, "Comparison of the performance of a linear reluctance oscillatingmotor operating under AC supply with one under DC supply", IEEE Trans. Onenergy conversion, Vol. 14, No.3, September 1999

[9] R. Krishnan. "Propulsion with and without wheels." in IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), vol. 1, no. 2, 2005, pp. 11–19.

[10] T. Masuda, M. Yoshikawa, M. Tawada. "Formulation of elevator door equation of motion."JSME International Journal Series Dynamics Control Robotics Design and Manufacturing, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 279–285, 1996..

Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the developing Micro Grid technology for power systems. To overcome energy crisis, renewable energy sources prove to be an alternate. It briefs on the technical outlook, applications, and advantages of Micro grid over the ordinary passive macro grids, thus widening its scope for research and development globally.

Keyword: Renewable energy resources, Centralised grid, Micro grid, Distributed Generation

[1] Christine Schwaegerl, Advanced Architecture and Control Concepts for more Micro grids, Siemens AG, Germany, December, 2009.
[2] Robert Liam Dohn, The Business Case for Micro grids, Siemens, Germany, 2009.
[3] Robert Lasseter, Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and Joe Eto, White Paper on Integration of Distributed Energy Resources -The Micro grid Concepts, Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, December, 2001.
[4] Bren Koposki, Charlie Vartanian, Micro grid Standards and Protocols, DOE Micro grid Planning Meeting.
[5] The Value of Smart Distribution and Micro grids, Galvin Electricity Initiative, January 2010

Abstract: This work presents the results obtained by using System Functions (S functions) and comparing it with that obtained using Matlab Code Functions to customize an algorithm. The algorithm developed is to detect short duration voltage disturbances in power supply systems. These disturbances cause deviations in voltage current and frequency from their nominal value which eventually results in failure or mis-operation of sensitive equipment connected to the supply. The efficient detection, record and mitigation of these disturbances is the prime focus of research in the area of power quality improvement. Hence quickness and accuracy associated with the detection process are vital parameters that govern the effectiveness of these detection algorithms. The customized algorithm is intended to be implemented on a Digital Signal Processor through an integrated Matlab/ Simulink environment. The measure of effectiveness of the methodology of implementation facilitates an optimal choice. The paper presents the results obtained using System Function for simulation of the detection algorithm and comparison with that obtained by using Matlab Code Function.

Keywords: S-functions,Matlab-EmbeddedFunctions,effectiveness,accuracy,algorithm

[1]. "SIMULINK 7", Writing S Functions by Math Works,www.mathworks.com.

[2] ." A Simple Method For Real-Time Detection Of Voltage Sags and Swells in Practical Loads", P.Meena,K.Uma Rao,Ravishankar Deekshit,EPE Journal 2011,vol.21,No.3,pp,1-8.

Abstract: Now a day's Security has been a prime concern in the home or office management. Digital door lock security system provides security and safety to house or office owners, belongings, assets from being damaged by external agent or undesired strangers. We have used a new technology, incoming number verification system which gives more protection for controlling & security system. As Conventional security system does not use any password, there is a chance to hack or break the system. In this regard we used a desire mobile number without verification which doesn't allow the door to be opend.This system is composed of the microcontroller based by using matrix keypad & GSM/CDMA network. The microcontroller based digital door lock security system is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access restricted area. The password is stored in PROM so that we can change it any time. The system has a matrix keypad .When anyone enter the code in the matrix keypad, microcontroller verify the codes. If that code is correct the device will operate and the door will be open. But if someone enter wrong code a red signal will be shown which means that the entered code is wrong.GSM/CDMA module can be used to operate the device, when anyone make a call from his mobile the receiving device which is set in main circuitry will receive the call. If the call is from desired number then operate the device and the door will be unlocked. An IPS circuit can be used for giving backup in case of emergency when there is a power failure.

Keywords: DTMF encoder and decoder, Global System for Mobile Communication, Micro-Controller, Mobile phone, and Matrix Keypad.

[1] Syam Krishna, J. Ravindra, Design and Implementation of Remote Home Security System Based on WSNS and GSM Technology, IJESAT, Vol. 2, Special issue-1,PP.139-142, January-February, 2012. [2] Design and Implementation of Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Based Security System Using Microcontroller, Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE Students‟ Technology Symposium 14-16 January, 2011, IIT Kharagpur. [3] Automated advanced industrial and home security using GSM and FPGA, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering BV.CEngineering college, Odalarevu, Amalapuram,India. [4] AT Commands Set for Nokia GSM and WCDMA products, version 1.2, July 2005, available. [5] Ren Fengyuan, Huang Haining, Lin Chuang, "Wireless sensor network", Journal of Software Vol. 14, No. 7, PP.1282-1291, March, 2003 (in Chinese).
[6] http://www.scribd.com/doc/27053839/activating-an-electrical-device-via-dtmf-telephone
[7] http://www.quasarelectronics.com/3075-pic-microcontroller-traine-with-5-function.htm
[8] http://www.electro-tech-online.com/microcontrollers/18814-dtmf-tone-pic16f84.html
[9] http://www.embedds.com/-software-based-dtmf-remote-control

[10] http://www.electronics-lab.com/blog/?=microcontroller&paged=43

Abstract: A distribution system is an interface between the bulk power transmission system and the consumer. Among these systems, radial distribution system is popular because of low cost and simple design. In radial distribution feeders, the voltage at buses reduces and loss increases as moved away from the substation due to insufficient amount of reactive power. The reactive power requirement is provided by the shunt capacitor banks. The most important benefit of capacitor placement is loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, increment of power factor and freeing up the power system capacity. Optimal capacitor placement in distribution systems has been studied for a long time. It is an optimization problem which has an objective to define the optimal sizes and allocations of capacitors to be installed. This paper presents an approach for optimal capacitor banks placement in radial distribution feeders for loss reducction.

Keywords - capacitor banks, distribution system, optimal capacitor placement, radial distribution feeder, reactive power, loss reduction.

[1] Forough Mahmood Ianfard, Hossein Askarian Abyaneh, and Hamid Reza Salehi, "Optimal capacitor placement for loss reduction," Modern Electric Power Systems, MEPS-10, Wroclaw, Poland, 2010, Paper 11.3.

[2] Anwar S.Siddiqui, and Md. Farrukh Rahman, "Optimal capacitor placement to reduce losses in distribution systems," WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2012, pp. 12-17.

[3] Om Prakash Mahela, and Sheesh Ram Ola, "Comparison of HT shunt capacitors and SVC for active and reactive power flow control in transmission line," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vo. 2, No. 1, Feb-2013, pp 49-58.

[4] S.Neelima, and P.S. Subramanyam, "Optimal capacitors placement in distribution networks using genetic algorithm: A dimension reducing approach," Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 30, No. 1, August 2011, pp. 28-34.

[5] A.H.Mantawy, and M.S.Al-Ghamdi, "A new reactive power optimization algorithm," Proceedings of IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, Bologna, Italy, June 23-26,2003.

[6] Om Prakash Mahela, Devendra Mittal, and Lalit Goyal, "Optimal capacitor placement techniques in transmission and distribution networks to reduce line losses and voltage stability enhancement: A review," IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, Nov-Dec 2012, pp. 01-08.

[7] S.K. Bhattacharya, and S.K. Goswami, "Improved Fuzzy based capacitor placement method for radial distribution system," IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 108, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 741-744.

[8] H.N.Ng., N.M.A. Salam, and Y. Chikhani, "Capacitor allocation by approximate reasoning fuzzy capacitor placement," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2000, pp. 393-398.

[9] S.M. Khana, A. Rathina Grace Monica, and S.Mary Raja Slochanal, "Fuzzy logic based optimal capacitor placement on radial distribution feeders," IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 100, 2007, pp. 1105-1118.

[10] Kenji Iba, "Reactive Power Optimization by Genetic Algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 2, May 1994, pp. 685-692.

Abstract: World much more concerned about the fossil fuel exhaustion,eco system damage& global heating. Therefore researchers should always thinks about green and eco friendly electrical power generation & application. Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) cell is a device which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy by means of photovoltaic effects. Photovoltaic cells are made of semi conductors which generate electricity when they absorb light. PV cells generate electricity by using the renewable energy technology which generates green power.

Key words: Renewable energy sources ,Semi conductor, solar photo voltaic cell, , PV technologies, optical, efficiency, innovation, green power

[1] www.quantum msp.com/en/solar energy/ acomparision of pv technology
[2] www.nrel.gov
[3] Technology Road map solar pv energy, IEA Publications,9rue de la federation,75739 paris cedex , October2010
[4] SESI JOURNAL 2007 Volume 17 Nos.1&244 Cost Analysis of Solar Photovoltaics
[5] Pernick, R. and C. Wilder (2008), Utility Solar Assessment (USA) Study: Reaching Ten Percent Solar by
[6] 2025, Clean Edge Inc. and Co-op America
[7] Philibert, C. (2011), Interactions of Policies for Renewable Energy and Climate, International Energy
[8] Agency, Paris. http://www.iea.org/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=23NY.
[9] Solar Junction (2011), Solar Junction Breaks World Record with 43.5% Efficient CPV Production Cell,
[10] http://www.sj-solar.com/downloads/Solar_Junction_World

Abstract: Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) technology opens up new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable cap-acity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. FACTS technology reveals up new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines.This project describes the real and reactive power flow control through a transmission line by placing the UPFC at the sending end of an electrical power transmission system. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a second generation FACTS device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and quality of the supply.The power flow control performance of the UPFC is compared with that of the other FACTS device called Static Synchronous Series Compensator(SSSC),TCSC,STATCOM Simulations are carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment to validate the performance of the UPFC.Finally, an introduction to the basic circuits of several FACTS controllers was provided with a focus on their system performance characteristics. In addition, some of the utility experience, real-world installations, and semiconductor technology development have been reviewed and summarized. TCSC provide reactive power control on transmission lines. In this respect, UPFC has the advantage over TCSC and phase shifter that it can control not only real power but also reactive power flow on transmission lines simultaneouslyIndex Terms - Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), FACTS Controllers, Power flow, Real and reactive power, SSSC, TCSC, Unified power flow controller (UPFC).

[1] N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi "Understanding FACTS concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems", IEEE Press, New York, 2000.

[2] L. Gyugyi, "Unified power-flow control concept for flexible ac transmission systems", IEE Proceedings-C, Vol. 139, NO.4, pp:323-33 I , July 1992

[3] John J. Paserba, Fellow, IEEE, " How FACTS Controllers Benefit FACTS AC Transmission Systems"

[4] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw- Hill Inc., 1994, pp:813-816

[5] Yong Hua Song and Allan T Johns, Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), IEE power and energy series, 1999.

[6] S. Y. Ge T S Chung "Optimal active power flow incorporating power flow control needs in flexible ac transmission systems"

[7] R. MihaliE and P. hnko, Member, D. Povh, Fellow IEEE "Improvement of transient stability using unified power flow controller‟ [8] R.M. Mathur, R.K. Varma, 2002, "Thyristor-based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission Systems," IEEE Press, Piscataway.

[9] Preeti Singh, Mrs.Lini Mathew, Prof. S. Chatterji "MATLAB Based Simulation of TCSC FACTS Controller"

[10] K.K. Sen, 1998, "SSSC – Static Synchronous Series Compensator: Theory, Modeling and Application", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 13(1), pp. 241-246.0

Abstract: Has done research on the voltage of the battery management system to avoid the phenomenon of deep charging. The phenomenon of deep charging is a situation where the over current in the process of charging the battery because the battery voltage is below the allowed minimum voltage levels, this course can shorten the life of the battery or even permanently damage the battery. To prevent this, it is a regulatory system that serves to regulate the use of electric current to the battery, so when battery voltage is approach the level minimum, so electric current flowing from the battery to the load is automatically disconnected. The working principle of the system is to use a comparative setting, where these systems will compare the desired voltage as the voltage of the signal, with the other insert voltage as a reference. When all requirements are met comparators, then the outcome of the comparison system will measured increase in the voltage that will make a switch transistor saturation. To increase the switching currents, then used a relay that placed the series between the collector and voltage sources. Regulatory system is designed using components easily available in the market, and has the same functionality as the functions contained in the Battery Control Unit (CBU)

Keywords: deep charging, over current, comparator, voltage reference

[1] http://www.panelsurya.com/index.php/id/batere/baterai-deep-cycle.
[2] http://www.idea2ic.com/FUN_DOCUMENTS/Battery%20Life%20(and%20Death).pdf
[3] A.P. Malvino, Barmawi, "Electronic Principal", Erlangga - Jakarta, Vol.2, 3rd Edition, 1992, Page 53- 67.
[4] Trinidad F, Saez F, Valenciano J, "High power valve regulated lead-acid batteries for new vehicle requirements", Journal of Power Spurces vol.95 , 2001 , pp 24-37
[5] Moseley P.T, "Improving the valve- regulated lead–acid battery", Journal of Power Spurces vol.88 , 2000 , pp 71-77
[6] Electropaedia, "Battery and Energy technologies",from: http://www.mpoweruk.com/life.htm
[7] A. F. Hollenkamp, et. al., "Effects of grid alloy on the properties of positive-plate corrosion layers in lead/acid batteries: Implications for premature capacity loss under repetitive deepdischarge cycling service", Journal of Power Sources, 48 (1994), pp. 195-215.
[8] M. Perry & T. Fuller, "A historical perspective of fuel-cell technology in the 20th Century," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, V149, S59 (2002).
[9] D. Permana dan S. Ismail, "Battery voltage Control System on Device Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)" Telecommunication and Electronic Journal PPET LIPI; No.1 Vol.8, Januari - Juni 2008 ISSN 1411-8289, Akreditasi LIPI No. 72/Akred-LIPI/P2MBI/5/2007.
[10] D. Permana, "Design and Realization The Current Amplifier System for Ignition Gasoline Motor" Telecommunication and Electronic Journal PPET LIPI ; No.3, Vol.II / ISSN 1411-8289, October - November 2002, ISSN 1411-8289.

Abstract: Adaptive equalization technique plays key role in modern digital communication systems. Adaptive digital filters are widely used in the area of signal processing such as echo cancellation, noise cancellation, channel equalization and beamforming. This paper presents the performance analysis of RLS and CMA algorithm in presence of noisy audio signal. The analysis shows that in CMA algorithm the convergence rate is low as compare to RLS algorithm whereas CMA algorithm requires low computing power and relatively better performance. The parameters of proposed equalizer have been optimized and simulated using Simulink.

Index Terms— CMA, Equalization, Noisy audio signal, RLS algorithms

[1] John G. Proakis, "Digital Communications" McGraw-Hill International Edition, Fourth Edition 2001.

[2] Theodore S. Rappaport, "Wireles Communications principles & practice Article", Second Edition.2002

[3] Shahid U.H.Qureshi, "Adaptive Equalization", Vol-73, Issue-9, IEEE Proceedings-Sep 1985

[4] S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 4th edition, 2002.

[5] C. R. Johnson et al., "Blind equalization using the constant modulus criterion: A review," Proc. IEEE, vol. 86, no. 10, pp.1927–1950, Oct. 1998.

[6] Domnique N. Godard, "Self-Recovering Equalization and carrier tracking in Two-Dimensional Data Communication Systems", IEEE transactions on Communications, vol. COM-28, No.11, Nov.1980

[7] E. Kalpana, O. Uma Maheswari, "Architecture Design for an Adaptive Equalizer", National Conference, Pune.

[8] O. Dabeer, "Convergence analysis of the LMS and the constant modulus algorithms," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Calif., San Diego, La Jolla, 2002.

[9] G. UNGERBOECK, "Theory on the speed of Convergence in adaptive Equalizers for digital Communications." IBM J. Res. Develop., Vol. 11, pp 546-555, 1972.

[10] V. WEERACKODY, S. A. KASSAM, and K. R. LAKER, "Convergence Analysis of an Algorithm for Blind Equalization, " IEEE TRANS. COMMUN., Vol. 39, pp. 856-865, June 1991.