iosr-JEEE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Three-phase controlled converter has many applications in interfacing renewable energy sources and adjustable speed drive as a rectifier or inverter. Due to the use of this converter harmonics are introduced in supply side which can be reduced by number of ways, each of these have its own advantage and disadvantage. One of those techniques is third harmonic current injection. The utility line currents of this converter have high harmonic distortion more than the harmonic standards. This paper introduces a new technique of circulating third harmonic currents from dc-link to the line currents to reduce its harmonic contents. The new proposed system uses single-phase controlled converter to control the angle of injection current for each firing angle of the three-phase converter. A detailed analysis is introduced to achieve a relation between the firing angles of three-phase and single-phase controlled converter.

Keywords- Controlled converter, Harmonic distortion, Third harmonic current injection, Power quality, ZigZag transformer

[1] R. McGowen, C. Poirier, C. Bostak, J. Ignowski, M. Millican, W. H.Parks, and S. Naffziger, ―Power and temperature control on a 90 nmItanium-family processor,‖ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 1,pp. 229–237, Jan. 2006.
[2] J. Clabes, J. Friedrich, M. Sweet, J. Dilullo, S. Chu, D. Plass, J.Dawson, P. Muench, L. Powell, M. Floyd, B.Sinharoy, M. Lee, M.Goulet, J. Wagoner, N. Schwartz, S. Runyon, G. Gorman, P. Restle, R. Kalla, J. McGill, and S. Dodson, ―Design and implementation of the Power5 microprocessor,‖ in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf.Dig. Tech. Papers, 2004, pp. 56–57.
[3] E. Rotem, A. Naveh, M. Moffie, and A. Mendelson, ―Analysis of thermal monitor features of the Intel Pentium processor,‖ in Proc.Workshop Temperature-Aware Comput. Syst., 2004, pp. 29–35.S. O. Memik, R. Mukherjee, M. Ni, and J. Long, ―Optimizing thermal sensor allocation for microprocessors,‖ IEEE Trans.Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 27, no. 3, pp.516–527, Mar. 2008.
[4] Y. Li, H. Lakdawala, A. Raychowdhury, G. Taylor, and K.Soumyanath, ―A 1.05 V 1.6 mW 0.45 C -resolution –based temperature sensor with parasitic-resistance compensation in 32 nm CMOS,‖ in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers,2009, pp. 340–341.E.
[5] H. F. Hamann, A. Weger, J. A. Lacey, Z. Hu, P. Bose, E. Cohen, and J. Wakil, ―Hotspot-limited microprocessors: Direct temperature and power distribution measurements,‖ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.42, no. 1, pp. 50–65, Feb. 2007.
[6] R. C. Dobkin, ―Monolithic temperature transducer,‖ in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers, 1974, pp. 126–127.
[7] T. Verster, ― junction as an ultralinear calculable thermometer,‖Electron. Lett., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 175–176, May 1968.
[8] M. A. P. Pertijs,K.A.A.Makinwa, and J.H.Huijsing, ―ACMOS smart temperature sensor with a inaccuracy of from C to 125 C,‖ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2805–2815,Dec. 2005.
[9] Bakker, ―CMOS smart temperature sensors—An overview,‖ Proc. IEEE Sensors, vol. 2, pp. 1423–1427, Jun. 2002.
[10] M. A. P. Pertijs, A. Niederkorn, X.Ma, B.McKillop, A. Bakker, and J.H. Huijsing, ―A CMOS smart temperature sensor with a inaccuracy of C from C to 120 C,‖ IEEE J. Solid-State Circ., vol.40, no. 2, pp. 454–461,Feb.2005.

Abstract: The needs of high speed broadband wireless access at lower cost and easy deployment to meet the modern mobile services leads in the emergence of an another IEEE standard called Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The limitations of conventional Broadband wireless access have been overcomewith the scalable features of WiMAX. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate, analyze and compare the performance of a WiMAX under different data rate and coding techniques. For this purpose a simulation model of WiMAX PHY layer transmitter and Receiver has been designed using MATLAB. The model was implemented at the Physical Layer using ConvolutionalEncoding Rate of 3/416-QAM modulations and transmitted with 256 OFDM symbols in both the AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. In this thesis, the performance analysis is being done by studying the bit loss and Packet losses that occurred during transmission over channel. It is found that the performance of transmitted data not only depends on parameters like Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Signal power but also on the effect of transmission channel.

Keywords: WiMAX-IEEE802.16,Physical Layer,QAM, SNR, Signal Power, Bit Loss, AWGN, Rayleigh

Abstract: In this project, an object-based approach for urban land covers classification from high resolution satellite image using Fuzzy logic. OBIA analysis of image segmentation that is, clustering of pixels into homogenous objects, and subsequent classification or labelling of the objects, and modelling based on the characteristics of objects is done using MATLAB GUI model. When applied to a satellite image, the fuzzy logic approach involves three steps. First, a membership function is computed for each pixel and each class. This membership function expresses the likelihood that the measured radiance belongs to a class with a known reflectance distribution. Thus, for each pixel, class memberships are assigned to the predetermined classes on the basis of the derived membership functions. Second, three variables are retrieved from each of the class-specific algorithms for which the pixel has membership. Third, the class memberships are used to weight the class-specific retrievals to obtain a final blended retrieval for each pixel. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB GUI model and was tested on remotely sensed images of different sensors, resolutions and complexity levels.

Keywords - GUI (graphic user interface), object based approach, high resolution satellite image.

[1] KanXu,Wen Yang, Gang Liu, and Hong Sun, (2013) "Unsupervised Satellite Image Classification Using Markov Field Topic Model".
[2] Delong. A, Osokin.A, Isack H.N, and Boykov.Y,(2010) "Fast approximate energy minimization with label costs," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog., pp. 2173–2180.
[3] Liénou.M, Maître.H, and Datcu.M, (2010), "Semantic annotation of satellite images using latent Dirichlet allocation," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–32.
[4] Larlus.D and Jurie.F, Apr.(2009) "Latent mixture vocabularies for object categorization and segmentation," Image Vis. Comput., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 523–534
[5] MacKay.D.J.C,(2003)"Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms", vol. 8. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ.,p. 12.
[6] Memarsadeghi.N,Mount.D,Netanyahu.N.S, Le Moigne.J, and de Berg.M,(2007) "A fast implementation of the ISODATA clustering algorithm," Int. J. Comput. Geom. Appl., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 71–103.
[7] Rosenberg and J. Hirschberg, "V-measure: A conditional entropy based external cluster evaluation measure," in Proc. Joint conf.EMNLPCONLL, 2007,pp. 410-420.
[8] Tang. W. Yi, H, and Chen.Y, "An object-oriented semantic clustering algorithm for high-resolution remote sensing images using the aspect model "May (2011) IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 522–526.
[9] Verbeek.J and Triggs.B, "Region classification with Markov field aspect models," (2007) in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog., pp. 1–8.
[10] Yang.W, Dai.D, Wu.J, and He.C, "Weakly supervised polarimetric SAR image classification with multi-modal Markov aspect model," (2010) in Proc. ISPRS, TC VII Symp. (Part B), 100 Years ISPRSAdvancing Remote Sensing Science, Vienna, Austria, Jul. 5–7, pp. 669–673.

Abstract: Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) are widely used in industry for supervisory control and data acquisition of industrial processes. This paper describes simulation of system for laboratory based thermal power plant generator setup using LabVIEW data logging and supervisory control (DSC) module. Using the input, output and functional parameters the simulation of generator unit and alarm handling technique is achieved.

[1]. A. Daneels, W.Salter, what is LabVIEW? International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste, Italy 1999.
[2]. Baily D, Wright E, Practical LabVIEW for Industry, Elsevier journal of process plants, may 2003.
[3]. Carke G, Rynders D, Wright E, Practical Modern LabVIEW Protocols, Elsevier journal of process plants, 2003
[4]. www.ni.com/labview/labviewdsc/
[5]. www.dewetron.cz/pdf/1msw078_082a.pdf
[6]. M. N. Lakhoua, LABVIEW applications in thermal power plants, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(6), pp. 1175- 1182, June 2010

Abstract:The inverse definite minimum time relay has been used in the power distribution system in order to protect the system from power system faults.[1] These relays will function after a certain time delay when the current going through the relay exceeds a predefined set point. This time delay depends on the ratio of the fault current flowing through the relay with the set point current defined by the protection engineer [2]. The basic problem with these relays is that the relays will have a longer time delay for a less severe fault [3]. Another problem that these relays would face is when the impedance between the backup relay and the main relay is much smaller than the impedance between the fault and the main relay. In this paper, the possibility of using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is studied in order to determine the time delay of the over current relay. a new genetic algorithm (GA) method is presented to solve the optimization problem in coordination of over current and distance relays. The objective function (OF) is developed in a way that in addition to coordination of over current relays, the coordination of over current and distance relays is achieved. Various relay characteristics are considered for each over current relay and the best of them is selected by GA to fulfill optimal coordination. The proposed method is applied to a sample power network. Simulation results demonstrate that the method can obtain feasible and effective solutions and, it is a promising approach for optimal coordination in practical power networks.

Keywords: Gain scheduling, PID controller, over current Relay

[1] Reza.Mohammadi.Chabanloo, Hossein.Askarian.Abyaneh, Somayeh.Sadat.Hashemi.KamangarFarzad.Razavi Amirkabir University
of Technology/ Department of Electrical Engineering, Tehran, Iran"A New Genetic Algorithm Method for Optimal Coordination of
Overcurrent and Distance Relays Considering Various Characteristics for Overcurrent Relays" 2nd IEEE International Conference
on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
[2] Aidil Azwin Bin Zainul Abidin, Agileswari K. Ramasamy, Dr. Universiti Tenaga Nasional Jalan Kajang Farrukh Hafiz Nagi Dr.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional Km7 Jalan Kajang puchong Izham Bin Zainal Abidin, Dr., Universiti Tenaga Nasional "Determination
of overcurrent time delay using fuzzy logic relays." 2009 Conference on Innovative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and
Industrial Applications (CITISIA 2009)Monash University, Sunway campus, Malaysia, 25th & 26th July 2009."
[3] Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke. " Power System Relaying" Research Studies Press Ltd. And John Wiley and Sons INC. 1993 (pp 74-78) [4] Badri Ram and D.N. Vishwakarma " Power system Protection and Switchgear" Tata McGraw- Hill 1995(pp72-75) [5] Arturo Conde And Ernesto Vazquez "Operation Logic Proposed For Time Overcurrent Relay" Ieee Transaction On Power Delivery, Vol. 22 No. 4 October 2007.

[6] A.F. Elneweihi. E.O. Schweitzer III, and M.W.Feltis, "Negative Sequence Overcurrent Element Application and Coordination in Distribution Protection" Presented at the IEEE Power Eng. Soc.Summer Meeting, Seattle, WA, Jul. 12-16. 1992.

[7] Hossien Askarian Abyaneh, Majid Al-Dabbagh,Hossien Kazemi Karegar Seyed Hesameddin Hossien Sadeghi " A New Optimal Approach for Coordination of Overcurrent Relays in Interconnected Power System" IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol 18, No 2, April 2003.

[8] Bijoy Chattopadhyay, M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu "An On-Line Relay Coordination Algorithm For Adaptive Protection Using Linear Programming Technique" IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No 1, January 1996.

[9] Hossien Askarian Abyane, Karim Faez, Hossien Kazemi Karager " A New Method For Overcurrent Relay Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic" 1997 IEEE TENCON pp 407-409.

[10] IEEE Standard Inverse-time Characteristic Equations for overcurrent relays, IEEE Std C37.112- 1996. 2009 Conference on Innovative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and Industrial Applications (CITISIA 2009) Monash University, Sunway campus, Malaysia, 25th & 26th July 2009. 485

Abstract: A single-inductor dual-output (SIDO) buck converter has recently found applications in hand-held battery-powered electronic devices. The circuit operation and the functional interdependencies among basic converter parameters such as dc voltage gains, transistor duty cycles, and load current levels are much more complicated than those of the single-output counterpart. In this project, a rigorous analysis was conducted to develop dc equations in steady state operation for SIDO converters. More importantly, from the analysis results, a possibility of a new mode of operation, dubbed "mix-voltage" operation, will be pointed out. In the so-called "mix-voltage" operation, the converter is capable of working even when the input voltage is lower than one of the two output voltages. In the past, a SIDO buck converter has been used for providing "pure-buck" outputs, i.e., both output voltages are lower than the input voltage. Therefore, this possibility not only opens up new applications but also extends the operating battery range in existing applications. Experimental results confirmed the dc equations and the "mix-voltage" conversion of SIDO buck converters.

Keywords- DC Power converters,mix-voltage conversion,single inductor dual output (SIDO).

[[1]. STw4141 single-coil dual-output step-down DC/DC converter for digital base band and multimedia processor supply data sheet," ST Microelectron., Jun. 2006.
[2]. K.-Y. Lin, C.-S. Huang, D. Chen, and K. H. Liu, "Modeling and design of feedback loops for a voltage-mode single-inductor dualoutput buck converter," in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2008, pp. 3389–3395.
[3]. E. Bonizzoni, F. Borghetti, P. Malcovati, F. Maloberti, and B. Niessen, "A 200Ma 93% peak efficiency single-inductor dual-output
DC–DC buck converter," in Proc. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Conf., 2007, pp. 526–619.
[4]. D. Goder and H. Santo, "Multiple output regulator with time sequencing,"U.S Patent 5,617,015, Apr. 1997.
[5]. M. Belloni, E. Bonizzoni, and F. Maloberti, "On the design of single inductor multiple-output DC–DC buck converters," in Proc. IEEE Int.mp. Circuits Syst., 2008, pp. 3049–3052
[6]. W. Xu, X. Zhu, Z. Hong, and D. Killat, "Design of single-inductor dual output switching converters with average current mode
control," in Proc.IEEE Asia Pac. Circuits Syst. Conf., 2008, pp. 902–905.
[7]. K. Xing, F. Liu, X. Cheng, and H.C. Du, "Real-Time Detection of Clone Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. IEEE Int'l
Conf. Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pp. 3-10, June 2008.
[8]. A. Pizzutelli and M. Ghioni, "Novel control technique for single inductor multiple output converters operating in CCM with reduced cross-regulation," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 2008, pp. 1502–1507.
[9]. P. Patra, A. Patra, and D. Kastha,"On-chip implementation of a multi output voltage regulator based on single inductor buck converter topology,"Proc. IEEE Embedded Syst. Conf., 2007, pp. 935–940.

Abstract: Renewable energy resources can play an important role in a developing country like Bangladesh. In Bangladesh the electric vehicles powered by rechargeable batteries are becoming popular day by day. But it is a matter of great regret that a big amount of power is being used daily to recharge their batteries at the recharging stations. As Bangladesh faces acute power crisis this is a big challenge. This paper has proposed a PV based recharging station for electric vehicles and made a detail analysis on it.

Keywords: Solar System, Recharging Station, Power System.

[1] International Energy Agency: Share of total primary energy supply in 2003. Technical report, 2003.
[2] Press release of The World Bank on October 30, 2008
[3] REEI Available: http://www.reein.org/solar/resource/index.htm.
[4] Final report of Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA), Renewable Energy Research Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 2007
[5] Available: http://biz.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=194924&cid=4
[6] US Department of Energy Available: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml
[7] Available at: http://www.maplandia.com/bangladesh/dhaka-div/dhaka-zila/dhaka/ dated:
[8] Sharp NU-U235F1 datasheet; Sharp Electronics Corporation, CA. Available at: www.mrsolar.com/pdf/sharp/Sharp235U1F.pdf
[9] Midnite Solar MNPV3 datasheet,; Midnight Solar, USA. Available at: www.midnitesolar.com/pdfs/frontBack03.pdf
[10] Solarpac company Ltd. Data has been collected from local markets

Abstract: This paper presents the online monitoring of circuit breakers used in the transmission and distribution of power system, to connect and disconnect the power flow at the generator, substation, or load location. The circuit Breakers are capable of making, carrying, and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions. The objective of this paper is to investigate feasibility, specify requirement and propose the implementation architecture of an automated circuit breaker monitoring device that enables continuous and reliable system monitoring. It is very essential to implement an online system for efficient circuit breaker monitoring because of many infrequent cases. To improve reliability of the power system through various analysis functions it is necessary to know power system topology configuration. Real time and on-line monitoring seems to be perfect solution for circuit breaker conditions and status monitoring. SCADA is a system used for this purpose. This system monitors status of CB mechanical contacts and transfers it in real time to a central place.

Keywords – circuit breaker, monitoring, plc, protocol, scada

[1] Kuncan CHEN, Wei WANG, Pinghao NI, Lijie XU,study of online monitoring system of high voltage circuit breaker, IEEE,2010

[2] Mohamed Awad and Awad I Ibrahim, PC-Based SCADA Simulator for Distribution System Analysis,IEEE

[3] Fan Xing-ming, Tang Zhuan-min, Yang Jia-zhi, He Jia-min, Huang Zhi-chao,Zhang Xin,Zou Ji-yan Determination of Arcing Duration for High-voltage Circuit Breakers Electrical Endurance On-line Monitor Based on Electromagnetic Induction, IEEE, 2010

[4] Power circuit breaker theory and design. Peter Peregrinus Ltd.

[5] SCADA-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, Stuart A. Boyer, Isa 2009

Abstract: This paper deals with the electronic load controller for self exited induction generator using fuzzy logic controller. The self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) are considered to be well suited for generating electricity by means of conventional energy sources and for supplying electrical energy in remote and rural areas. Induction generators have many advantages such as cost, reduced maintenance, rugged, and simple construction, brushless rotor (squirrel cage). A three phase induction generator can be operated on a delta connection for supplying single phase loads. The main disadvantage of SEIG has is that it poor voltage regulation, and its value depends on the prime mover speed, capacitance, load current and power factor of the load. The electronic load controller (ELC) can be used for maintaining constant voltage and frequency of SEIG with variable consumer load driven by constant prime mover. This paper presents the simulation design and implementation of ELC using fuzzy logic method for an SEIG feeding single-phase load. The ELC consist of a rectifier, IGBT as a chopper switch, PI controller, voltage sensor, and resistive dump load in which power consumption was varied through the duty cycle of the chopper. However an ELC consist of electronics system, in general, has complex nonlinear model with parameter variation problem, and the control need to be very fast. The fuzzy logic based controller gives nonlinear control with fast response and virtually no overshoot. The simulation of ELC for self exited induction generator is carried out on MATLAB/SIMULINK. By this proposed ELC using FLC for SEIG we can maintain the constant voltage and frequency of SEIG with variable consumer load. Keywords— Electronic load controller (ELC), Self excited induction generator (SEIG), Fuzzy logic controller

[1] R. C. Bansal, "Three-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generators: An Overview," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 20,
No. 2, pp. 292-299 June 2005.
[2] Chandra, T.S., Bishnu, P.M., Voltage Regulators for Self Excited Induction Generator, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
Vol.20, no. 4, , pp 460÷463,April 2004.
[3] Juan M. Ramirez and Emmanuel Torres M., "An electronic load controller for self excited induction generators" in IEEE PES
General Meeting, June 24-28, 2007.
[4] Sarsing Gao, S. S. Murthy, G. Bhubaneswar, and M. Sree Lalitha Gayathri, "Design of a Microcontroller Based Electronic Load
Controller for a Self Excited Induction Generator Supplying Single - Phase Loads," Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No.4,
pp.444- 449, 2010.
[5] Bhim Singh, S.S. Murthy & Sushma Gupta ,"An Electronic Voltage and Frequency Controller for Single-Phase Self-Excited
Induction Generators for Pico Hydro Applications",IEEE PEDS, pp 240-245,2005.
[6] Palwalia, D.K.; Singh, S.P.; , "Design and implementation of induction generator controller for single phase self excited induction
generator," Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2008. ICIEA 2008. 3rd IEEE Conference on , vol., no., pp.400-404, 3-5 June
2008.
[7] Bhim Singh, S.S. Murthy & Sushma Gupta ,"An Electronic Voltage and Frequency Controller for Single-Phase Self-Excited
Induction Generators for Pico Hydro Applications",IEEE PEDS, pp 240-245,2005.
[8] B. Singh, S. S. Murthy and S. Gupta, "Analysis and Implementation of an Electronic Load Controller for a Self- Excited Induction
Generator," IEE Proceedings Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 151, No.1, pp. 51-60,January 2004.
[9] B. Singh, S. S. Murthy, and S. Gupta, "STATCOM based voltage regulator for isolated asynchronous generator feeding non -linear
loads," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1437–1452, Oct. 2006

Abstract: Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilization. Energy poverty continues to be a major constraint to the developmental and economic of Nigeria and the crucial challenge of the energy sector in the country includes the issues of inadequate energy supply, energy security and sustainability. This study appraises critically the current energy scenario in Nigeria and examines the roles of all the primary energy forms in the country as well as alternative energy forms in the provision of adequate energy supply and energy security for the future, particularly as it pertains to the attainment of the country's goals for boosting energy supply as articulated in all its policy and developmental documents. The study identified poor energy mix, slow implementation of policy and inadequate private sector participation as major constraints and challenges of the energy sector and recommends appropriate strategies to improve the energy scenario in the country.

Key words: Energy, Sustainability, Nigeria

[1]. Adenikinju, A (2008) Efficiency of the Energy sector and its impact on the competitiveness of the Nigerian economy. Paper presented at the first international conference of the International Association of Energy Economics.
[2]. Akarakiri, J.B(1999) . Private electric power generation as an alternative in Nigeria. Energy 24 (5), pg 445 – 457.
[3]. Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE, 2011). ―Power Generation (Status and Outlook)‖. Paper Presented at the Nigeria Power Sector Investment Forum in London, 27 January, available at http://www.bpeng.org/Electric_Power/Pages/
[4]. Energy Commission of Nigeria (2005); Renewable Energy Master Plan, November.
[5]. EL – Rufai, N.A (2001) Attracting private sector investment in the Power sector. The perspective of the Nigerian government reform agency. Paper presented at the Bureau of Public Enterprises, 1st November.
[6]. Energy Information Administration (EIA,2011); Nigerian Energy Profile, available atwww.eia.gov/Nigeria.
[7]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2005), State of the World's Forests, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Available at ww.fao.org/docrep/007/y5574e/y5574e00.htm) Ige, D (2011) ―Gas to Power—Status and Outlook‖ given at the Nigeria Power SectorInvestment Forum in London, 27th January.
[8]. Labo, H.S. (2010) Current status and future outlook of the transmission network. Paper Presented at the investor;s forum for the privatization of the PHCN successor company,January 18 – 19th.
[9]. Malik, A., F. Teal and S. Baptist (2004) The Performance of Nigerian Manufacturing Firms: Report on the Nigerian Manufacturing Enterprise Survey, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Nigerian Federal Ministry of Industry and Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford. (www.gprg.org/pubs/reports/pdfs/2006-04-malik-teal-baptist.pdf)
[10]. Maigida, S. (2008), ‗Power Sector Infrastructural Development by 2020: Issues and Challenges‖. Paper Presented at the 1st Interna-tional Conference of NAEE/IAEE at the Transcorp Hilton Hotel, 29th – 30th of April

Abstract: Different optimization methods have been applied to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. This study reviews some of the common optimization methods and algorithms their strengths and weaknesses. The study found out that with time, old methods are improved upon and novel methods are developed to provide for more efficiency, faster convergence, robustness, and adaptability. Keywords: Optimization, ALM, DE, FAPSO, EDDP, Hydrothermal

[1] K. S. Atul, "Short Term Hydrothermal Scheduling using Evolutionary Programming," Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering Department, Thapar University, Patiala, Master of Engineering Thesis in Power Systems & Electric Drives (Supervised by Mr. Nitin Narang) 2009.
[2] X. Yuan, H. Nie, Y. Yuan, A. Su, and L. Wang, "Hydrothermal systems generation scheduling using cultural algorithm.," ournal of Hydroinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-78, 2009.
[3] J. Grake and L. Kirchmayer, "Optimum operation of a hydrothermal system.," AIEE Trans., vol. PAS 80, pp. 242-250, 1962.
[4] M. Papageorgiou, "Optimum mult reservoir network control by the discrete maximum principle.," Water Resour. Res., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1824-1830, 1985.
[5] S. Solima and G. Christensen, "Application of functional analysis to optimization of variable head multi reservoir power system for long term regulation.," Water Resour. Res., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 852-858, 1986.
[6] J. Yang and N. Chen, "Short-term hydrothermal coordination using multipass dynamic programming.," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1050-1056, 1989.
[7] W. Yeh, "Optimization of real time hydrothermal system operation," J. Water Res. Plan. Manage., vol. 118, no. 6, pp. 636-653, 1992.
[8] J. Tang and P.B. Luh, "Hydrothermal Scheduling Via Extended Differential Dynamic Programmng and Mixed Coordination*," IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2021-2028, November 1995.
[9] P. Franco, M. Carvalho, and S. Soares, "A network flow model for short-term hydro-dominated hydrothermal scheduling problems.," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1016-1022, 1994.
[10] M. Piekutowski, "Optimal short-term scheduling for large-scal cascaded hydro system.," IEEE Trans. Powr Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 805-811, 1994.

Abstract: Economic load dispatch problem is one of the most popular concerns in power system engineering. Many method have been proposed in past to solve this. Genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization are the most popular algorithms in term of optimization. This paper is implementation of GA and PSO over the Economic Load Dispatch problem. Comparison of both algorithms is shown here with a standard example when considering Loss and no Loss conditions.

Keywords – Economic Load Dispatch (ELD), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

[1] A Eberhart RC and Kennedy J, "A new optimizer using particle swarm theory", in proceedings of 6th international symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, IEEE Service centre, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 39–43, 1995.

[2] R. Chakrabarti, P. K. Chattopadhyay, M. Basu, and C. K. Panigrahi, "Particle swarm optimization technique for dynamic economic dispatch", IE(I) Journal-EL, vol. 87, pp. 48-54, 2006.

[3] B. N. S. Rahimullah, E.I. Ramlan and T.K.A. Rahman, "Evolutionary Approach for Solving Economic Dispatch in Power System", In Proceedings of the IEEE/PES National Power Engineering Conference, vol.1, pp. 32 – 36, Dec 2003.

[4] Younes.M, hadjeri.S, Zidi.S, Houari.S and Laarioua. M, ""Economic Power Dispatch using an Ant Colony Optimization Method", 10th International conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control & computer engineering, Hammamet, Tunisia, 785-794, December 20-22, 2009.

[5] K.A. De Jong, W.M. Spears and D.F. Gordon, "Using Markov chains to analyze GAFOs". In D. Whitley and M. Vose (eds.), Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 3, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 115–137, 1995.

[6] J. Rees and G.J. Koehler, "An investigation of GA performance results for different cardinality alphabets". In L.D. Davis, K. DeJong, M.D. Vose and L.D. Whitley (eds.), Evolutionary Algorithms: IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 111. Springer-Verlag, New York, 191–206, 1999.

Abstract: This paper presents new approaches to update our existing load shedding scheme, planned for the coming years. If generation in power system is insufficient to power all loads, efficient load shedding operations may need to be deployed to maintain the supply demand balance. This paper proposes a distributed multi agent based PSO and GA, which can make the efficient load shedding decision based on the global information. This method integrates the multi agent system and PSO,GA algorithm. In order to obtain optimal solution quickly, each agent competes and corporate with its neighbours, and it can also learn by using its knowledge. According to this algorithm, total net active power and operating status of loads can be discovered accurately even with faults. For further improvement, can apply genetic algorithm for controlling purposes, compare both the methods.

Keywords: Multi Agent System, Particle swarm optimization, Genetic Algorithm, Load shedding, Voltage Stability

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