iosr-JEEE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Numerous optimization paradigms have been developed for power system optimization tasks till date but none has found the level of acceptance which is being received by evolutionary soft computing methods. Traditional methods are found to be inefficient for complex practical problems with equality and inequality constraints therefore the complexity of the task reveals the necessity for development of efficient algorithms to accurately locate the optimum solution. The present paper proposes to solve complex constrained optimization problems using differential evolution (DE) with multiple mutation strategies. The role of control parameters and mutation strategies of DE algorithm in achieving the global best result is critically explored.The depleting reserves of fossil fuel and growing concern about environmental protection dictates the integration of renewable power resources into the power grid. Including wind power with the conventional power has become very popular in recent years due to the rapid development of technology in this field. Modeling of wind-thermal system is required to find the optimal wind generator capacity that can be integrated into the existing system such that all operating constraints are satisfied. The developed algorithm is tested on a standard test system taking into consideration the wind uncertainty and ramp-rate limits of thermal power units. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in finding feasible and efficient globally optimal solutions

Keywords - Differential evolution, equality and inequality constraints, mutation strategies, wind-thermal economic dispatch

[1] A.J. Wood and B.F. Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation and Control, New York: Wiley, 1984.
[2] D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Power system engineering, Tata McGraw- Hill, New Delhi 2008
[3] John Hetzer, David C. Yu, Kalu Bhattarai, "An Economic Dispatch Model Incorporating Wind Power" IEEE Transactions on Power System , Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2008, pp. 603-611.
[4] Jia-Chu Lee, Whei-Min Lin, Gwo-Ching Liao, Ta-Peng Tsao, "Quantum genetic algorithm for dynamic economic dispatch with valve-point effects and including wind power system" Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 33, 2011, pp. 189–197.
[5] C.X. Guo, Y.H. Bai, X. Zheng, J.P. Zhan, Q.H. Wuc, "Optimal generation dispatch with renewable energy embedded using multiple objectives", International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy systems, Vol. 42, No. 3, March 2011, pp. 440-447.
[6] H. T. Jadhav, Harsh Bhandari, Yaman Dalal, Ranjit Roy, "Economic Load Dispatch Including Wind Power Using Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm" 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC) , 2012, pp. 388 – 393.
[7] C.L.Che,n "Simulated annealing-based optimal wind-thermal coordination scheduling" IET Gener. Transm. Distrib.Vol. 1 No. 3, 2007, pp. 447–455.
[8] D.C. Walter and G. B. Sheble, "Genetic algorithm solution of economic load dispatch with valve point loading", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8, Aug 1993, pp.1325-1332.
[9] G. M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[10] R. Storn and K. Price, "Differential evolution: A simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces," International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-95-012, 1995.

Abstract: Mammography is an efficient and contemporary option in diagnosing breast cancer among all ages of women. Nevertheless, the radiologist's has remarkable influence on revelation of the mammogram. It is a difficult and challenging task in identifying the masses in the breast region of a digital mammography. The proposed research intends to develop an image processing algorithm in identifying malignancy by using an automated segmentation technique for mammogram. The proposed work deals with an approach for extracting the malignant masses in mammograms for detection of breast cancer. The work proposed is based on the following procedure: (a)Removing the noise and the background information. (b)Applying thresholding and retrieving the largest region of interest (ROI). (c)Performing the morphological operations and extracting the ROI and identifying the malignant mass from the screened images of the breast. This method was tested over several images of various patients taken from a cancer hospital and implemented using Matlab code. Thus, capable in executing the pre-processed image effectively and detected the segmentation region and identified the malignant data for assessment.

Keywords - Malignancy , Mammogram, Morphological, ROI, Segmentation, Thresholding.

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publication, Oak Book, II, pp.21, 1993..
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years", THE LANCET, Volume 355, Issue 9217, Page 1822, 20 May 2000.
[3]. Ranadhir Ghosh, Moumita Ghosh, John Yearwood, "A Modular Framework for Multi category feature selection in Digital
mammography", In Proceedings of the 12th European Symposium On Artificial Neural Networks ESANN'2004, Bruges (Belgium),
pp. 175-180, 28-30 April 2004.
[4]. Armen Sahakyan, Hakop Sarukhanyan,"Segmentation of the Breast Region in Digital Mammograms and Detection of
Masses",IJACSA,Volume.3,No.2,2012.
[5]. R.Chandrasekhar, and Y. Attikiouzel, "Automatic Breast Border Segmentation by Background Modelling and Subtraction", in 5th
International Workshop on Digital Mammography (IWDM), (Yaffe M. ed.), Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, USA, pp. 560– 565.
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Transaction on Medical Imaging, Vol. 16, pp.483-494,Oct. 1997
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Abstract: In this age of depleting fossil fuels, more emphasis has to be placed on the renewable sources of energy. People are conscious about a clean and pollution free environment and thus a primary candidate in this respect would be solar energy. In this paper the maximum power point of a PV system is tracked using a fuzzy logic controller. The advantages of a fuzzy logic controller are that it is robust, doesn't require the exact knowledge of the model and is relatively simple to design. Using an FLC (fuzzy logic controller) is considered as an intelligent method of maximum power point tracking.

Keywords – Fuzzy logic controller, Maximum power point tracking, MPPT algorithm, Photovoltaic system

[1]. Kimiyoshi Kobayashi, Hirofumi Matsuo and Yutaka Sekine, "A novel optimum operating point tracker of the solar cell power supply system" ,IEEE Conference on Power Electronics, Volume 3, 20-25 June 2004 ,Page(s):2147 - 2151 Vol.3.
[2]. M.Godoy Simdes and N.N.Franceschetti, "Fuzzy optimisation based control of a solar array system", IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 5, September I999, IEE Proceedmgs online no. 19990341
[3]. M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho "Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays" IEEE Trans. Power Electr., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198-1208, May 2009.
[4]. Y.Kuo-"Maximum Power Point Tracking controller for photovoltaic energy conversion system"-IEEE Trans Ind. Electron-Volume 48-2001.
[5]. Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo, Massimo Vitelli "Optimization of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Method" IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 20, no. 4, july 2005
[6]. D. P. Hohm and M. E. Ropp, "Comparative Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms", Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications Prog. Photovolt: res. Appl. 2003; 11:47–62 (doi: 10.1002/pip.459)
[7]. Xuejun Liu and Luiz A. C. Lopes , "An Improved Perturbation and Observation Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for PV Arrays", 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference
[8]. Chung-Yuen Won, Duk-Heon Kim, Sei-Chan Kim "A New Maximum Power Point Tracker of Photovoltaic Arrays Using Fuzzy Controller", IEEE transaction 1994
[9]. S. Armstrong and W.G Hurley "Investigating the Effectiveness of Maximum Power Point Tracking for a Solar System", IEEE Conference on Power Electronics, 2005 Page(s):204 – 20

Abstract: This paper introduces interleaved boost converters topology for PFC (power-factor-corrected), which has continuous input current that you can manipulate with average-current-mode-control techniques to force input current to track changes in line voltage. The concept of interleaving, or more generally that of increasing the effective pulse frequency of any periodic power source by synchronizing several smaller sources and operating them with relative phase shifts. With the help of the interleaving technology the inductor current of interleaved boost converter can be reduced and thus inductor size is reduced. The Zero voltage technique provides perfect turn on process of the converter . There is no overlap between the voltages and current, hence no switching loss takes place at turn on process. The performance of proposed work is tested and verified by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Keywords - interleaved boost converter, power factor correction (PFC), switching loss, zero-current switching (ZCS), zero-voltage switching (ZVS).

[1] R. Giral, L. Martinez-Salamero, and S. Singer, "Interleaved convertersoperation based on CMC," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 14, no. 4,pp. 643–652, Jul. 1999.

[2] H. Kosai, S. McNeal, B. Jordan, J. Scofield, B. Ray, and Z. Turgut,"Coupled inductor characterization for a high performance interleavedboost converter," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4812–4815,Oct. 2009.

[3] C. A. Gallo, F. L. Tofoli, and J. A. C. Pinto, "A passive lossless snubberapplied to the AC–DC interleaved boost converter," IEEE Trans. PowerElectron., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 775–785, Mar. 2010.

[4] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic, "Interleaved boost converter with intrinsicvoltage-doubler characteristic for universal-line PFC front end," IEEETrans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1394–1401, Jul. 2007.

[5] F. Musavi, W. Eberle, and W. G. Dunford, "A high-performance single-phasebridgeless interleaved PFC converter for plug-in hybrid electricvehicle battery chargers," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1833–1843, Jul./Aug. 2011.

[6] C. A. Gallo, F. L. Tofoli, and J. A. C. Pinto, "Two-stage isolated switch modepower supply with high efficiency and high input power factor,"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3754–3766, Nov. 2010.

[7] M. O'Loughlin, "UCC28070 300-W interleaved PFC pre-regulator designreview," TI Appl. Rep. SLUA479B, Aug. 2008, revised Jul. 2010.

[8] C.-P. Ku, D. Chen, C.-S. Huang, and C.-Y. Liu, "A novel SFVM-M3control scheme for interleaved CCM/DCM boundary-mode boost converterin PFC applications," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 8,pp. 2295–2303, Aug. 2011.2303, Aug. 2011.

[9] Y. T. Chen, S. M. Shiu, and R. H. Liang, "Analysis and design of a zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching interleaved boost converter,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 161–173, 2011.

[10] G. Yao, A. Chen, and X. He, "Soft switching circuit for interleaved boost converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 80–86, Jan.2007.

Abstract: Largest ever study of deaths show that heart ailments and respiratory failure have replaced communicable diseases as the biggest killer in rural and urban areas of the country. Population based studies in the youth show that the precursors of heart disease start in adolescence. In order to stem the tide of these diseases, early detection and primary prevention is needed. Early detection and primary prevention starts with education and awareness that these diseases poses the greatest threat and measures to prevent or reverse this disease must be taken. Here comes the need for automatic disease detection technique that would aid the physicians in an early detection of human body abnormalities. Heart rate, respiration and body temperature of the subjects are collected and testing is done using samples from reference database. All these three parameters are monitored using different sensors and these measured values are transferred to the PC using ZigBee that provides wireless transfer of data. As a result the patient health status can be acquired, monitored and synthesized immediately in a clear and easy way. The simulations are done using LabView software.

Keywords: atherosclerosis, e-Health, low cost approach, monitoring, patient specific health care, wireless transfer.

[1] J. M. Wilkinson, "Medical market for Microsystems," Int. Newsletter Microsyst. MEMS, no. 4/02, p. 37, Sep. 2002.

[2] M. Naghavi, E. Falk, H. S. Hecht, M. J. Jamieson, S. Kaul, D. Berman, Z. Fayad, M. J. Budoff, J. Rumberger, T. Z. Naqvi, L. J. Shaw, O. Faergeman, J. Cohn, R. Bahr, W. Koenig, J. Demirovic, D. Arking, V. L. Herrera, J. Badimon, J. A. Goldstein, Y. Rudy, J. Airaksinen, R. S. Schwartz, W. for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report,"Am. J. Cardiol., vol. 98, no. 2A, pp. 2H–15H, Jul. 2006.

[3] P. Greenland, J. S. Alpert, G. A. Beller, E. J. Benjamin,M. J. Budoff, Z. A.Fayad, E Foster,M. A. Hlatky, J. M. Hodgson, F. G. Kushner, M. S. Lauer,L. J. Shaw, S. C. Smith, Jr., A. J.Taylor,W. S.Weintraub, N. K.Wenger, A.K. Jacobs, S. C. Smith, Jr., J. L. Anderson, N. Albert, C. E. Buller, M. A.Creager, S.M. Ettinger, R. A. Guyton, J. L. Halperin, J. S. Hochman, F. G.Kushner, R. Nishimura, E. M. Ohman, R. L. Page,W. G.Stevenson, L. G.Tarkington, and C.W.Yancy,"2010ACCF/AHA guideline for assessmentof cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: Executive Summary," J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 14, vol. 56, no. 25, pp. e50–e103, Dec. 2010.

[4] G. Chironi, A. Simon, J. Megnien, M. Sirieix, E. Mousseaux, F. Pessana,and R. Armentano, "Impact of coronary artery calcium on cardiovascularrisk categorization and lipid-lowering drug eligibility in asymptomatic hypercholesterolemicmen," Int. J. Cardiol., [Epub ahead of print] PubMedPMID: 20580446, Jun. 2010P.

[5] A. Simon, G. Chironi, and J. Levenson, "Comparative performance of subclinical atherosclerosis tests in predicting coronary heart disease in asymptomatic individuals," Eur. Heart J., vol. 28, no. 24, pp. 2967–2971

Abstract: Robot can be defined as an electro-mechanical system with the capability of sensing its environment, manipulating it and acting according to the preprogrammed sequence. Space rovers are especially vital, because human access to the hostile space environment is not yet possible. Conventional autonomous Mars rovers encountered numerous obstacles. Opportunity and Spirit (NASA Mars rovers) have a major drawback of trapping in sand. The task involves in improving the topographic mapping techniques. It works with new sensing and navigational techniques. It maps its environment as it sets and avoids obstacles and computes alternate path. It presents the construction of solar tracking mechanism aimed at increasing rovers power regardless of its mobility. It proposes an alternative design of power system performance based on pack of two batteries. The proposed system overcomes the disadvantage of getting stuck in sand traps and reaches the target safely and efficiently. Sand trap skippers use a microcontroller to detect obstacles and manipulate its direction from the inputs from Infra-Red (IR) sensors mounted in front of the Rover.

Keywords : electromechanical system , hostile space, space rover, topographic mapping techniques, infrared sensors

[1] L. T. D'Angelo, S. Weber, Y. Honda, T. Thiel, 2008, "New planetary rovers for long range Mars science and sample return",IEEE
Transactions on robotics.
[2] Y. Rimet, Y. Brusquet, D. Ronayette, C. Dageville, M. Lubrano, E.,2007,"Robust Algorithm for Real-Time Route Planning," IEEE
Transactions on aerospace and electronic systems."
[3] A. Lymberis and D. Dittmar,2007 "7 th sense-a multipurpose robot for military,"IEEE Transactions on military robots.
[4] M. F. Dempsey and B. Condon,2007 "Inertial sensor based wireless control of a robotic arm"IEEE Transactions on robotic
parameters.
[5] V. Gramse, A. De Groote, and M. Paiva,2006, "Vision-based Cleaning Area Control for Cleaning Robots" IEEE Transactions on
robotics.
[6] L. Faustini and G. Martini,2006 "small host control for battery powered robotic vehicle,"IEEE Transactions on mechtronics.
[7] J. Witt, M. Schukar, K. Krebber, 2005, "Image Recognition and Force Measurement Application in the Humanoid Robot Imitation",
IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurement
[8] F. Taylor,2003, "The Detection and Following of Human Legs Through Inductive Approaches for a Mobile Robo with a Single Laser
Range Finder," IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics
[9] M. Di Rienzo, F. Rizzo, P. Meriggi, 2002, " Observing And Control Of AgriculturalParameters By Using robotic Infrastructure
"IEEE Transactions on agricultural robots.
[10] M. Coyle, V. M. Inc, 2002, "Robotic Platform for Monitoring underground Cable Systems" IEEE Transaction on mechatronics.

Abstract: State estimator is a likehood estimation system determines the best states of the power system. State estimation plays an essential role in modern Energy Management systems (EMS). This paper discusses a novel algorithm developed to detect any missing measurement data, bad data, elimination of bad data and status of network observability. The paper focus and considers the uncertainties in the available measurement data set while estimating the states of power system. The algorithm developed is simple and efficient. It is tested and implemented on IEEE 14 bus system.

Keywords - Bad data detection, Measurement Uncertainty, Observability, State Estimation, Weighted Least Square (WLS).

[1] G. Valverde, S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides and V. Terzia, " A Constrained Formulation for Hybrid State Estimation", IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2010

[2] S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides, G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, " Inclusion of PMU current phasor measurements in a power system state estimator", IET Gen. Transm. And Distrib. 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 10, Pp. 1104-1115

[3] S. Chakrabarti and E. Kyriakides, " PMU measurement uncertainity consideration in WLS state estimation", IEEE Transaction Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 2 May 2009 pp. 1062-1071

[4] Amit Kumar and S. Chakrabarti, " An ANN based Hybrid State Estimator", 16th National Power Systems Conference, 15th- 17th Dec, 2010, pp. 734-737

[5] R. Neela and P. Aravindhababu, " A new decoupling strategy for power system state estimation", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol.50, No. 8, pp. 2047-2051, 2009 [6] P. Aravindhababu and R. Neela, "A reliable and fast decoupled WLS state estimation for power systems", Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 1200-1207, 2008

[7] T. S. Bi , X. H. Qin and Q. X. Yang, "A novel hybrid state estimator for inclusing synchronized phasor measurements", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 78, pp. 1343-1352, 2008

[8] Jun Zhu and A. Abur, " Improvements in network parameter error identification via synchronized phasors", IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 25, No. 1, Feb 2010 [9] Jian Ma, Yousu Chen, Zhenyu Huang and Pak Chung Wong, " Using state estimation residuals to detect abnormal SCADA data", 978-1-4244-6547-7/10, IEEE, 2010

[10] Jun Zhu and A. Abur, " Bad data identification when using Phasor Measurements", 978-1-4244-2190-9/07, IEEE, 2007, pp. 1676-1681

Abstract: Water management is an important element of irrigated crop production. This study is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, performance of irrigation water management is assessed using two models for irrigation schedule by calculating eapo-transpiration and studying the effect of relative evapo-transpiration on relative yield of crop and the effect of depth of water irrigation on the net revenue, and in the second stage the effect of saline water in crop production is studied by mixing supply of saline drainage water, moderately sewage water, and fresh water in six ratios applied on crops yield which cultivated in Delta of Egypt. Moreover yield is high in alternate practice only with fresh water, whereas moderate saline irrigation waters in mixed practice gave the highest values of yield and growth. There is a strong negative relationship between crop yield and seasonal average of electrical conductivity of the soil solution.

Keywords: Irrigation scheduling; Irrigation system evaluation; Irrigation water management; Saline and fresh water.

[1] Burton, Kivumbi, and El-Askari "Opportunities and constraints to improving irrigation water management: Foci for research" AGR WATER MANAGEA 1999; 40:37-44

[2] Leenhardt, Trouvat, Gonzalès, Pérarnaud, Prats, and Bergez "Estimating irrigation demand for water management on a regional scale I. ADEAUMIS, a simulation platform based on bio-decisional modeling and spatial information" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2004; 68:207–232

[3] Leenhardt, Trouvat, Gonzalès, Pérarnaud, Prats, and Bergez, "Estimating irrigation demand for water management on a regional scale II. Validation of ADEAUMIS" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2004; 68:233–250

[4] Ortega, Juan, and Tarjuelo, "Improving water management: The irrigation advisory service of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2005; 77:37–58

[5] Abdel Gawad, Arslan, Gaihbe, and Kadouri "The effects of saline irrigation water management and salt tolerant tomato varieties on sustainable production of tomato in Syria (1999–2002)" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2005; 78:39–53

[6] Malash, Flowers, and Ragab "Effect of irrigation systems and water management practices using saline and non-saline water on tomato production" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2005; 78: 25–38

[7] Ould, Yamamoto, Rasiah, Inoue, and Anyoji, "The impact of saline water irrigation management options in a dune sand on available soil water and its salinity" AGR WATER MANAGEA 2007; 88:63–72

[8] Melissa B. Haley, Michael D. Dukes, P.E., and Grady L. Miller "Residential Irrigation Water Use in Central Florida" J Irrig Drain E-ASCE 2007;
[9] Kuscu H., Bölüktepe F., and Demir A. "Performance assessment for irrigation water management: A case study in the Karacabey irrigation scheme in Turkey" AFR J AGR REC 2009; 4 (2): 124-132 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR

[10] FRANK A. WARD" Financing Irrigation Water Management and Infrastructure: A Review" Water Resources Development 2010; 26(3): 321–349

Abstract: In MANETs, when information is sent from the source to the destination, these information packets travel through all the nodes which come across the path from the source to the destination. If the battery backup of any node across this path is less than the minimum time required to transmit the information packets from the source to the destination, then this information cannot be sent. In this proposed work, alternate methods are proposed to overcome this problem. One such proposed solution is to utilize Root up time Factor (RUF) for calculating the battery backup of all the nodes and then to use only those nodes which have maximum battery backup. Keywords: Location based routing, Root up time factor, Bandwidth utilization.

[1] B. P. E. U.-B. A. El Gamal, C. Nair and S. Zahedi. "Energy-efficient Scheduling of Packet Transmissions over Wireless Networks". IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE Proceedings of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 3(2002):1773–1782, 2002.

[2] Ching-Wen Chen, Chuan-Chi Weng,"A Bandwidth-Based Routing Protocol with Efficient Path Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks

[3] Jangsu Lee, Seunghwan Y00, and Sungchun Kim," Energy aware Routing in Location based Ad-hoc Networks", Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, ISCCSP 2010, Limassol, Cyprus, 3-5 March 2010

[4] Juanfei Shi, Kai Liu," Power-efficient Location-based Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks",2012 International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2012)

[5] Mohammad A. Mikki," Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing Protocol for Wireless MANETs", (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, 2009

[6] N. C. Wang, Y. F. Huang, J. S. Chen, S. M. Wang, C. L. Chen, "An Improved Location-Aided Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Greedy Approach," vol.8, Issue 8, Wseas Transaction on Communications," 2009.

[7] Pramita M, Christian P and Shivajit M" Stability Aware Routing: Exploiting Transient Route Availability in MANETs Proceeding HPCC'07 Proceedings of the Third international conference on High Performance Computing and Communications Pages 508-520, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg ©2007

[8] Dr. P.K. Suri, Dr. M.K. Soni, Parul Tomar," Frame work for Location Based Power Aware Routing in MANET" IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 3, May 2011.

[9] Sanzgiri, K., LaFlamme, D., Dahill, B., Levine, B.N., Shields, C. and Belding-Royer, E.M, "Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 23, No. 3, Pp. 598-610,2005.

[10] T. F. Shih H.C. Yen, "Location-aware routing protocol with dynamic adaptation of request zone for mobile ad hoc networks", Springer Wireless Network 14:321–333, DOI 10.1007/s11276-006-9955-y, 2008.

Abstract: This paper presents an advanced protection method to protect the theft of electric power at distribution end. The money power involved in the game of power theft is beyond imagination. Today power theft is all over the world. Electricity energy is cannot be seen to be taken. This makes the detection and bringing to book the culprits engage in illegal obstruction of energy really challenging. This paper focuses on the fundamental procedures of power theft and demonstrates a method to protect power theft. This proposed method is totally done by frequency variation in distribution system. Here distribution system model has been developed in frequency variation scheme. The operating principle, frequency variation method and effect of power theft on the illegal consumer have been analyzed in this paper.

Keywords – Cycloconverter, Frequency Controlled Scheme, Hooking protection, Power theft.

[1] M. Anas, N. Javaid, A. Mahmood, S. M. Raza, U. Qasim‡, Z. A. Khan§ "Minimizing Electricity Theft using Smart Meters in AMI" arXiv:1208.2321v1 [cs.NI] 11 Aug 2012
[2] Thomas B.Smith* "Electricity theft: a comparative analysis" Energy Policy Volume 32 (2004) pp-2067–2076
[3] Himadri Shekhar Dey, Munzur-ul-Mamun, Mohammed shahadat, Arman Ahamed, Shalah Uddin Ahamed, and Kazi Shamsul Arefin "Design and Implementation of a Novel Protection Device to Prevent Tampering and Electricity Theft in Commercial Energy Meters" VOLUME 01, ISSUE 01, MANUSCRIPT CODE: 100716
[4] G Sreenivasan "Power Theft" second edition, PHI Publication.
[5] Miriam Golden, Brian Min," Theft and Loss of Electricity in an Indian State1" 2011 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, September 2–5, Seattle and at the 2nd IGC-ISI India Development Policy Conference, December 19–20, 2011, ISI Delhi Center.