iosr-JEEE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Estimation of the customer oriented, load and energy orientated indices are very helpful for assess the harshness of the system failure in a radial distribution feeder for the future purpose of prediction analysis. It can be assessed by means past performance of an arrangement. In reality, at the present time, they are extensively used for future presentation. These indices are used in the distribution system operation and planning studies. Distribution system reliability evaluation is a measure of continuity and quality of power supply to the consumers, which mainly depends on interruption profile, based on system topology and component reliability data. The paper primarily presents the real time radial feeder; the reliability is calculated in two stages. One by insertion capacitor at weak voltage nodes for augmentation of voltage profiles and plummeting the total system losses. Second by placing protective apparatus (isolators) in the feeder and enhance the reliability indices. Paper attempts a successful technique for real time valuation of distribution load flow solutions with a goal of obtaining voltage profiles and total system losses. The voltage profiles improvement and reducing losses by placing capacitors at weak voltage profile nodes using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. Reliability Indices are premeditated for the existing feeder prior to and after placement of isolator. Load diversity factor is used for analysis of load data for real time system. The paper presents a topological characteristic of a radial distribution feeder have been fully utilized to make the direct load flow solution is possible. This paper also presents an approach that determines optimal location and size of capacitors on existing radial distribution systems to improve the voltage profiles and reduce the active power loss. The performance of the method was investigated on an 11kV real time rural PantramPalli radial distribution feeder as system of case study. A matlab program was developed and results are presented.

Keywords: BIBC, BCBV, Diversity Factor, Reliability Indices, Load Flows, PSO.

[1] K.Prakash, M.Sydulu, ―Partical Swarm Optimization Based Capacitor Placement on Radial Distribution System‖,Power Engineering Society, IEEE General Meeting - PES , pp. 1-5, 2007

[2] A.A.A. Esmin and G. Lambert-Torres, ―A Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Loss Power Minimization‖, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, USA, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 859-866, 2005.

[3] S.Gosh and D.Das, ―Method for load-flow solution of radial distribution networks‖, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm.Distrib... Vol. 146, No. 6, November 1999.

[4] N. Balijepalli, S. S. Venkatah, and R. D. Christie, ―Modeling and analysis of distribution reliability indices‖, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.19, no. 4, pp. 1950–1955, Oct. 2004.

[5] J. H. Teng andW. M. Lin, ―Current-based power flow solutions for distribution systems,‖ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Syst. Technol., Beijing, China, 1994, pp. 414–418.

[6] T. S. Chen, M. S. Chen, T. Inoue, and E. A. Chebli, ―Three-phase cogenerator and transformer models for distribution system analysis,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, pp. 1671–1681.2, Oct. 1991.

[7] T.-H. Chen, M.-S. Chen, K.-J. Hwang, P. Kotas, and E. A. Chebli, ―Distribution system power flow analysis—A rigid approach,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, pp. 1146–1152, July 1991.

[8] K. A. Birt, J. J. Graffy, J. D. McDonald, and A. H. El-Abiad, ―Three phase load flow program,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst., vol. PAS.95, pp. 59–65, Jan./Feb. 1976.

[9] Smarajit Ghosh , Karma Sonam Sherpa‖ An Efficient Method for Load Flow Solution of Radial Distribution Networks‖, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Vol.2.pp 636-647, September 2008.

[10] D. Shirmohammadi, H. W. Hong, A. Semlyen, and G. X. Luo, ―A compensation- based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 3, pp. 753– 762, May 1988.

Abstract: Partial discharge (PD) may have long time delay from days to years depending on the size and other characteristics of voids under electric stress. Voids may be formed due to expansion and contraction of the cables. Enlargement of voids is due to chemical reaction by discharge byproducts and continuous bombardment of particles (). The variation in distribution of stress in the void is influenced by the factors like the size of the void, number of voids along the field distribution, the void orientation, the position of the void and the insulation thickness. The influence of discharge inception voltage on the shape and the location of the void are studied. Field variation inside the cavity, the influence of nearby cavities and the comparison of the various shapes of voids in single and three core cables are studied. The variations in temperature distribution of various gases are studied. Among the various gases, oxygen and nitrogen plays a bigger role during PD activity. Oxygen causes uniform erosion in cavity surface by consuming itself in a closed cavity leaving nitrogen, moisture and other gases to initiate the PD. This will result in faster PD activity than the other gases. These observations are done in COMSOL multiphysics software which uses Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve partial differential equations.

Keywords - Partial discharge (PD); Finite element method (FEM); COMSOL multiphysics software; Electric field stress; Voids.

[1] M Alsharif, P A Wallace, D M Hepburn and C Zhou, "FEM Modelling of Electric Field and Potential Distributions of MV XLPE Cables Containing Void Defect" Excerpt from the Proceedings of the 2012 COMSOL Conference in Milan.
[2] M. Abdel-Salam and A. Al-Shehri, "Calculation Of Electric Stresses In Three-Core Belted Cables", Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Baltimore, MD USA, June 7-10, 1992
[3] F.C. Cheng, "Electric Field Distribution Distorted By Voids Inside Power Cables", Proceedings of the 5th Intedonal Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, AF'SCOM 2000, Hong Kong, October 2OOO.
[4] H. N. O, T. R. Blackburn, B. T. Phung, H. Zhang and R. H. Khawaja, "Investigation of Electric Field Distribution in Power Cables with Voids", International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Page(s): 637-640, 2006 IEEE.
[5] Abdel-Razak Nosseir, "Calculation of Discharge Inception Voltage Due to the Presence of Voids In Power Cables", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul, Vol EI-14 No 2, April 1979
[6] Peter H.F. Morshuis, "Degradation of Solid Dielectrics due to Internal Partial Discharge: Some thoughts on progress made and where to go now", IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 12, No. 5; October 2005
[7] COMSOL Group Ltd., Stockholm, Sweden: Comsol Multiphysics Software Package Version 3.3a. December 2006.
[8] Power and Control cables "CABLE CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD".
[9] T. Tanaka,"Internal Partial Discharge And Material Degradation" IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. EI-21 No.6, December 1986
[10] Flatabo. N, " Transient heat conduction problems in power cables solved by the Finite Element Method" Power Apparatus & System, IEEE TRANSACTION, Page(S):56-63;1973

Abstract: This paper represents a MEMS based gyroscope to measure orientation. Silicon-micro-machined gyro is fabricated on the basis of resonators and they use vibrating mechanical element to sense rotation. The vibratory measurement can be done by measuring the change in capacitance with respect to the voltage or force applied in particular axis. Here MEMS based gyroscope has been designed from Lame mode resonator which is a square plate. The additional benefits by using the gyroscope are lower sensor cost, power consumption, more robustness, higher shock resistance. In this paper, also sensitivity of the geometry and change of capacitance has been shown.

Index Terms –Coriolis Force, Gyroscope, MEMS.

[1] DamrongritPiyabongkarn and Rajesh Rajamani"The Development of a MEMS Gyroscope for AbsoluteAngle Measurement", Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455, Proceedings of the American ControlConference Anchorage, AK May 8-10, 2002

[2] P.J. Ngana, J.J. Koning "Design, modelling and simulation of a High Frequency MEMS Gyroscope in 1.5um SOI", 2009(903-906), Proceedings of the Euro sensors XXIII conference.

[3] Yoichi Mochida, Masaya Tamura "A micro-machiened vibrating rate gyroscope with independent beams for the drive and detection modes" Yokohama Technical Center, Murata Manufacturing, 1-18-1, Hakusan, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0006, Japan , Sensors and Actuators 80 (2000) 170–178

[4] Jianli Li, Jiancheng Fang, Haifeng Dong, Ye Tao "Structure design and fabrication of a novel dual-mass Resonant output micromechanical gyroscope" MicrosystemsTechnol (2010) 16:543–552, DOI 10.1007/s00542-009-0998-8, 2010.

[5] Marcelo C. Algrain and James Quin "Accelerometer Based Line-of-Sight Stabilization Approach for Pointing andTracking Systems" Second IEEE Conference on Control Applications, September 13 – 16, 1993 Vancouver, B.C

Abstract: For the improvement of efficiency and power factor, a bridgeless single-phase ac-dc soft switched PWM cuk converter with multiplier control technique is proposed. This paper emphasizes more on the converter efficiency and power factor. The conduction losses and input current harmonics of the proposed converter is very less due to the absence of the input diode bridge and also during each switching cycle, only two semiconductor switches are present in the current path unlike other conventional Cuk converters. Soft switching (ZVS) technique is applied by using an auxiliary circuit to improve the efficiency of the proposed converter. Multiplier control technique is provided to regulate the output which also ultimately improves the efficiency. Power factor is almost unity due to less input current harmonics. The circuit configuration, principle of operation, design procedure and simulation results are presented. Keywords - Bridgeless, Cuk converter, Multiplier control, Power factor correction (PFC), Rectifier, Soft switching.

[1] M.R.Sahid, A.H.M. Yatim and N.D.Muhammad, "A bridgeless Cuk PFC Converter," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Colloquium (IAPEC), Publication Year: 2011, Page(s): 81– 85.rans. J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[2] A.A. Fardoun, E.H. Ismail, A.J. Sabzali, M.A.AI-Saffar, "New Efficient Bridgeless Cuk Rectifier for PFC Applications," IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, Page(s): 3292 – 3301.
[3] A.J. Sabzali, E.H. Ismail, M.A.AI-Saffar and A.A. Fardoun, "New Bridgeless DCM Sepic and Cuk PFC Rectifier with Low conduction and Switching Losses," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol.47,no.2, pp.873-881,Mar./Apr.2011.
[4] M.Mahdavi, H.Farzanehfard, "High efficiency step up/down PFC Rectifier," International Conference on Applied Electronics, Publication Year: 2012, Page(s): 179 – 182.
[5] B.R.Lin, C.L.Huang, J.F.Wan, "Analysis of a Zero Voltage Switching Cuk Converter," The 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Publication Year: 2007, Page(s): 1972 –1977.
[6] G. Hua, and F. C. Lee, "Soft-switching techniques in PWM converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 1995, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 595-603, November 1995.
[7] C. A. Canesin, and I. Barbi, "Novel zero-current-switching PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 1997, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 372-381, May 1997.
[8] Hancock, J. M, "Bridgeless PFC boost low-line efficiency," Power Electronics Technology magazine, February 2008.
[9] Woo-Young Choi, Jung-Min Kwon, Kim Eung-Ho, Lee Jong-Jae and Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Bridgeless Boost Rectifier with Low Conduction Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Volume: 54, Publication Year: 2007,Page(s):769 – 780.
[10] Mohammad Reza Mohammadi and Hosein Farzanehfard, "A New Bidirectional ZVS-PWM Cuk Converter with Active Clamp," 19th Iranian Conference, Publication Year: 2011, Page(s): 1-6.

Abstract: In this paper, represents a mathematical model with 7 parameters. Calculating fitness requires simulation on this model. To do this a MATLAB-Simulink model was developed. All calculations associated to process the genetic algorithms are integrated into one program, with very good convergence. In this paper a technique based on genetic algorithms is proposed for improving the accuracy of solar cell parameters extracted using conventional techniques. The approach is based on formulating the parameter extraction as a search and optimization problem. Current–voltage data used were generated by simulating a two-diode solar cell model of specified parameters. The genetic algorithm and differential evaluation algorithm search range that simulates the error in the extracted parameters was varied from ±5 to ±100% of the specified parameter values. Results obtained show that for a simulated error of ±5%in the solar cell model values, the deviation of the extracted parameters varied from 0.1 to 1% of the specified values.

Keywords: genetic algorithms, differential evaluation algorithm parameter extraction, photovoltaic's, solar cell matlab/simulink

[1] S. W. Angrist, , Direct Energy Conversion, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 4thedition, 1982, pp. 177-227.

[2] O. Wasynczuk, ―Dynamic behavior of a class of photovoltaic power systems,‖ IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.PAS-102, no. 9, 1983, pp. 3031-3037.

[3] J. C. H. Phang, D. S. H. Chan, and J. R. Philips, ―Accurate analytical method for the extraction of solar cell model parameters,‖ Electronics Letters, vol. 20, no. 10, 1984, pp.406-408.

[4] C. C. Hua and C. M. Shen, ―Study of maximum power tracking techniques and control of dc-dc converters for photovoltaic powersystem,‖ Proceedings of 29th annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 86-93.

[5] Phang J and Chan D 1986 A comparative study of extraction methods for solar cells I–V characteristics Solar Cells 18 1–12

[6] Araujo F, Sanchez E and Marti M 1982 Determination of the two-exponential solar cell equation parameters fromempirical data Solar Cells 5 199–204

[7] Lee J I, Brini J and Dimitriadis C A 1998 Simple parameter extraction method for non-ideal Schottky barrier diodes Electron. Lett. 34 1268–9

[8] Ouennoughi Z and Cheggar M 1999 A simpler method for extracting solar cell parameters using the conductance method Solid-State Electron. 43 1985–8

[9] Werner J H 1988 Schottky barrier and pn-junction I–V plots ,small signal evaluation Appl. Phys. A 47 291–300

[10] Lyakas M, Zaharia R and Eizenberg M 1995 Analysis ofnon-ideal Schottky and pn junction diodes, extraction of parameters from I–V plots J. Appl. Phys. 78 5481–9

Abstract: It is a microcontroller based annunciator system that detects different faulty condition and inform operator about it. It not only informs and announces about the faulty condition but also takes an initial to control the hazard.The system will consist of sensor which gives view of the condition to be monitored. If any abnormal condition arises then it gives indication to microcontroller. Microcontroller is programmed by user according to need. The Microcontroller may inform to the owner of a property about the condition abnormality and it set the driver on to take the remedial actions.

Keywords - Annunciator, AT89C51, DTMF, EPROM

[1] Kenneth J Ayala, " The 8051 microcontroller" Architecture, programming & applications, 2nd Edition, penram international
publishing (India).
[2] Ajay V Deshmukh, " Microcontroller" Theory & applications, Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing company ltd., New Delhi.
[3] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi," The 8051 Microcontroller & Embedded Systems" Pearson Education.
[4] AK Sawhney, " Electrical & Electronic measurements & instrumentation, 7th edition, Dhanpat Rai & Co. (p) Ltd., pp. 975-1000
[5] H.S.Kalsi, " Electronic instrumentation," Second edition, The Mcgraw- Hill Companies pp. 22-60,
[6] http://www.google.com.
[7] Manual of "Fire Alarm System", by Photain Control System pp. 13-27
[8] Security Standard Technical Specification Manual pp. 110-128. http://www.allfirealarms.com.

Abstract: This work deals with a new approach to calibrate low cost six degree of freedom MEMS inertial Navigation system to be used in Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). The accelerometer and gyroscope are modeled with inter axis misalignment correction. To determine calibration parameters of a tri axis accelerometer at least nine equations will be required to solve for nine unknowns (3 scale factor, 3 zero bias, 3 misalignment angles). In this new approach three new linear equations were formulated to determine the calibration parameters thereby reducing number of positions needed in multi position test. The formulated methodology for accelerometer is validated by conducting twelve position tests. All combination of positions was attempted iteratively. After identifying the singularities, the Study on the results suggests that only six different positions of the sensors are enough to solve nine unknowns within 3 equations. Similar methodology was applied to calibrate tri axial Gyroscope in rate test. Rate test results were studied and analyzed with standard values provided my sensor manufacturer. An inertial sensor (SINS) error model is introduced based upon the calibrated data. Final algorithm is uploaded in the ATMEGA 328 micro controller which is embedded in the IMU in order to remove errors from the sensors output. Navigation algorithm is also coded to track the object in the desired frame using MALAB and Arduino software. The 3D view of the attitude and position variation of sensors in a real time plot is viewed by Python software and MATLAB.

[1]. Anthony Kim, M. F. Golnaraghi, "A Quaternion-Based Orientation
[2]. Estimation Algorithm Uning an Inertial Measurement Unit" Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Robots andSystems, IEEE press, May 2001
[3]. Aggarwal.P, Syed Z,Niu X and El-sheimyN ,"Standard testing and calibration procedure for low-cost MEMS Inertail sensors and units" journal of navigation,pg-323-336,2008.
[4]. Alberto Olivares,J.M.Gorriz,"high efficiency low cost Accelerometer aided Gyroscope Calibration" International conference on Test and Measurement,2009.
[5]. G.Artese,A.Trecroci"Calibration of a low cost MEMS INS sensor for an Integrated Navigation System",Remote sensing and spatial information sciences,VolXXXVIII,Beijing 2008.
[6]. W.T.Fong,S.Kong and AYC Nee"Method of infield user calibration of an inertial measurement unit without external equipment",Measurement and science technology,2008.
[7]. Frantisek Adamcik"Error analysis of Inertial Measurement Unit" ISSN1648-778,vol 15,2011.
[8]. Isaac Skog, Peter Handel ,"Calibration of a MEMS inertial measurement unit" ,XVII IMEKO World Congress Metrology for a Sustainable Development,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ,2006.
[9]. KianSekTee,MohommedAwad,AbbasDehghani"Tri-axial accelerometer static calibration" , Proceedings of world congress on engineering,2011.
[10]. KouroshParsa,Ty A. Larky, BahramRavani,"Design and Implementation of a Mechatronic all-Accelerometer Inertial Measurement Unit" , IEEE/ASME transactions on Mechatronics,Vol.12,December 2007.

Abstract: The project work HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING is done to optimize generation cost of power in a hydro-thermal power plant using MATLAB software. This is basically a simulation project. Here three different types of techniques or algorithms have been used. These are classical method of solving short term fixed head hydrothermal scheduling, Genetic algorithm and Differential Evolution method. Genetic algorithm is a meta-heuristic search method and Differential Evolution is another method which makes the results better by generation to generation. Here the results of all these algorithms and methods are compared and the best result is obtained to optimize the cost function. For performing the comparative study among the three methods the help of the software MATLAB has been taken as a tool for coding. This study is being performed on a primitive hydro-thermal power system network consisting of one thermal power plant and one hydel power plant. Genetic algorithm has emerged as a candidate due to its flexibility and efficiency for many optimization applications. DE or differential evolution belongs to the class of evolutionary algorithms that include evolution strategies (ES) and conventional genetic algorithms (GA).

Keywords – [1] Classical Method [2] Differential Evolution [3] Generic Algorithm [ 4] Hydro-Thermal Scheduling [5]MATLAB

[1] Learning programming using MATLAB Khalid Sayood

[2] Electrical Power Systems Wadhwa, C.L.2009

[3] Power System Analysis: Operation And Control 3Rd Ed. Chakrabarti & Halder [4] Power System Analysis Operation And Control 2ed Chakrabarti/halder [5] Power System Optimization D. P. Kothari, J. S. Dhillon,2004,572 pages [6] Optimization of Power System Operation Jizhong Zhu,2009,603 pages

[7] Power System Engineering 2e Kothari & Nagrath,2008,1050 pages

[8] ABA Journal - Aug 1956 Vol. 42,100 pages,Magazine

[9] A genetic algorithm modelling framework and solution technique for short term optimal hydrothermal scheduling,SO Orero… - Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 2002 - ieeexplore.ieee.org

[10] Short-term hydrothermal scheduling part. I. Simulated annealing approach,KP Wong… - Generation, Transmission and …, 2002 - ieeexplore.ieee.org

Abstract: Power quality (PQ) of power operating device is one of today's most discussed topic but also it is a most problematic subject in recent years. With increasing applications of nonlinear and electronically switched devices in distribution systems and industries, power-quality (PQ) problems, such as harmonics, neutral current elimination, reactive power has become an unavoidable issues. The introduction of Unified Power Quality Conditioner in distribution side in one feeder network has made it possible to mitigate the following problems effectively. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner which is installed between two feeders is its one of the advancement .The controlling algorithm determines the production of controlling signals which is used by the Voltage Source Converters for the generation of their gating signals. The variation of performance of the device occurs with the different controlling algorithms .This paper proposes the usage of Synchronous Reference Frame Controlling algorithm for the gate signal generation and the usage of modified PLL for better performance. Due to the effective usage of fuzzy controller based on PSO algorithm in the series side of the device make it more advantageous than other commonly used controllers. The main power quality issues we concentrate upon relates to reactive power compensation, harmonics elimination and neutral current elimination. The output has been plotted in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Index terms: Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner(IUPQC),Power Quality (PQ),Phase Locked Loop (PLL),Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF),Active Pass Filter(APF)

[1] Modeling analysis and solution of Power Quality Problems , Mahesh Singh ,Vaibhav Tiwari,

[2] Synchronous reference frame control method for UPQC under unbalanced and distorted load conditions,Metin Kesler and Engin Ozdemir, , ieee transactions on power electronics, vol. 58, sept 2011

[3] Electrical power systems quality ,second edition,Roger c.dugan,Surya santaso.
[4] Enhancing Electric Power Quality Using UPQC: A Comprehensive Overview , Vinod Khadkikar, ieee transactions on power electronics, vol. 27, may 2012

[5] Performance Analysis of Various SRF Methods in Three Phase Shunt Active Filters, Naimish Zaveri,ICIIS 2009, 28 - 31 December 2009, Sri Lanka

[6] Operation of a phase locked loop system under distorted utility conditions , Vikrarn Kaura, Vladimir Blasko,1996

[7] Power System State Estimation and Contingency Constrained Optimal Power Flow - A Numerically Robust Implementation, Slobodan Paji, April 2007

[8] Probably the best simple PID tuning rules in the world. Sigurd Skogestad, September 12, 2001