iosr-JEEE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: Power is generated in generating station, transmitted through transmission line and then distributed to consumers.Power system consists of three types of buses. They are generator bus, load bus and slack bus. Each bus is characterized by four parameters. They are bus voltage, phase angle, active power and reactive power. Thesebuses are classified according to known parameters. Unknown parameters are found using load flow studies. In this paper load flow studies are done using Newton-Raphson method. Transmission line is characterized by resistance, inductance and capacitance. This will result in losses. These losses cannot be eliminated but can be reduced.Optimization is a mathematical tool to find the maximum or the minimum of a function subject to some constrains. Using lose function as objective functionsubjected togenerator MW, transformer tapping, reactive power injection and controlled voltage as constrains, optimization technique can be used to minimize transmission losses. Using this we get optimal value for bus parameters such that transmission losses are minimum. In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to solve optimal power flow problems. IEEE 30-bus power systems are used for testing the objective of this paper.

Keywords: Optimal Power Flow (OPF),Penalty factor, Newton-Raphson method,Power Loss Minimization, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO),Gbest, Pbest

[1] M.R AlRashidi and M.E El-Hawary, \Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Solving the Discrete OPF Problem Considering the Valve Loading E®ects," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Issue 4, Vol. 22, pp.2030 2038, 2007.

[2] B. Zhao, C.X. Guo and Y.J. Cao, \Improved particle swam optimization algorithm for OPF problems," IEEE-PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Vol. 1, pp.233 - 238, 10-13 October 2004.

[3] C.A Roa-Sepulveda and B.J. Pavez-Lazo, \A solution to the optimal power flow using simulated annealing," Power Tech Proceedings 2001, Vol.2, pp. 5, 10-13 September 2001.

[4] R.N. Banu and D. Devaraj, \Optimal Power Flow for Steady state security enhancement us- ing Genetic Algorithm with FACTS devices," 3rd International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, pp. 1 6, 8-10 December 2008.

[5] L.L. Lai and J.T. Ma, \Power flow control in FACTS using evolutionary programming," IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 10, 29 November-1 December 1995.

[6] C. Gonggui and Y. Junjjie, \A new particle Swarm Optimization Solution to Optimal reactive power Flow Problem," Asia-Paci¯c Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp.1 4, 27- 31 March 2009."

[7] L. Weibing, L. Min and W. Xianjia, \An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for optimal power flow," IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Confeence 2009, pp. 2448 2450, 17-20 May 2009

[8] W. Cui-Ru, Y. He-Jin, H. Zhi-Qiang, Z. Jiang-Wei and S. Chen-Jun, "A modi¯ed particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application in optimal power flow problem," International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics 2005, pp. 2885 2889, 18-21 August 2005.

[9] S. M. Kumari, G. Priyanka and M. Sydulu , \Comparison of Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Power Flow Including FACTS devices," IEEE Power Tech 2007, pp. 1105 - 1110, 1-5 July 2007.

[10] C. Chokpanyasuwant, S. Anantasate1, S.Pothiya ,W. Pattaraprakom and P. Bhasapu-tra1, "Honey Bee Colony Optimization to solve Economic Dispatch Problem with Generator Constraints," ECTI-CON 2009. 6th Internaional Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 200 203, 2009.

Abstract: This paper proposes Fuzzy Logic Based STATCOM. It regulates the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) by injecting reactive power. This device also plays a vital role in enhancing stability for small and large transient disturbances in power system. Simulations using MATLAB / SIMULINK are carried out to verify the performance of STATCOM using fuzzy controller. The result shows that fuzzy logic controller is a better choice for the STATCOM compared to the PI controller. Fuzzy logic controller forces the system to return back the steady state value faster than the PI controller. The fuzzy logic controller is robust and has a fast response during disturbance and parameters variation. Detailed study of control of STATCOM has been made, which include analysis of PLL, VSC, mathematical dq transformation has been explained.

Keywords–Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), Fuzzy logic controller (FCL), PLL, Regulator,abcto dq transformation, Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

[1] Rajiv Singh, Asheesh Kumar Singh, and Ashutosh Kumar Singh, "Transient Stability Improvement of a FSIG Based Grid Connected wind Farm with the help of a SVC and a STATCOM: A Comparison", International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, February 2012 ,Vol.4, No.1,pp.55-59

[2] PraneshRao, M.L. Crow and Z. Young, "STATCOM control for power system voltage control applications", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery , Oct. 2000Vol.15, No.4, pp.1311-1317 .

[3] H. Chen, R. Zhou, Y. Wang, Analysis of voltage stability enhancement by robust nonlinear STATCOM control, Proceedings of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, 2000, vol. 3, pp. 1924_/ 1929.

[4] Pablo Garefa-Gonzalez and Aurelio Garefa-Cerrada, , " Control System for a PWM Based STATCOM", IEEE Transaction Power Delivery, Oct. 2000 Vol. 15, No.4, pp. 1252-1256.

[5] S. K Chung "A Phase Tracking System for Three Phase Utility Interface Inverters", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, May 2000 ,Vol. 15, No. 3, pp:431 - 438. [6] G. Hsieh, and J.C. Hung, "A Phase-locked loop techniques a survey,",IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Dec. 1996 , Vol. 43, No. 6, pp:609 - 615.

[7] J. D. Ainsworth, "Phase locked loop oscillator – A new control system for controlled static converters," IEEE Power Apparat. Syst., Mar. 1968,vol. PAS-87, pp. 859–865

[8] M. Karimi-Ghartemani, M.R. Iravani "A method for synchronization of power electronic converters in polluted and variable-frequency environments", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Aug. 2004 , Vol. 19, No. 3, pp:1263- 1270.

[9] C.C. Lee "‟Fuzzy Logic in control systems‟‟, IEEE Transaction on system Man Cybernetics‟, Vol. SMC-20, 1990, PP.1378-1384. [10] K.L. El-Metwally and O.P. Malik, "Fuzzy Logic Power System Stabilizer", IEE Proceedings- Generation, Transmission, Distribution, May 1995,Vol. 142, No. 3, , pp 277-281.

Abstract: The trend in Nigeria is shifting from providing electricity to consumers only but with improved quality as a result of deregulation. This paper demonstrates the adaptability of distribution automation system to electric power quality on-line monitoring using Nigeria distribution system as a case study. This paper reviews power quality problems, electric power distribution topology and monitoring quantities. The paper explains the development of program for the analysis of power quality. Sensors were incorporated at the substations for the measurement of substation voltages and line currents. The embedded system coordinates the activities of these sensors and initiates communication at regular intervals with the central server for analysis. The data back-up was implemented on external card which are available for down load on monthly basis. The results reveal neglect to the issues of quality, failure to comply with regulations in some of the substations investigated. The study is expected to benefit the operator in the area of planning and improved power delivery.

Keywords: Current, Distribution Automation, Power Quality and Voltage

[1] W. Barry, Kennedy "power Quality Primer," McGraw-Hill, USA, (2000), 33-49

[2] H.A. Boknam S., PARK C., SHIN S. ,KWON and S.PARK Power Quality Monitoring on Distribution Network using Distribution Automation System, 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Vienna, (2007), Paper 0426

[3] Jurado, F.; Acero, N.; Ogayar, B. (2002), "Application of signal processing tools for power quality analysis"; Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, IEEE CCECE 2002. Vol. 1, 12 - 15

[4] Umar N K, (2007) Signal Processing Techniques used in Power Quality Monitoring Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

[5] Styvaktakis E., Bollen M. H. J., Gu I.Y.H, (2002), "Automatic classification of power system events using RMS voltage measurements", IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol.2, pp. 824- 829

[6] KEPRI "Final report of the development of optimal system in distribution network based on distribution automation," KEPCO, Korea, pg 193-202, 2005

[7] Bollen M. H. J (1999), Understanding power quality problems, Voltage sags and interruptions, New Jersey, USA, IEEE Press, , pp 541. Brand K., Lohmann V., and Wimmer W. (2003), "Substation Automation Handbook", Utility Automation Consulting Lohmann, Bremgaten, Switzerland,

[8] Daponte P, Penta M. , Mercurio G. (2004), "TRANSIENTMETER: A Distributed Measurement System for Power Quality Monitoring", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, pp: 456-463,
[9] Nigeria Communication Website, www.ncc.nig.com , 24th June, 2008

[10] R. P Gupta Distribution Automation System, Indian Institute of Technology Gupta Kanpur –pg16 2008

Abstract: Image processing is unavoidable in modern ophthalmology , as it heavily dependent on visually oriented signs. The various diseases which will affect the eye can be found with the help of digital fundus image. In manual analysis, due to unavailability of the trained ophthalmologist, the diagnosis of retinal diseases becomes unclear. Thus, automated analysis of fundus image is very much essential and will help to facilitate clinical diagnosis. An automated system for the detection of various abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy (DR) in retinal image is presented here. Fuzzy logic and neural network is used to identify the abnormalities in the fovea. These are evaluated for both normal as well as affected retinal images. A high performance language for technical computing MATLAB, is used here to implement the concept.

Keywords- Diabetic Retinopathy, Fovea, Fundus retlnal image, Fuzzy K means, Feed Forward Neural Network.

[1] Adam Hoover* and Michael Goldbaum"Locating the Optic Nerve in a Retinal Image using the Fuzzy Convergence of the Blood Vessels"IEEE transcations on medical imaging, vol.22,no.8.august 2003

[2] Anderson Rocha ∗, Member, IEEE , Tiago Carvalho, Herbert F. Jelinek , Member, IEEE , Siome Goldenstein , Senior Member, IEEE, and Jacques Wainer"Points of Interest and Visual Dictionaries for Automatic Retinal Lesion Detection" 2244 IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, vol. 59, no. 8, august 2012.

[3] Adam Hoover*, Valentina Kouznetsova, and Michael Goldbaum"Locating Blood Vessels in Retinal Images by Piecewise Threshold Probing of a Matched Filter Response" IEEE Transactions on medical imaging, vol. 19, no. 3, march 2000 203

[4] F. Zana* and J. C. Klein" A Multimodal Registration Algorithm of Eye Fundus Images.Using Vessels Detection and Hough Transform" .IEEE Transactions on medical imaging, vol. 18, no. 5, may 1999 419.

[5] Jeetinder Singh, Joshi G.D. Sivaswamy "Appearance based Object Detection in Colour Retinal Images" Proc. Of IEEE International conference on Images processing (ICIP), Oct 12-15,2008,San Diego,USA.

[6] Michal D. Abramoff, Senior Member ,IEEE, Monak k. Garvin , Member IEEE and Milan Sonak.Fellow, IEEE."Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis" IEEE Reviews in Biomedical engineering , vol3,2010.

[7] Opas Chutatape , Senior Member, IEEE Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS annual International conference New york city, USA ,Aug 30-sept3,2006. ]"Fundus Foveal Localisation Based on Vessel Model"

[8] Soumitra Samanta,Sanjoy kumar sahaand bhabatose Chanda,1 ECSU, Indian.StatisticalInstitute,Kolkata,2 CSE department,jadavpur university, kolkata, india"A Simple and Fast Algorithm to Detect the Fovea Region in Fundus Retinal Images.

Abstract: The main objective of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is to maintain the balance between the total system generations against system load losses so that the desired frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems is maintained. If any mismatch occurs between generation and demand causes the deviation in the system frequency from its nominal value. Thus high frequency deviation may lead to system collapse. In order to maintain the stability, a very fast and accurate controller is needed to maintain the nominal system frequency. This paper presents the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to optimize the integral controller gains for the automatic generation control (AGC) of the interconnected two area power system. Each control area includes the dynamics of thermal systems. The Integral Square of the error and the integral of time-multiplied absolute value of the error performances indices are considered. The results reported in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in the tuning of the AGC parameters. The enhancement in the dynamic response of the power system is verified. The result of the proposed work is compared with artificial intelligent controller.

Keywords: Automatic generation control (AGC), Area control error(ACE), Integral squared error(ISE) Integral absolute time error(ITAE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).

[1] Gayadhar Panda, Sidhartha Panda and, Heider Ali shavenger "Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power System with Generation Rate Constraints by Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Approach international Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3:9 2009 [2] saikiajanardannandha, Fellow, S. Mishra, Senior Member, and Lalit Chandra "optimization technique in multi area automatic generation controlVol. 26, No. 2,May 2008

[3] Hassan Bahrain, Fatimah Danas far & Takashi Hisami " A New Intelligent Agent-Based AGC Design With Real-Time Application", National systems conference, December 17-19 2008

[4] Shamrock shojaein, ajar sultana "A genetic algorithm based a AGC of a restructed power system", journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 2010

[5] "Pārbati Kumar, Sofia A Kami, Nazis basemen "Comparative study of automatic generation control in traditional and deregulated power environment Journal of Electrical engineering Vol. 57, NO. 6, 2006, 305–317, 2009

[6] Parba Kumar, Sofia A Karma, Nazis Basemen "Genetic Algorithm Based scheme for optimization of AGC GAINS of Interconnected power system" IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems, Vol. 55, NO. 9, October 2011

[7] Hussein Sheehy, Heidi Ali Shan far "Real time simulation of AGC for interconnected power system" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, November, 2010.

[8] J.nanda, fellow ieeem.paridakalam"Automatic generation control of a multi-area power system with conventional integral controllers" dept.of elect.engg.,indian institute of technology Delhi, India Victoria university, Melbourne , Australia.

[9] S.Farook1,*P.SangameswaraRaju2 "Feasible AGC Controllers to Optimize LFC Regulation in Deregulated Power System Using Evolutionary Hybrid Genetic Firefly Algorithm J. Electrical Systems 8-4 (2012): 459-471. S.

[10] K. Sinha, R. N. Patel, Member, IEEE, and R. Prasad, Member, SSI Application of GA and PSO Tuned Fuzzy Controller for AGC of Three Area Thermal Hydro Power System International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2 April, 2010.

Abstract: The power take off (PTO) mechanism for a vortex induced vibration (VIV) based hydrokinetic energy converter discussed here is a linear generator. The power take off system is one of the most important systems of the converter which is responsible for the conversion of mechanical energy into useful electrical energy. This paper deals with optimization of the design of the linear generator in areas such as materials of construction, engineering design, water proofing, magnetic configuration, air-gap reduction, durability and cost-effectiveness. The linear generator consists of moving and non-moving parts and its working environment is a fluid which is generally water. The main challenges include complete water-proofing of the entire linear generator, reduction of weight of the moving part, smoother motion of the moving part over the non-moving part, corrosion protection of all metal parts and sustenance of intensity of the magnetic field strength. The proposed design aims to address these challenges and increase the efficiency of the overall system. Keywords - Halbach Array, Hydrokinetic Energy, Linear Generator, Power Take off System, Vortex Induced Vibrations

[1] T. Sarpkaya, "Vortex-Induced Oscillations: A Selective Review,"Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 46, 1979, 241-258.

[2] R. A. Skop and O. M. Griffin, "A model for the vortex-excited resonant response of bluff cylinders," Journal of Sound andVibration, vol. 27, 1973, 225-233.

[3] C. H. K. Williamson and R. Govardhan, "Vortex-induced vibrations," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 36, 200, 413- 455.

[4] R. D. Blevins, "Flow-induced vibrations," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 149, 1990.

[5] Bernard T. Merritt, Robert F. Post, Gary R. Dreifuerst, Donald A. Bender;Halbach Array Motor/Generators-A Novel Generalized Electric Machine, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-JC-119050, 1994.

Abstract: Steganography is an important area of research in recent years involving a number of applications. It is the science of embedding information into the cover image viz., text, video, and image (payload) without causing statistically significant modification to the cover image. The modern secure image steganography presents a challenging task of transferring the embedded information to the destination without being detected.This paper deals with hiding text in an image file using Least Significant Bit (LSB) based Steganography, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based Steganography and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based steganography.The LSB algorithm is implemented in spatial domain in which the payload bits are embedded into the least significant bits of cover image to derive the stego-image whereas DCT & DWT algorithm are implemented in frequency domain in which the stego-image is transformed from spatial domain to the frequency domain and the payload bits are embedded into the frequency components of the cover image.The performance and comparison of these three techniques is evaluated on the basis of the parameters MSE, PSNR, Capacity & Robustness.

Keywords: Least Significant Bit (LSB), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Steganography, MSE, PSNR)

[1] J.R. Krenn, "Steganography and Steganalysis", January 2004.

[2] Deshpande Neeta, KamalapurSnehal, Daisy Jacobs, "Implementation of LSB Steganography and Its Evaluation for Various Bits", 2004.

[3] K.B.Raja, C.R.Chowdary, Venugopal K R, L.M.Patnaik, "A Secure Image Steganography using LSB, DCT and Compression Techniques on Raw Images", IEEE-0-7803-9588-3/05/$20.00 ©2005.

[4] Vijay KumarSharma, Vishalshrivastava, "A Steganography Algorithm for Hiding Images by improved LSB substitution by minizedetection."Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 36 No.1, ISSN: 1992-8645, 15th February 2012.

[5] Po-Yueh Chen and Hung-Ju Lin, "A DWT Based Approach for Image Steganography",International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 4, 3: 275-290, 2006.

[6] Chen Ming, Zhang Ru, NiuXinxin, Yang Yixian, "Analysis of Current Steganography Tools: Classifications & Features" , International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP'06),IEEE- 0-7695-2745-0/06 $20.00 © 2006.

[7] AneeshJain,IndranilSen.Gupta, "A JPEG Compression Resistant Steganography Scheme for Raster Graphics Images",IEEE-1-4244-1272-2/07/$25.00©2007.

[8] BeenishMehboob and Rashid Aziz Faruqui, "A Steganography Implementation", IEEE -4244-2427-6/08/$20.00 ©2008.

[9] Hassan Mathkour, Batool Al-Sadoon, AmeurTouir, "A New Image Steganography Technique",IEEE-978-1-4244-2108-4/08/$25.00 © 2008.

[10] NageswaraRaoThota, Srinivasa Kumar Devireddy, "Image Compression Using Discrete Cosine Transform", Georgian Electronic Scientific Journal: Computer Science and Telecommunications, No.3 (17), 2008.

Abstract: This paper presents a particle swarmoptimization (PSO) based algorithm to perform congestionmanagement by properplacement and sizing of one unified power flow controller (UPFC). The proposed approach makes use of the PSOalgorithm to allocate the near-optimal GenCos as well as the optimal location and size of UPFC whereas the Newton–Raphson solution minimizes the mismatch of the power flow equations. Simulation results (without/with the line flowconstraints, before and after compensation) are used to analyses the impact of UPFC on the congestion levels of the5-bus test system.

[1] Hajforoosh. S.,Nabavi.S.M.H., and Masoum.M.A.S., "Coordinated aggregated-based particle swarm optimisation algorithm for congestion management in restructured power market by placement and sizing of unified power flow controller" IET Sci. Meas. Technol., Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 267–278, 2012.

[2] Verma, K.S., Singh, S.N. and Gupta, H.O.: "Location of unified power flow controller for congestion management‟, Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 89–96, 2001. [3] Bruno, S., and LaScala, M.: "Unified power flow controllers for security constrained transmission management‟, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 418–426, 2004

[4] Sarvi, M., Sedighizadeh, M., and Qarebaghi, J.: "Optimal location and parameters setting of UPFC based on particle swarm optimization for increasing loadability‟, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng. (IREE), Vol. 5, No 5, Part B, pp. 2234–2240, 2010.

[5] Yousefi-Talouki, A., Gholamian, S., Hosseini, M., andValiollahi, S.:"Optimal power flow with unified power flow controller using artificial Bee colony algorithm‟, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng. (IREE), Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 2773–2778, 2001

. [6] Jahani, R., ChahkandiNejad, H., ShafighiMalekshah, A., and Shayanfar,H.A.: "A new advanced heuristic method for optimal placement of unified power flow controllers in electrical power systems‟, Int. Rev.Electr. Eng. (IREE), Vol. 5, No 6, pp. 2786–2794, 2001.

[7] LashkarAra, A., Aghaei, J., and Shabani, M.: "Introducing a fuzzy inter active multi-objective approach to optimal location of UPFC‟, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng. (IREE), Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 2896–2906, 2010

[8] Nor RulHasma Abdullah and Ismail Musirin and Muhammad Murtadha Othman."Transmission Loss Minimization and UPFC Installation Cost using Evolutionary Computation for Improvement of Voltage Stability‟International Middle East Power Systems Conference,2010

[9] Singh, S.N., and David, A.K.: "Optimal location of FACTS devices for congestion management‟, Elect. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 71–79, 2001. [10] Mithulananthan, N.,andAcharya, N.: "A proposal for investment recovery of FACTS devices in deregulated electricity markets‟, Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 6, pp. 695–703, 2007.

Abstract: In this paper a novel AC/AC converter is proposed for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) applications. The topology uses only nine MOSFET devices for ac/ac conversion through a dc link. As compare to conventional back-to-back ac/ac converters, the numbers of power semiconductor switches are reduced in the suggested converter. The proposed topology results in reduction of installation area and cost. The operating principle and control strategy of the nine switch converter is described in this paper. The performance of the proposed nine switch converter is validated with simulation results in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Keywords- doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); nine switch converter; variable speed wind turbine

[1] Hee-Sang Ko, Gi-Gab Yoon, Won-Pvo Hong, "Active Use of DFIG-Based Variable Speed Wind Turbine for Voltage Regulation at a Remote Location", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.22, No.4, pp.1916-1925,2007.

[2] Nayeem Rahmat Ullah, Torbjorn Thiringer, "Variable Speed Wind Turbine for Power System Stability Enhancement," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 52-60, 2007.

[3] Durga Gautam, Vijay Vittal, Terry Harbour, "Impact of Increased Penetration of DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Generators on Transient and Small Signal Stability of Power Systems," IEEETrans. on Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 1426-1434, Aug. 2009.

[4] Serhiy V. BozhkoG, Ramon Blasco-Gimenez, Risheng Li, Jon C. Clare, Greg M. Asher, "Control ofOffshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm Grid With Line- Commutated HVDC Connection," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 71-78, 2007.

[5] Wei Qiao, Wei Zhou, José M. Aller, Ronald G. Harley, "Wind Speed Estimation Based Sensorless Output Maximization Control for a Wind Turbine Driving a DFIG," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 23,No. 3, pp. 1156-1169, 2008.

[6] S. Y. Yang, X. Zhang, C. W. Zhang, L. Chang, "Development of a Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion System Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator," Applied Power Electronics Conference-21 Annual IEEE, March 2007.

[7] Jesus Lopez, Pablo Sanchis, Xavier Roboam, Luis Marroyo, "Dynamic Behavior of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator During Three-Phase Voltage Dips," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 709- 717, Sep. 2007.

[8] Istavan Erlich, Jorg Kretschmann, Jens Fortmann, Stphan Mueller- Engelhardt, Holger Wrede, "Modeling of Wind urbines Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generators for Power System Stability Studies," IEEE Trans. on Power No. 3, pp. 909- 919, Aug. 2007.

[9] Congwei Liu, Bin Wu, Navid Zargari, David Xu, "A Novel nine Switch PWM Rectifier-Inverter Topology for Three Phase UPS Applications", European Conference on Power Electronics Applications, Sep 2007.

[10] T. Kominami,Y.Fujimoto, "A Novel Nine-Switch Inverter for Independent Control of two Three- PhaseLoads,"Industry Applications Conference, pp.2346-2350, 2007.

Abstract: In this paper, a 65nm scaled channel of PMOS is fabricated and studied its electrical characteristics. Athena module of SILVACO software was use. The two characteristics such as Id – Vg and Id – Vd reading Vth parameters for both characteristics for different process parameters like: gate oxide thickness, channel doping and channel implantation. From the simulation result of VTH value is achieved -2.55427v for 65nm PMOS transistor. That is well known within ITRS(international technology roadmap for semiconductor) for a 65nm PMOS transistor.

Keywords - Include 65nm PMOS, Threshold voltage, Channel length, Silvaco TCAD

[1] Transistor matching in analog in CMOS applications, IEEE 1998, 34.1.1 - 34.1.4.
[2] Optimization of device performance using semiconductor tcad tools. Silvaco International, Product Description, Silvaco International. www.silvaco.com/content/kbase/UMichigan_TCAD.pdf

[3] Statistical optimization for process parameters to reduce variability of 32 nm PMOS transistor threshold voltage, International journal of the physics science vol 6(10), pp. 2372 – 2379, 18 may, 2011

[4] Chapter 3. CMOS Processing Technology, RUNG-Bin Lin,3.1- 3.45.

[5] Taib Ziad Mohamad, Ibrahim ahamd Taib Ziad Mohamad, Ibrahim ahamd, Azami Zaharim, (April 6-8, 2008). Optimum Solution in FABRICATION 65NM nmos Transistor Using Taguchi Method

[6] Optimization in fabrication 90 nm NMOS transistor using silvaco, Proceeding of 2009 IEEE student conference on research and development (SCOReD 2009) , 16- 18 Nov' 09, UPN serdang, Malaysia

[7] 2009. H. Abdullah; J. Jurait; A. Lennie; Z.M. Nopiah; I. Ahmad. Simulation of fabrication process VDMOSFET transistor using Silvaco software. European Journal

[8] Statistical Optimisation for process parameters to reduce variability of 32nm PMOS transistor threshold voltage, IJPS vol.(6), pp. 2372-2379.

[9] Optimization of process parameter variability in 45 nm PMOS device using Taguchi Method, Journal of Applied Science , ISSN 1812-5654

[10] Gate Engineering on the Analog Performance of DM-DG MOSFETs with High K Dielectrics, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 25,December, 2010.

Abstract: Transformers represent the largest portion of capital investment in transmission and distribution substations. In addition, power transformer outages have a considerable economic impact on the operation of an electrical network. The most important parameters governing a transformer's life expectancy is the hot-spot temperature (HST) value and loss of life. Here in this paper by using graphical user interface (GUI) programme we are going to find the hot-spot temperature (HST) with and without harmonics, top oil temperature (TOT) with and without harmonics, efficiency and loss of life. This approach has been made to consider the hot-spot temperature as the sum of the ambient temperature, the top-oil temperature rise in tank. With MATLAB-GUI we are finding the [TOT], [HST], Efficiency and loss of life. This paper is applied on a 220KVA, 20KV, ONAF type transformer.

Keywords: Efficiency, Harmonics effects, , Hotspot temperature, Loss of life, MATLAB GUI ,Transformer, Top oil temperature.

[1]. IEEE std c57-110-1998, recommended practice for Establishing Transformer capability when supplying non sinusoidal load.
[2]. "Simple Thermal Model of Transformer Hot Spot Temperature Based on Thermal-Electrical Analogy ." Xiaoping Su1, WeigenChen , Chong Pan , Qu Zhou, Li Teng.
[3]. IEEE guide to loading mineral oil immersed power transformers, international electrochemical commission standards geneve, Suisse 1991.
[4]. IEEE standard C57.91-1995(R2004) IEEE guide for mineral oil immersed transformers.
[5]. IEEE std C57.91-1995(R2004) "IEEE guide for loading mineral oil immersed transformer."
[6]. A.Elmoudi, M.Lehtonen, HasseNordman, conference record of the 2006 IEEE International symposium on Electrical Insulation. "Effect of Harmonics on Transformer Loss of Life.
[7]. M.T.Bishop, J.F.Barnowski, D.Heath, S.J.Benna, "Evaluating harmonics induced transformer heating." IEEE trans. on power delivery, vol.11, No 1, Jan 1996, pp.305-311.
[8]. A. Girgis, E.Makram, and J Nims, "Evaluation of Temperature Rise of Distribution Transformers in the presence of Harmonics and distortions." Electrical Power Systems Research, Vol 20, No 1, Jan 1990. pp.15-22.

Abstract: This paper presents the most important control theories for cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filters like, p-q theory with PI controller, average power method with carrier phase shifted pwm, instantaneous real-power theory with triangular-sampling current modulator, p-q theory with space vector modulation strategies for generating the switching signals for the operation. This paper also presents performance assessment among these control strategies.

Keywords-Active Power Filters, Cascaded multilevel inverter, Harmonic compensation

[1] D.GHolmea,et al. "Opportunities for harmonic cancellation with carrier based PWM for two-level and multilevel Cascaded Inverters", IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, vol.37,No 2 pp 574-582, 2001.

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[3] Rodriguez. Sheng lai ,F.Z.Peng " Multilevel inverters: A survey Oftopologies controls, and applications", IEEE Trans. on Ind.Electronics Vo1.49, no 4 Aug 2002 pp. 724-738.

[4] 1.S Lai and F.Z. Peng, "Multilevel converters-A new breed of PowerConverters", IEEE/PESCAnn.Mtg Vol.2 pp.1121-1126 June1997. [5] WawareMadhukar and PramodAgarwal, "Comparison of Control Strategies for MultilevelInverter based Active Power Filter used in High Voltage Systems."IEEE 2010.

[6] karuppanan p and kamalakantamahapatra, "cascaded MultilevelInverter based Active Power Filter for power line conditioner using instantaneous real power theory "IEEE-IICPE, India international conference on power electronics,January 2011.

[7] Gong Maozhong ,Liu Hankui, "A Novel method of calculating current reference for shunt active power filters without Hardware Synchronization ", IEEE power Conversion Conference, Osaka 2002, vol.2 pp795-799.

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[10] W. Liqiao ,L Ping Z. Zhongchao "Study on shunt active power filterbased on cascade multilevel converters", in 3 51h Annual IEEEpower electronics Specialists Conference 2004. pp. 3512- 3516.

Abstract: In this paper, the design of a low noiseamplifier (LNA) for WiMAX application is preasented. This LNA is design to operate at frequency range 3.3 GHz to 3.8GHz and the noise figure targeted are less than 2 dB while gain is more than 10 dB. Transistor ATF-54143 Low Noise Enhancement Mode Pseudomorphic HEMT from Avago Technology will be used to design the LNA because it meet the specifications and recommended by Avago Technology in LNA design for WiMAX application. AWR Microwave Office will be used in simulation for this project and starting from scratch, the LNA will be designed from 2-port network transistor, input and output matching and DC biasing to design a single stage LNA. Two techniques in LNA design which is the Feedback Amplifier (FA) and Balance Amplifier (BA) will be used and simulated to find the best technique which give optimum performance in terms of gain and noise figure. The best technique is the Feedback Amplifier which gives nominal noise figure of 1.02 dB and gain of 12 dB.

Keywords -Balance Amplifier, Feedback Amplifier, Low Noise Amplifier, noise figure, WiMAX

[1] Mike Golio, Commercial Wireless Circuits and Components Handbook, CRC Press, 2003

[2] I. Bahl and P. Bhartia, Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1988, Chapter 7.

[3] J. Engberg and T. Larsen, Noise Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Circuits, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1995, Chapter 6.

[4] Xiou Lu, Building a 3.5GHz 802.16a WiMAX LNA on FR4 material, Agilent Technologies, Microwave Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2, February 2006

[5] M. Ben Amor, M. Loulou, S. Quintanel, and D. Pasquet, "A wideband CMOS LNA design for WiMAX applications" Department Of Electrical Engineering, IEEE, July, 2008

[6] Application Note 5331, "A 3.3GHz to 3.8GHz 802.16a WiMAX LNA using Avago Technologies ATF-54143", Avago Technologies

[7] Joseph J. Carr, "Secret of RF Circuit Design", TAB Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2001

[8] Guillermo Gonzales, "Microwave Transistor Amplifiers Analysis and Design", Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997.

[9] Rowan Gilmore and Les Besser, Practical RF Circuit Design For Modern Wireless System, Volume 2, Active Circuits And Systems, Artech House, INC, ISBN: 1-58053-522-4, 2003

Abstract: Electricity tariff setting is a primary instrument of economic regulation. Tariff provides economic signals, which determine the volume and nature of the demand and supply of power. It is not surprising therefore that a considerable portion of the power sector reform effort is expended on rationalizing tariffs. Through this paper we aim to discuss the potential for alternative ways of charging for electricity and providing concessions to improve the affordability of essential electricity use, facilitate the equitable, efficient and full recovery of the cost of supplying electricity and provide clear information to consumers regarding the impact of their electricity use. Many of the existing tariff elements have been formulated over the years as a result of available technology. In reviewing the electricity tariff structures it is therefore important to consider some of the developments in technology particularly with respect to metering which may facilitate a greater variety in tariff structures now or in the future.

Keywords: tariff, availability based tariff (ABT), unscheduled interchange (UI), time-of-use tariff (ToU), critical peak pricing (CPP), real-time pricing (RTP), feed-in tariff (FiT), dynamic pricing, smart metering.

[1] Risk Constrained Operation Planning Model for a Genco in Availability Based Tariff Regime in India; N.Vaitheeswaran, and R. Balasubramanian, Senior Member, IEEE
[2] Principles of Modern Electricity Pricing; Mohan M. Wasinghe, Senior Member, IEEE
[3] Electricity Tariff Structure Review: Alternative Tariff Structures - A Consultation Paper; Commission for Energy Regulation (CER)
[4] Electricity in India; An International Energy Agency Paper
[5] Tariff Setting in the Electric Power Sector: Base paper on Indian Case Study; Sanjeev S. Ahluwalia, Secretary, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission & Gaurav Bhatiani, Area Convener Energy Reforms Group, TERI
[6] Towards Sustainable Energy Tariffs: A Report to the National Consumer Council by the Centre for Sustainable Energy; by William Baker and Vicki White
[7] A Model for Efficient Consumer Pricing Schemes in Electricity Markets: Transactions on Power Systems, E Celebi and JD Fuller, IEEE
[8] Smart Metering Tariff Schemes Combined With Distributed Energy Resources; G. Deconinck and B. Decroix, In International Conference on Critical Infrastructures
[9] The Role of Advanced Metering and Load Control in Supporting Electricity Networks: International Energy Agency Demand Side Management Programme; Rese D.J. Crossley, Energy Futures Australia Pvt. Ltd.
[10] Scheduling Smart Home Appliances Using Mixed Integer Linear ; Cheong Sou, James Weimer, Henrik Sandberg, and Karl Henrik Johansson, 2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference

Abstract: The effects of the hole content, p, on the temperature dependent static magnetic susceptibility, χ(T), of YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductor were investigated over a wide range of oxygen deficiency. The systematic variation in χ (T, p) was found to be governed by the pseudogap energy scale, Eg(p). From the analysis of χ(T,p) data we have extracted the values of pseudogap energy scale. The extrapolated Eg(p) tends to vanish at p ~ 0.19 and the pseudogap appears to be states-non-conserving in nature. These are indicative of a non-superconducting origin for the pseudogap.

Keywords- magnetic susceptibility, pseudogap, superconductor.

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