iosr-JEEE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: This paper deals with the preliminary design of an SVC, which is the most important part of the design process, because any specific error in the preliminary design and specifications in requirements documents may end up with great amount of money, labour and time loss. The following subjects have to be investigated thoroughly in order to finalize the preliminary design of an SVC. In this paper the following parameters like Single thyristor operation, Series thyristor operation, Single Piece / Two Pieces Reactor Arrangements are considered for the design procedure and the fault cases simulated in PSCAD concerning three phase connections.

[1] T.J.E. Miller, "Reactive Power Control In Electric Systems,", John Wiley&Sons, 1982.

[2] J.Arrilaga, N.R. Watson, "Power System Harmonics", Wiley, 1982

[3] "IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Transmission Static Var Compensators" IEEE Std 1031-1991)

[4] "IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Transmission Static Var Compensators" IEEE Std 1031-2000 (Revision ofIEEE Std 1031-1991)

[5] M.V. Utalay, "Design and Implementation of a Medium Voltage Thyristor Controlled Reactor", MSc. Thesis, METU, Jan.1996

[6] Semikron Power Electronics Catalogue,Semikron Inc. Germany, 10/1998.

[7] Lawatsch, H.M.; Vitins, J.; "Protection of thyristors against overvoltage with breakover diyotes", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications Volume 24, Issue 3, May-June 1988 pp. 444 – 448

[8] TS 831, "Standard Voltages in THE Distribution Systems" , 1979

[9] "Effects of Temperature on Thyristor Performance" Application Note AN4870, Dynex Semiconductors, January 2000.

[10] ANSI/IEEE Std. C37.109, "IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors" 1988

Abstract: In the past few years there is a global transformation on technology and researches which aims to energy savings through the usage of renewable sources in many applications. With the need for usage of renewable energy increasing day by day, more efficient and innovative systems are to be created. The system created has to be a combination of the non-conventional resources, as implementing only one may not suffice the energy requirement. It has to be understood that every bit helps in saving energy, and so, domestic needs being the largest can be supplemented by smaller individual units of renewable sources. This has to be highly efficient and requiring less maintenance. A thought given to the above requirements of the new age has brought a new perspective to energy saving. The result has been created by combining a solar-aero-hydro system which is designed for efficient domestic usage.

Keywords: domestic, renewable energy, water tank, wind power

[1] "Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update" (PDF).

[2] "Wind Power Increase in 2008 Exceeds 10-year Average Growth Rate". Worldwatch.org. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
[3] "World Wind Energy Report 2010" (PDF).Report. World Wind Energy Association. February 2011. Retrieved 30-April-2011.

[4] Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, "Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978.
[5] Gijs A.M. van Kuik, "The Lanchester–Betz–Joukowsky Limit ", Wind Energy. 2007; 10:289–291.

[6] Constantinos A.Bouroussis"Outdoor lighting using renewable energy sources," National Technical University of Athens School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photometry Laboratory

Abstract: An overview of the available solar cells was discussed in this work. These include how solar cells work starting from the electronic properties of semiconductor, the overall structure of the cell and explanation on how it produces electricity. Discussion on the price fall of a solar cell material (silicon), the price fall of the cell and the price fall of the module. Various applications were mentioned together with power losses which occur during operation(recombination loss, losses dependent on the structure of the device, and loss as a result of the inability of the semiconductor to absorb the below band gap light . Measures on how to reduce the power losses was discussed. Also the most important effect that must be allowed for operation under standard conditions was discussed.

Keywords: solar cells, semiconductor, electrons and holes, energy band, irradiance

[1] Tomas Markvant "solar electricity" Unesco energy engineering series Energy Engineering learning package
[2] Green, M.A., "solar cells", prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, NJ 1982.
[3] Hersh, P. and Zweibel, K., "Basic photovoltaic principles and methods", U.S. Government printing office, Washington ,DC, Seri/Sp -290-1448,1982.
[4] Pulfrey, D.L "photovoltaic power generation", Van Nostrand Rhieinhold, New York 1978.
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[6] Theraja B.L. and Theraja A.K. "Electrical technology"S. chand

Abstract: The method proposed in this paper uses a second order Sliding Mode Control Algorithm(SMC), is designed and implemented for a non linear process which makes use of the Coefficient Diagram Method(CDM) technique to find the controller parameters. The proposed controller is inherently 2 degree of freedom structure. This work considers the liquid level control of a spherical tank system. Simulation of the process model has been carried out by Mat lab Simulink software. Along with simulation results, real time responses of spherical tank liquid level control process also presented for evaluation and validation of proposed method.

Keywords: Adaptive control, Second order SMC, 2 Degree of freedom, SMC-CDM, Spherical tank level process

[1] S. Manabe. Coefficient Diagram Method. Automatic Control in Aerospace, Seoul, Korea. 211-222, 1998. [2] Mohammad Khalid Khan,. Sarah K Spurgeon."Second order Sliding Mode Control of coupled tanks". 2005, IFAC

[3] Bartolini, G., Ferrara, A., Usai, E., Utkin, V.,. "On multi-input chattering-free-second order sliding mode control". IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control 45(9), 2000, 1711-1718.

[4] Serdar Ethem Hamamci, NusretTan., "Design of PI controllers for achieving time and frequency domain specifications simultaneously". ISA Transactions, Volume 45-4, 2006, pages 529–543

[5] Chang, L.,. "A MIMO sliding control with a second order sliding condition". In: ASME Winter Annual Meeting. 1990, paper No. 90-WA/DSC-5.

[6] G. Bartolini, A. Pisano, E. Usai.,. "Variable Structure Control of Nonlinear Sampled Data Systems by Second Order Sliding Modes", in "Variable Structure Systems, Sliding Mode and Nonlinear Control", Springer-Verlag, 1999, vol. 247, 43-68.

[7] Satheesh Babu. R, S. Abraham Lincon "Design and Implementation of Model Reference Adaptive Controller using Coefficient Diagram Method for a nonlinear process", IOSR JEEE, 2013, Volume 6, 2320-3331, PP 21-27.

Abstract: The inability of Nigeria's electricity power company (PHCN) to meet the demands of Nigerian consumers necessitates an aggressive search for alternative energy supply. There are many wind catchment sites at various locations in this country. In this paper the possibility of using wind power to feed isolated loads and/or being synchronized with the public supply is discussed. Before that, the principle of operation of wind powered generator is discussed. At the end, possible sites, within Nigeria, where the wind powered generator can be installed, to achieve optimum result, are highlighted.

Keywords: Wind powered generation, CSCF machine, wind catchment area, VSCF machine,

[1]. M M Wakil Power plant technology. McGrawhill books N/York 1984.
[2]. T Swifthook Donald. Wind energy IEE review Jan.1988 pg30-31
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[4]. O A Ezechukwu: Harnessing the wind energy for better farm machineries, GAA/Carl Dieisberg. Ges. Germany. I S. Bethel house 25/26th Sep 2002
[5]. A S Sambo. Renewable energy technology for national development. The NSE Nigerian Engineer, Vol 31 No1, March 2001 pg28
[6]. National Electric power Auth. (NEPA). Generation statistics for 05/02/2002

Abstract: This paper presents a simple design of digital control circuit for three phase power factor improvement system. The approach is based on the determination of a count representing a number of pulses which is proportional to both the phase shift between the line voltage and the line current, and the load current. This count addresses a ROM which is programmed with pre – calculated switching combinations of "0S and 1S" switch the required capacitors or any other combinations network to the system to improve the power factor. A time sharing switching circuit is designed so as to scan the three phases sequentially to determine power factor for each phase using the same control circuit. Power factor improvements up to 0.95 have been obtained for maximum load of 20A.

Keywords: Power Factor improvement, Triac Switching Digital Control, Instrumentation.

[1] C. Alexander and M. Sadiku, "Fundamentals of Electric Circuit", United State of America: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2000 [2] J. E. Miller "Reactive Power Control in Electric System", New York: Willy [3] R. C. Dugan, M.F. McGranaghan, and H. Wayne Beaty,
[4] J. Arrillaga, and N.R. Watson, "Power System Harmonics", 2nd .ed. Chichester: John Wiley

[5] M. R. Ahmed, and M. J. Alam, " Power Factor Improvement by Pulse Width Modulated Switched Single Capacitor", Proceeding of India International Conference on Power Electronics 2006

[6] K.T. Trar Soe, "Design and Economics of Reactive Power Control in Distribution Substation", world Academy of Science and Technology, Issue 48, 2008.

[7] S. Ivor R and G. Gerald K, "Reactive – Current Compensation by Switched Capacitors", Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation, IEEE Trans, Vol. IECI-22, No.1, 1975

[8] E.J Mrizek, , "Pf Correction: Incentive, Not Penalty", Electrical World, Vol. 190, No.1

[9] M.N Al – Tikriti, M.Y Jabouri, G.A Putrus, , and W.A Al – Fakhri, "Digitally Controlled Power Factor Correction System", Modeling, Simulation and Control, A,Vol. 9,No.1, 1987

[10] B.C. Kok, C. Utraphan, and H.H. Goh, "A conceptual Design of Microcontroller-Based Power Factor Corrector Circuit", Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology, 2009.

Abstract: This paper is based on the improved performance of the closed loop control of Switched Reluctance Motor drives using Z-Source Inverter with the control rule reduction of 5x5 using Fuzzy Logic Controller(FLC) with the output scaling factor(SF)self-tuning mechanism are proposed.The aim of this paper is to simplify the program complexity of the controller by reducing the number of fuzzy sets of the membership functions(MFs) without losing the system performance and stability via the adjustable controller gain.ZSI exhibits both voltage-buck and voltage-boost capability. It reduces line harmonics, improves reliability, and extends output voltage range.The output SF of the controller can be tuned continuously by a gain updating factor, whose value is derived from fuzzy logic, with the plant error and error change ratio as input variables.Then the expected results, carried out on a four-phase 6/8 pole SRM based on the dSPACEDS1104 platform, to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the devised methods.

Keywords: Fuzzy logic controller, scaling factor (SF), switched reluctance motor (SRM), variable-speed drives.

[1] P. C. Desai, M. Krishnamurthy, N. Schofield, and A. Emadi, "Novel switched reluctance machine configuration with higher number of rotor poles than stator poles: Concept to implementation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 649–659, Feb. 2010.

[2] J. Corda and S. M. Jamil, "Experimental determination of equivalent circuit parameters of a tubular switched reluctance machine with solid-steel magnetic core," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 304–310, Jan. 2010.

[3] P. Vas, Artificial-Intelligence-Based Electrical Machines and Drives: Application of Fuzzy, Neural, Fuzzy-Neural, and Genetic- Algorithm-Based Techniques. London, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.

[4] S. Mir, M. E. Elbuluk, and I. Husain, "Torque-ripple minimization in switched reluctance motors using adaptive fuzzy control," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 461–468, Mar./Apr. 1999.

[5] R. K. Mudi and N. R. Pal, "A robust self-tuning scheme for PI- and PD type fuzzy controllers," IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2–16, Feb. 1999. [6] A. G. Perry, G. Feng, Y. F. Liu, and P. C. Sen, "A design method for PI-like fuzzy logic controller for DC–DC converter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 190–199, Feb. 2007.

[7] S. Chowdhuri, S. K. Biswas, and A. Mukherjee, "Performance studies of fuzzy logic based PI-like controller designed for speed control of switched reluctance motor," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Electron. Appl., 2006, pp. 1–5.

[8] J. Xiu and C. Xia, "An application of adaptive fuzzy logic controller for switched reluctance motor drive," in Proc. IEEE Fuzzy Syst. Knowl. Disc., 2007, pp. 154–158.

[9] T. Koblara, "Implementation of speed controller for switched reluctance motor drive using fuzzy logic," in Proc. OPTIM, 2008, pp. 101–105.

[10] Santosh sonar and Tanmoy maity, "Z-source Inverter based control of Wind Power," presented at the IEEE Industry Applications Soc. Annu. Meeting,2011.

Abstract: The power produced from wind energy source is always fluctuating due to variation in the wind. Connecting this wind sources to grids leads the system to issues , and shows the impact on the functionality of the grid to be impaired. Thus wind power injection in to an electric grid affects the quality of power.. This project deals the existence of the power quality problems due to the installation of wind turbine with grid. In order to eliminate these power quality problems, this project proposes a scheme based on FACTS device called SVC light which is connected at a Point of Common Coupling. The proposed model is compared with the model that do not use any compensating device .Performance of the system with BESS under load variations and Fault ride through capability of the svc light is also analysed. This control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system is to improve the power quality and this system is simulated using MATLAB /SIMULINK in power system block set.

Keywords: Power Quality, Wind Generating System (WGS), Svc light, Statcom, and Fault ride through capability, Battery energy storage system (BESS).

[1]. A STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement‖ Sharad W. Mohod, Member, IEEE, and Mohan V.

[2]. FACTS for Grid Integration of Wind Power‖Rolf Grünbaum, Member, IEEE

[3]. A Study of Wind Farm Stabilization Using DFIG or STATCOM Considering Grid RequirementsK. E Okedu* Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

[4]. Yuvraj v ―Improving grid power quality with FACTS device on integration of wind energy system‖IEEE Trans.on E 2011

[5]. Rolf Grunbaum―FACTS for Grid integration of Wind power‖IEEE power tech 2005

[6]. Belkacem mahdad ―contribution to the improvement of power quality using Multi Hybrid model based wind shunt FACTS‖ 2011 IEEE Trans.

[7]. K. S. Hook, Y. Liu, and S.Atcitty ―Mitigation of the wind generation integration related power quality issues by energy storage,‖ EPQU J., vol. XII, no. 2, 2006.

[8]. Analysis of Harmonic Distortion in Non-linear Loads‖ Anne Ko Department of Electrical Power Engineering Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar

Abstract: A new control schème for damping power system oscillations using fact devices is employed instead of the traditional firing angle control schème. In this paper the effectiveness of fact devices in damping power system oscillations is evaluated. Fact devices are SVC(static var compensator),TCSC(thyristor controlled series capacitor),DFC(dynamic power flow controller),STATCOM(static synchronous compensator),SSSC(static series synchronous compensator),UPFC(unified power flow controller). The most commonly used fact devices for damping power system oscillations are TCSC,SSSC. The impact of the SVR controlled TCSC on SSR is investigated in this real-time simulator by analyzing the system damping.

Keywords: FACTS Controllers, phase imbalance, series compensation, thyristor controlled series capacitor.

[1] Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems," IEEE Press, 2000

[2] M. Klein, G.J. Rogers and P. Kundur, "A Fundamental Study of Inter-Area Oscillations in Power Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1991, pp. 914-921.

[3] E.V. Larsen, J.J. Sanchez-Gasca and J.H. Chow, "Concepts for Design of FACTS Controllers to Damp Power Swings," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1995, pp. 948-956.

[4] B. Chaudhuri, B. Pal, A. C. Zolotas, I. M. Jaimoukha, and T. C. Green, "Mixed-sensitivity Approach to H Control of Power System Oscillations Employing Multiple FACTS Devices," IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 18, No. 3, August 2003, pp. 1149–1156.

[5] B. Chaudhuri and B. Pal, "Robust Damping of Multiple Swing Modes Employing Global Stabilizing Signals with a TCSC," IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 19, No. 1, February 2004, pp. 499–506.

[6] R. Majumder, B.C. Pal, C. Dufour and P. Korba, "Design and Real-Time Implementation of Robust FACTS Controller for Damping Inter-Area Oscillation," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No.2, May 2006, pp. 809-816.

[7] D. Rai, G. Ramakrishna, S.O. Faried and A. Edris," Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Phase Imbalanced Series Compensation Scheme," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, No. 2, May 2010, pp. 966-974.

[8] H. Xie and L. Ängquist, "Synchronous Voltage Reversal control of TCSC – impact on SSR conditions," Proceedings of the Nordic Workshop on Power and Industrial Electronics (NORPIE), 2004.

[9] Lennart Ängquist, "Synchronous Voltage Reversal Control of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor," Royal Institute of Technology, TRITAETS- 2002-07, ISSN 1650-674X.

Abstract: In present scenario power is major need for human being. Unstability of power grid is major issue of present day due to a huge gap between power demand and generation .There is one method for solving this problem by using the non conventional sources by Distributedr generation(DG) .This paper emphasizes on the idea that the kinetic energy getting wasted while vehicles move from bridge .It can be utilized to generate power by using a special arrangement of speed breaker , pump and water turbine . By this arrangment may develop a plant for generating electricity which is totally renewable source of energy .This generated power can be use for electricity for local areas, street light and if excess power generated to give to grid and also can be take from the grid when required.

Index Terms: speed breaker, water tubes, water turbine, generator, distributed generation (DG) and non conventional energy

[1] Mukherjee.D Chakrabarti.S, 2005, Fundamentals of renewableenergy systems, New Age international limited publishers, NewDelhi. [2] Sharma.P.C, 2003, Non-conventional power plants, Public printingservice, New Delhi.

[3] Principles of renewable energy systems, Sharma.P.C, 2003, [4] Non-conventional power plants Mukherjee.D Chakrabarti.S, 2005,

[5] Fundamentals of renewable energy systems, New Age internationallimited publishers, New Delhi.

[6] Non-conventional power engineering, Public printing service, New Delhi.

[7] miller,R.," power system operation ", McGraw-Hill , new York ,1970

[8] Dr . r.k. bansal , "fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines", laxmi publication ,new delhi.

[9] " Power System Dynamics and Control‟, K R Padiyar, InterlinePublishers Bangalore.

[10] Power System Stabilizers‟ by Mitsubishi Corporation-A release notesfrom Mitsubishi Co

Abstract: This paper studies a resonant silicon sensor whose elementary sensing component is the E-type round diaphragm, and the final sensing component is the silicon beam resonator is attached to the E-type round diaphragm. the relationship between the basic natural frequency of the beam resonator and the measured acceleration are calculated and simulated by using the above finite element modeling in detail. Because of the fact that beam is located on the different position on the E-type round diaphragm and the length of the beam, the outer radius of the E-type round diaphragm are varied respectively. The related analyses and investigations are carried out. Some important results on the relationship between the basic natural frequency of the beam resonator and the measured acceleration are obtained. Finally, based on the differential output scheme of the resonant sensor and some related criteria, a set of appropriate parameters for the above sensing structure of the sensor is determined for measuring the acceleration.

Key Words: acceleration, beam, resonator, E-type round diaphragm, micro sensor, frequency, finite element method (FEM)

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