iosr-JEEE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: This paper describes the development of an aquaponic system using solar panel to control the water pump and air pump based on Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) technology. Solar power is ideally can be used in Malaysia due to location factor and also give the benefit to the environment as renewable energy. It involves a combination of electrical, electronics and agriculture into one sustainable system which consists of a solar panel, inverter, water pump and air pump. The solar panel is the most cleanest ways to produce electricity. With the average output voltage is 12V while the maximum output voltage produce by the solar panel is 18 V. The voltage depends on light capture by solar panel. Weather can minimize the light capture by solar panel thus affect the overall performance. This project requires a substitution power grid with green energy from solar panel which an inverter is used to convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternate Current (AC) and to step up 12V to 110V or 240V. A microcontroller is used to control the operation of an aquaponic system for switching water pump, air pump, battery charge and discharge state. Based on observation, the output power from inverter has produced 65.55% efficiency and the average output voltage of the solar panel is 16.16 V.

Keywords: Aquaponic, Solar power, Inverter, PIC, Pump.

[1] Michael P. Masser, Michael P. Masser and Thomas M. Losordo, Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics Integrating Fish and Plant Culture, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Texas, 2006.

[2] Mitchell K, Rizk J, Nagrial M. , Balanced renewable energy system., Proc. of power electronics and motion control conference. 2000, 857-861.
[3] R. Podmore, Ray Larsen, Henry Louie, and Brian Waldron, Affordable Energy Solutions for Developing Communities, Prof of Power Engineering Society, IEEE General Meeting - PES, 2011, pp.1-8
[4] Thomas Friedman, Hot, Flat and Crowded, Allen Lane, 2008.
[5] Dalberg Global Development Advisor, Solar Lighting for the Base of the Pyramid – Overview of an Emerging Market, Lighting Africa Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 2010.
[6] I. Daut, M. Irwanto, Y.M. Irwan, N. Gomesh, N. S. Ahmad, Clear Sky Global Solar Irradiance on Tilt Angles of Photovoltaic Module in Perlis, Northern Malaysia, International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering, 2011.
[7] Short T. D., Mueller M. A.; "Solar powered water pumps: problems, pitfalls and potential‟, International Conference on PEMD, 2002, pp280–285.
[8] N. M. Z. Hashim, A. F. Jaafar, Z. Zakaria, A. Salleh, and R. A. Hamzah, Smart Casing for Desktop Personal Computer, International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science (IJECS), 2(8), 2013, 2337–2342.
[9] S. H. Husin, M. Y. N Hassan, N. M. Z. Hashim, Y. Yusop, A. Salleh, Remote Temperature Monitoring And Controlling, International Journal For Advance Research In Engineering And Technology (IJARET), 1(9), 2013, 40-47.
[10] Najmiah Radiah Mohamad, Chau Man Siang, Ahmad Sadhiqin Mohd Isara, Adie Mohd Khafe, Azahari Salleh, Nur Fatihah Azmi, Electromagnetic Levitator, International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering(ICCCE), 2012, 319-324.

Abstract: Harmonic pollution and low power factor in power systems caused by power converters have been a great concern. To overcome these problems several converter topologies and control schemes have been proposed in recent years. This paper is proposed to study the control techniques for such converters to improve the Power Factor (PF) and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) in the input current with output voltage regulation. A new predictive control strategy for boost PFC is presented in this paper. Its basic idea is that all of the duty cycles required to achieve unity power factor in a half line period are generated by using predictive control. The duty cycle is determined based on the input voltage, reference output voltage, inductor current, and reference current. The proposed PFC control is derived based on Boost converter operates at continuous conduction mode and the switching frequency is much higher than the line frequency so that input voltage can be assumed as a constant during one switching cycle.

Keywords: Power Factor Correction, Total Harmonic Distortion, Boost Converter, Predictive Control.

[1] Wanfeng Zhang,, Guang Feng,Yan-Fei Liu and Bin Wu, "A Digital Power Factor Correction (PFC) Control Strategy Optimized for
DSP, " IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 19, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2011.
[2] Fariborz Musavi, Murray Edington, Member, Wilson Eberle and William G. Dunford, "Control Loop Design for a PFC Boost
Converter With Ripple Steering," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 49, NO. 1,
JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013.
[3] R. Redl and B. P. Erisman, "Reducing distortion in peak-current-controlled Boost power-factor correctors," in Proc. IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conf. Expo, 1994, pp. 576–583.
[4] Sungsik Park and Sewan Choi, "Soft-Switched CCM Boost Converters With High Voltage Gain for High-Power Applications"
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 5, MAY 2010.
[5] R. Zane and D. Maksimovic, "Nonlinear-carrier control for high-power factor rectifiers based on up-down switching converters,"
IEEE Trans Power Electron., vol. 13, pp. 213–221, Mar. 1998.
[6] S. Buso et al., "Simple digital control improving dynamic performance of power factor pre-regulators," IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 13, pp. 814–823, Sept. 1998.
[7] S. Bibian and H. Jin, "Digital control with improved performance for Boost power factor correction circuits," in Proc. 16th Annu.
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. Expo, 2001, pp. 137–143.
[8] S. Kim and P. N. Enjeti, "Control of multiple single phase PFC modules with a single low-cost DSP," in Proc. 18th Annu. IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conf. Expo, vol. 1, 2003, pp. 375–381.
[9] J. Chen, A. Prodic, R. W. Erickson, and D. Maksimovic, "Predictive digital current programmed control," IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 18, pp. 411–419, Jan. 2003.
[10] W. Merfert, "Stored-duty-ratio control for power factor correction," in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. Expo, vol. 2,
1999, pp.1123–1129.

Abstract: This paper demonstrates the speed control of dual induction motor using fuzzy logic controller under unbalanced load conditions. The process for finding weighed vector value for controlling the dual induction motor is presented. The modeling of dual induction motor is also described. The simulation is done in the MATLAB platform to study the effectiveness of the weighed vector control. The study reveals that the fuzzy controller improves the weighed vector speed control of dual induction motor.

Keywords: Dual Induction Motor, Fuzzy logic controller, P I (Proportional Integral) Controller, Summation torque and Weighed Vector control.

[1] Furuya A., Oka K., and Matsuse K. "A characteristic analysis of four-leg inverter in Two ac motor drives with independent vector control"- Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst., 2007 pp. 619–624.
[2] Constantin Von Altrock "Fuzzy Logic and Neuro Fuzzy in Appliances ", -Fuzzy Application Library/Technical Applications/Fuzzy in Appliances presented in Embedded Systems Conferences, Santa Clara. 1996.
[3] Lee R. J., Pillay P. and Harley R. G. "d-q reference Frames for the Simulation of Induction Motors "- Electric Power Systems Research., 1984 pp. 15 -26.
[4] Fei XU, Liming Shi and Yaohua Li "The Weighted Vector Control of Speed Irrelevant Dual Induction Motors Fed by the Single Inverter ", - IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, 2013 Vol. 28, No. 12.
[5] Kemal Ari, Faik Tekin Asal and Mert Coşgun "Project report on PI, PD, PID controllers " - under Middle East Technical University.
[6] Jaroslav Lepka, Petr Stekl "Design of Motor Control Application" Freescale Semiconductor Application Note AN1930 2005 Rev. 2, 2/2005.
[7] Jaime Fonseca, Joao L. Afonso , Juilio S. Martin and Carlos Couto "Fuzzy logical speed control of an induction motor" - department of Industrial Electronics, Minho University, Microprocessor and Micro controller , 1998 pp.523- 534.
[8] Matsumoto Y., Osawa C., Mizukami T., and Ozaki S., "A stator-flux-based vector control method for parallel-connected multiple induction motors fed by a single inverter "- in Proc. 13th Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo.,1998 Vol. 2, pp. 575–580.
[9] Matsumoto Y. and Kawamura A. "A novel vector control of single-inverter multiple-induction-motors drives for Shinkansen traction system"- in Proc. 16th Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 608–614.
[10] Matsuse K. K., Kouno H., and Oikawa J. "Characteristics of speed sensor less vector controlled dual induction motor drive connected in parallel fed by a single inverter "- IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 40, no. 1, 2004 pp. 153–161.

Abstract: For SISO (single-input-single-output) models typically used in the process plants, the Internal Model Control (IMC) is shown to supersede the conventional PID controllers and also it becomes much easier to tune than are controllers in a standard feedback control structure. The conventional PID controllers are used in the process plants to a large extent due to their simple structure and its implementation is also easy. A tuning method based on IMC-PID is proposed for stable FOPTD systems. The IMC-PID controller provides a better trade-off between closed loop performance and robustness to model uncertainties with a single tuning parameter. Performance of the controller is evaluated through simulation study as well as from experimental verification on a level process.

Keywords: Feedback control, FOPTD, internal model control (IMC), process model, process reaction curve.

[1] Ziegler, J. G.; Nichols, N. B. Optimum setting for automatic controller. Trans. ASME 1942, 64, 759.
[2] Cohen, G. H.; Coon, G. A. A Theoretical considerations of retarded control. Trans. ASME 1953, 75, 827.
[3] Astrom, K. J.; Hagglund, T. PID Controllers: Theory, Design and Tuning, 2nd Edition; International Society for Measurement and Controls: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1995.
[4] Tyreus, B. D.; Luyben, W. L. Tuning PI Controllers for Integrator/Dead Time Processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 32, 2625.
[5] Garcia, C. E.; Morari, M. Internal Model Control I. A Unifying Review and Some New Results, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 1982, 21,308.
[6] Rivera, D. E.; Morari, M.; Skogestad, S. Internal Model Control, 4. PID controller design. Ind. Eng. Proc. Des. Dev. 1986, 25, 252.
[7] Seborg, D. E.; Edgar, T. F.; Mellichamp, D. A. Process Dynamics and Control, Second Edition; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 2004.
[8] Bequette. B. W., Process Control Modeling, Design and Simulation, Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey, 2003.
[9] Panda, R. C. Synthesis of PID Tuning Rule Using the Desired Closed-Loop Response. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 8684-8692.

Abstract: Fault diagnosis in antenna arrays implies locating the faulty or defective elements in the array. Smart antenna arrays use digital beamforming and allow for array failure corrections. The defective elements of such antenna arrays therefore need not be replaced unlike the traditional analog approach. The smart antennas can thus support cost-effective solutions instead of replacing the hardware. The traditional analytical methods find it tedious to handle fault finding problems related with antenna arrays. Neural networks are non-linear in nature. They can map the non linear behavior of smart antennas arrays and perform fault diagnosis with considerable time reduction. Genetic algorithms have also been applied very successfully in locating faults in the antenna array. In this review, the applications of neural networks and genetic algorithms in fault diagnosis of antenna arrays are summarized.

Keywords: Adaptive array; Smart Antenna; Fault Diagnosis; Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm.

[1] L. C. Godara, "Smart Antennas", Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2004.
[2] C.A.Balanis, "Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design ", 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, NJ, 2005.
[3] A. H. El. Zooghby, "Smart Antenna Engineering", Artech House, 2005.
[4] Alexiou and M. Haardt, "Smart Antenna Technologies for Future Wireless Systems: Trends and Challenges", IEEE
Communications Magazine, pp. 90-97, Sept 2004.

[5] L C. Godra, "Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications Part1: Performance Improvement, Feasibility, and System
Considerations", Proceedings of the IEEE vol. 85, no.7 pp. 1031-1060, July 1997.
[6] M.Chryssomallis, "Smart Antennas", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.42, no.3, pp.129–36, June 2000.
[7] S. Bellofiore, C. A. Balanis, J. Foufz, and A.S. Spanias, "Smart-Antenna Systems for Mobile Communication Networks Part I:
Overview and Antenna Design", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.44, no.3, 2002.
[8] B. Widrow and M. A. Lehr, "A 30 Years of Adaptive Neural Networks: Perceptron, Madaline and Backpropagation", Proceedings
of the IEEE, vol.78, issue 9,pp. 1415–42, 1990
[9] Titus K. Y. Lo, Henry Leung and John Litwa, "Artificial Neural Network for AOA Estimation in Multipath Environment Over the
Sea", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 19, issue 4, pp. 555-562, Oct.1994.
[10] S. Haykins, "Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation", IEEE Press, NY, 1994.

Abstract: This paper aims at the design and simulation of hybrid PI-fuzzy control system for the speed control of a brushless dc motor. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is better under transient conditions, while that of the proportional plus integral (PI) controller is superior near the steady-state condition. The combined advantages of these two controllers can be obtained with hybrid PI -fuzzy speed controller. Both the design of the fuzzy controller and its integration with the proportional-integral (PI) controller is to be done. The principle of the proposed control system is to use a PI controller, which performs satisfactorily in most cases, while keeping in the background, a fuzzy controller, which is ready to take over the PI controller when severe perturbations occur. By combining the two controllers, one can get the quick response of the PI controller while eliminating the overshoot possibly associated with it.

Keywords: PI, Fuzzy logic, Hybrid Controller, BLDC Motor, Speed Control.

[1] Ahmed R., Daniel R. and David M.D. "Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Fuzzy Control Strategy for a High-Performance Brushless DC Drive system". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.37, No.2, March-April 2001, pp.503-512
[2] Tan C.S., Baharuddin I. "Study of Fuzzy and PI controller for permanent magnet brushless dc motor drive". Proceedings of International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference, June 23-24, 2010, pp.517- 521
[3] Sayed H.S., Khouly F.M., "Fuzzy logic based control of a permanent magnet brushless dc motor drive" AIAA, No.78-1291, 1978.
[4] Dumitru D., Chemin B.,"A PI-Fuzzy Controller Designated For Industrial Motor Control Application". AIAA, 1990, pp.949-954
[5] Arnulfo R.M., Raul G.R., " PI Fuzzy Gain- Scheduling Speed Control at Startup of a Gas-Turbine Power Plant" IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, vol.26, NO.1, March 2011, pp.467-473.

Abstract: The focus of this research work is on a FACTS device known as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), which can provide simultaneous control of basic power system parameters like voltage, active power flow, reactive power flow, impedance and phase angle. In this research work, simulation models for different multi machine systems are carried out, e.g. a hybrid power system, a power system with two synchronized hydro power stations etc., without UPFC & with UPFC located at the load end of the power system, has been developed. Simulation models have been incorporated into MATLAB based Power System Toolbox (PST) for their voltage stability analysis. These models were analyzed for voltage, active power flow, and reactive power flow and phase angle, with and without UPFC. The results of the power system with UPFC and without UPFC are compared and the conclusion is given at the end.

Keywords: UPFC, FACTS, PST.

[1]. N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems", New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[2]. K. R. Padiyar, "FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution" New Age International Publishers. [3]. R. Mohan Mathur, Rajiv K. Verma," Thyristor Based FACTS Controller for Electrical Transmission System" Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002.
[4]. H. Saadat, "Power Stability Analysis", TMH Publication Edition, 2002, pp. 460-526.
[5]. L. Gyugyi, T. R. Rietman, A. Edris, "The Unified Power flow Controller: A New Approach to Power Transmission Control" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 1995, pp. 1085-1097.
[6]. Vibhor Gupta, "Study and Effects of UPFC and its Control System for Power Flow Control and Voltage Injection in a Power System" International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(7), 2010, 2558-2566
[7]. Ejebe G., Irisari G., Mokhtari S., Obadina O., Ristanovic P., and Tong J., "Methods for Contingency Screening and Ranking for Voltage Stability Analysis of Power Systems," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 11, no. 1 , February 1 996, pp. 350-356
[8]. Gao B, Morison G., Kundur P., "Towards the Development of a Systematic Approach for Voltage Stability Assessment of Large-Scale Power Systems," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 11, no. 3, August. 1996, pp. 1314-1324.
[9]. M. R. Aghaebrahimi, M. Amiri, and M. Kamali Moghaddam, "A Short Circuit Study of an Induction Generator Wind Farm Considering Wind Speed Changes".
[10]. T. R. Mtshali, G. Coppez, S.Chowdhury, and S.P. Chowdhury, Member, "Simulation and Modeling of PV-Wind-Battery Hybrid Power System" IEEE 2011, pp.1-7.

Abstract: AC to DC converters based on one cycle control exhibit instability in current control. In this paper modified one cycle control(MOOC) for bidirectional ac to dc is proposed. The sum of fictitious current and the actual load current is compared with a sawtooth waveform to generate the generating switches. In order to interface the inverter with the grid service of a phase locked loop(PLL) is required. Designing a phase locked loop for interfacing with a weak grid is always a difficult proposition considering the nonidealities like frequency variation and harmonic distortions in the line voltages. Renewable energy is currently widely used one of these resources is solar energy. The pv array normally uses a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to continuously deliver the highest power to the load when there are variations in irradiation and temperature, making it an uncontrollable source. The disadvantage of pv energy is that the pv output power depends on weather conditions and cell temperature further it is not available during night. In order to over these drawbacks alternative source such as proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) should be installed in the hybrid system by changing the fuel cell output power the hybrid sources output becomes controllable.

Keywords: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), One cycle control (OCC), Bidirectional ac to dc converter, PV Array, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC).

[1] B. T. Ooi, J. W. Dixon, A. B. Kulkarni, and M. Nishimoto, ―An integratedAC drive system using a controlled current PWM rectifier/inverter link,‖IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 64–70, Jan. 1988.
[2] M. Calais, J. Myrzik, T. Spooner, and V. Agelidis, ―Inverters for singlephasegrid connected photovoltaic systems—An overview,‖ in Proc. IEEEPower Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 2002, pp. 1995–2000.
[3] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Power inverter topologiesfor photovoltaic modules—A review,‖ in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu.Meeting, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 782–788.
[4] M. Fortunato, A. Giustiniani, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli,―Maximum power point tracking in a one cycle controlled singlestage photovoltaic inverter,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7,pp. 2684–2693, Jul. 2008.
[5] Y. Chen and K. M. Smedley, ―A cost-effective single-stage inverter withmaximum power point tracking,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19,no. 5, pp. 1289–1294, Sep. 2004.
[6] S. V. Araujo, P. Zacharias, and R. Mallwitz, ―Highly efficient single-phasetransformerless inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic systems,‖ IEEETrans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3118–3128, Sep. 2010.
[7] T. Kerekes, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, G. Vazquez, and E. Aldabas, ―Anew high-efficiency single-phase transformerless PV inverter topology,‖IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 184–191, Jan. 2011.
[8] N. Femia, D. Granozio, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli,―Optimized one cycle control in photovoltaic grid connected applications,‖IEEE Trans. Aerosp.Electron. Syst., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 954–972,Jul. 2006.
[9] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, ―A multivariable perturb-andobservemaximum power point tracking technique applied to a singlestagephotovoltaic inverter,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1,pp. 76–84, Jan. 2011.
[10] B. Sahan, A. N. Vergara, N. Henze, A. Engler, and P. Zacharias, ―A singlestagePV module integrated converter based on a low-power currentsourceinverter,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2602–2609,Jul. 2008.

Abstract: Video text detection plays an important role in semantic-based video analysis. In the field of information retrieval, text detection and extraction from video has become an emerging area to solve the fundamental problem of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) to fill in the semantic gap between low level and high level features. Text detection and extraction enables the understanding of video contents with the help of text recognition using optical character recognition techniques, to give a partial solution to bridge the semantic gap between the low level and high level features. In this paper we have proposed a method which detect & localize horizontal text with uniform background.

[1] Yi-Feng Pan, Xinwen Hou, and Cheng-Lin Liu" A Hybrid Approach to Detect and Localize Texts in Natural Scene Images" IEEE transactions on image processing, vol. 20, no. 3, march 2011
[2] Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Trung Quy Phan and Chew Lim Tan" A Robust Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Video Text Detection" IEEE 2009
[3] NabinSharma,Palaiahnakote,Shivakumara,Umapada Pal" A New Method for Arbitrarily-Oriented Text Detection in Video" 2012 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems
[4] Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Trung Quy Phan, and Chew Lim Tan," A Laplacian Approach to Multi-Oriented Text Detection in Video" IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol. 33, no. 2, february 2011
[5] Keechul Jung, Kwang In Kim, Anil K. Jain,"Text information extraction in images andvid eo: a survey" Pattern Recognition, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 977–997, 2004.
[6] J. Zang and R. Kasturi, "Extraction of text objects in video documents:Recent progress," in Proc. DAS, 2008, pp. 5–17.
[7] X. R. Chen and A. L. Yuille, "Detecting and reading text in natural scenes," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'04), Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 366–373.
[8] Tianyi Gui, Jun Sun, Satoshi Naoi" A Fast Caption Detection Method for Low Quality Video Images"in 2012 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems.