International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: Full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl acrylate (PEA) were synthesized using diallyl phthalate (DAP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linkers of PVC and PEA respectively. The monomer ethyl acrylate was polymerized in presence of PVC with plasticisers and heat stabilisers and the two polymers were cross linked subsequently to generate full IPNs. The IPNs so produced were characterized with respect to their physico-mechanical, thermal and morphological properties and an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of cross linked PEA moieties in the cross linked major matrix of PVC. The properties revealed the significant effect of rubbery PEA on PVC in the cross linked network. The tensile strength showed a marginal decrease but there was a rise in elongation at break and toughness values at the initial stages due to the incorporation of cross linked PEA. The thermal behavior as envisaged from the thermomechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis results substantially prove the modification in the generated IPN systems over that of pure unmodified PVC. The changes in glass transition and degradation temperature indicate stability of the IPN samples. The morphological characteristics maintain good conformity with the mechanicals.

Keywords: Mechanical properties, morphology, polyethyl acrylate, polyvinyl chloride, thermal properties.

[1] R. Chakrabarti and D. Chakraborty, Studies on Engineering properties of PVC-PMMA semi interpenetrating polymer networks, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97, 2005, 1725-1735.

[2] U. K.Saroop, K. K.Sharma and K. K. Jain, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 38, 1989, 1401.

[3] K. Pielichowski and B. Janouski, Journal of Thermal and. Analytical Calorimetry, 80, 2005, 147.

Abstract: Increased emission of carbon dioxide from different sources is quite appalling for the last few decades which ultimately results global warming. Emission of carbon dioxide mainly comes from four attributes namely solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and cement industry. In this alarming situation, a mathematical model has been developed based on these attributes with a system of differential equations in Indian perspective. A statistical approach, namely search method is applied to study the behavior of the said attributes in the developed model utilizing the data set of twenty one years in India. The solutions of the environmental model are compared with the real data from where future prediction for the emission of carbon dioxide can be made.

Keywords: Carbon dioxide emission, Differential equation, Global warming.

[1] Climate. Environmental Protection Agency (yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/Climate.html). [2] J. Parikh and S. Gokarn, Climate change and India's energy policy options, Global Environmental Change, 3(3), 1993. [3] N. S. Murthy, M. Panda and J. Parikh, Economic Development, Poverty reduction and carbon emission in India, Energy Economics, 19(3), 1997a. [4] N. S. Murthy, M. Panda and J. Parikh, Economic Growth, Energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions in India: 1990–2020. Environment and Development Economics, 2(2), 1997b. [5] B. Nag and J. Parikh, Carbon emission coefficient of power consumption in India: Baseline determination from the demand side, Energy Policy, 33(6), April 2005, 777–86. [6] J. Parikh, M. Panda, K. A. Ganesh and V. Singh, CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Energy, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014, 2009. [7] T. Ghoshal and R. Bhattacharyya, State level carbon dioxide emissions of India, 1980-2000, Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, April, 2008. [8] B. W. Rust, Carbon dioxide, global warming and Michael Crichton's "State of Fear", Computing Science and Statistics, 37, 2006. [9] C. P. Tokos and Y. Xu, Modeling carbon dioxide emissions with a system of differential equations, Non linear Analysis: Theory, Methods and Applications, 71 (12), 2009, 1182-1197.

[10] R. Jin, L. Tian, J. Qian and Y. Liu, The Dynamic evolutionary analysis on carbon emissions in Yangtze delta., International Journal of Nonlinear Science, 10(3), 2010, 259-263.

Abstract: Fixed-bed column studies were conducted to evaluate performance of Fe (III) crosslinked alginate nanoparticles for the removal of pentavalent arsenic ions [As (V)] from aqueous environments. The study involved observing the influences of column bed depth, influent As (V) concentration and influent flow rates on the removal of arsenic ions. The total adsorbed quantity, equilibrium uptake and total percentage removal of arsenic were determined from the breakthrough curves obtained at different flow rates, initial metal ion concentration and bed heights. The results showed that column demonstrate fairly well performance at the lowest flow rate. Also, column bed capacity and exhaustion time were found to increase with increasing bed height. When initial metal ion concentration was increased from 0.5 mg/L to 1.5 mg/L, the corresponding adsorption bed capacity decreases from 0.066 to 0.022 mg/g. The Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was used to analyze the experimental data and the model parameters were evaluated. Good agreement of the experimental breakthrough curves with the model predictions was observed.

Keywords: Fixed bed studies, alginate, nanoparticles, adsorption, flow rate and breakthrough curve.

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[4] Bajpai AK, Choubey J. Design of gelatin nanoparticles as swelling controlled delivery system for chloroquine phosphate, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine2006; 17:345.

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[7] Ghoria S, Pant KK. Equillibrium kinetics and breakthrough studies for adsorption of fluoride on activated alumina, Separation and Purification Technology 2005; 42: 265.

Abstract: Global warming is a serious concern to the scientists over the globe due to its alarming situation to the inhabitants and also to the existence of life on earth over the last fifty years. The causes for the situation are too many. One of the major causes for global warming is the uncontrolled emission of green house gases mainly carbon-dioxide (CO2). In India, this emission rate varies in different regions depending on several features, namely, industrialization, population and economic growth. In this paper, an attempt has been made to build up a state-wise analytical differential model of CO2 emission using the data set of 21 years from 1980 to 2000. A search technique is utilized to identify the exact differential model. The model has been utilized experimentally to forecast carbon dioxide emission for 2015 and 2020.

Keywords: Carbon dioxide emission, Coefficient of determination, PRESS statistic, Residual analysis, Standard Error.

[1] M. Battle, M. L. Bender, P. P. Tans , J. W. White, J. T. Ellis, T. Conwa and R. J. Francey, Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric oxygen and delta13C, Science 287 (5462), 2000, 2467-2470.

[2] T. Ghoshal and R. Bhattacharyya, State level carbon dioxide emissions of India 1980-2000, Contemporary Issues and Idea in Social Sciences, 4(1), 2008, DOI:10.2139/ssrn.999353.

[3] G. Marland, R. J. Andres, T. A. Boden, , C. Johnson. and A. Brenkert, Global, regional, and national CO2 estimates from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, 1751-2002, Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 1999, CDIAC NDP-030. [4] C. P. Tokos and Y. Xu, Modeling carbon dioxide emissions with a system of differential equations, Non linear Analysis: Theory, Methods and Applications, 71 (12), 2009, 1182-1197.

[5] K. Peterson, Explaining Human Influences on Carbon Dioxide Emissions across Countries, (2009). Honors Projects, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2009. [6] T. Kram, T. Morita, K. Riahi, R. A. Roehrl, S. V. Rooijen, A. Sankovski, and B. Vries, Global and Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scenarios, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63, 2000, 335–371.

[7] J. Fenhann, Industrial Non-Energy, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63, 2000, 313–334. [8] K. Ritter, M. Lev-On, and T. Shires, Development of a Consistent Methodology for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from oil and Gas Industry Operations, Proc. 11th Emissions Inventory Conference of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA, 2002.

[9] D Lashof, 1989, The dynamic greenhouse: feedback processes that may influence future concentrations of atmospheric trace gases and climatic change, Climatic Change 14, 213-242

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Abstract: Waste lubricating oil arises wherever work is carried out with lubricating oil and where it is put to use for a particular purpose. Waste lubricating oil should be collected and reused in order to decrease detrimental effects on environment, and underground and surface waters, since it pollutes the atmospheric air as a result of burning and has adverse effects on living organisms. One litre of waste engine oil discharge to environment makes 8 lakh tons of water unusable, and more than 50 lakh tons of clean water undrinkable. Conversion of the waste lubricating oil into fuel and utilization of fuel product has positive effect on environment and atmospheric air, and also has economical balance. A study of thermal treatment to waste lubricating oil has been carried out to obtained gasoline and diesel like fuel. The effect of temperature on quality and quantity of product fuel has been also studied.

Keywords: Fuel form of waste oil, Kinetics of pyrolysis , Lubricating oil, Pyrolysis of waste oil, Waste lubricating oil.

1. OrhanArpa, RecepYumrutas, ZekiArgunhan, "Exprimental investigation of the effects of diesel-like fuel obtained from waste lubrication oil on engine performance and exhaust emission", Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 91, page no. 1241 – 1249 (2010).

2. Su Shiung Lam, Alan D. Russell, ChernLeing Lee, Howard A. Chase, "Microwave-heated pyrolysis of waste automotive engine oil: Influence of operation parameters on the yield, composition, and fuel properties of pyrolysis oil" Fuel, vol. 92, page no. 327 – 339 (2012).

3. N. B. Selukar, "1–Butanol Solvent Treatment to Waste Lube Oil for Recycling", Ultrachemistry, vol. 7(3), 385 – 390 (2011). 4. OrhanArpa, RecepYumrutas, AyhanDemirbad, "Production of diesel-like fuel from waste engine oil by pyrolytic distillation", Applied Energy, vol. 87, page no. 122 – 127 (2010).

5. ThalladaBhaskara, MdAzharUddinb, AkinoriMutoa, YusakuSakataa, YojiOmurac, Kenji Kimurad, Yasuhisa Kawakamid, "Recycling of waste lubricant oil into chemical feedstock or fuel oil over supported iron oxide catalysts", Fuel, vol. 83, page no. 9 – 15 (2004).

6. "Standard method for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products", vol. I, published by "The Institute of petroleum‟, London by John Wiley and Sons (1993).

7. "Standard method for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products", vol. II, published by "The Institute of petroleum‟, London by John Wiley and Sons (1993). 8. V. P. Sukhanov, "Petroleum Processing", published by Mir Publisher, Moscow (1982). 9. B. K. Bhaskar Rao, "Modern Petroleum Refining Processes", Fourth edition, published by Oxford – IBH Publications (2002).

10 . Dr. Ramprasad Yadav, "Petroleum Refining Technology", published by Khanna Publications, New Delhi, page no. 137 – 141 (2007).

Abstract: Rice husk is an agricultural residue abundantly available in India. A huge amount of rice husk is discharged in India, and the rice husk is usually burned in the field, or in some cases it is used as a fuel for power plant. In both cases, the smoke generated with the burning process often causes serious domestic and also international environmental problems. It is very important to solve the problems, smoke and waste, in relation to the treatment of rice husk. Rice husk is one of the most silica rich raw materials containing about 90-98% silica. Rice husk large ash content and sodium silicate content in the ash it becomes economical to extract silica from the rice husk ash, which has wide market and also takes care of ash disposal. Rice husk is a popular boiler fuel and the ash generated usually creates disposal problems. The chemical process discussed not only provides a solution for waste disposal but also recovers a valuable silica product, together with certain useful associate recoveries. The sample characterized by FTIR & X-ray diffraction (XRD). Keywords: Rice Husk, Rice Husk Ash, Rice Husk Silica, Sodium Silicate.

F. Adam, S. Balakrishnan and P. Wong "Rice husk ash silica as a support material for ruthenium based heterogeneous catalyst," Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 17(2), (2006) pp. 1–13. V. Della, I. Ku¨hn, D. Hotza, "Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production," Materials Letters 57, (2002) pp. 818–821. M. Noushad, I. Rahman, A. Husein, D. Mohamad, A. Ismail, "A Simple Method of Obtaining Spherical Nanosilica from Rice Husk," Vol. 2 (2012) pp. No. 2. M. Haslinawati, K. Matori, Z. Wahab, H. Sidek, A Zainal," Effect of Temperature on Ceramic from Rice Husk Ash," IJBAS Vol: 9 (2009) pp. No: 9. R.V. Krishnarao, J.Subrahmanyam, and T.Jagadish Kumar." Studies on the formation of black particles in rice husk silica ash,"'Eur.Ceram.21, (2001) pp. 1, 99-104. O. Olamide, F. Oyawale, "Characterization of Rice Husk via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for Optimal Silica Production," Volume 2 (2012) pp. No.4. U. Kalapathy, A. Procto, J. Shultz, "A simple method for production of pure silica from rice hull ash," Bioresource Technology 73, (2002) pp. 257-262. L. P. Hunt, J. P. Dismukes, J. A. Amick, A. Schei and K. Larsen, "Rice Hulls as a Raw Material for Producing Silicon," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 131, (1984) pp. 1683-1686. D. N. Bose, P. A. Govindacharyulu and H. D. Banerjee, "Large Grain Polycrystalline Silicon from Rice Husk," Solar Energy Materials, vol. 7, (1982) pp. 319-321.

Abstract: Recycling of enzyme for the deacidification of high free fatty acids (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) is a novel approach for the synthesis of triacylglycerols. In our study, enzymatic deacidification process has been carried out with special emphasis on the productivity of the process by recycling the enzyme. Two samples of RBO containing different amounts of FFA have been studied for this purpose using two enzymes, non specific Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) and specific TL-IM (Immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Due to more effectiveness as revealed from our study, Novozyme 435 has been recycled successfully sixty times in laboratory scale and ten times in pilot scale for bio esterification of high FFA RBO. The bioesterified oil from pilot plant is stream stripped for the production of edible grade RBO.

Keywords: Bioesterification, Lipase, Novozyme 435, TL-IM.

[1 ] A. C. Bhattacharyya and D. K. Bhattacharyya, Deacidification of high FFA rice bran oil by re esterification and alkali neutralization, JAOCS, 64, 1987, 128-131.

[2] B. K. De and J. D. Patel, Refining of rice bran oil by neutralization with calcium hydroxide, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 113, 2011, 1161-1167. [3] S. Bhattacharyya and D. K. Bhattacharyya, Bio refining of high acid rice bran oil, JAOCS, 66, 1989, 1469-1471.

[4] R. Sengupta and D. K. Bhattacharyya, A comparative study between bio refining combined with other processes and physical refining of high acid mohua oil, JAOCS, 69, 1992, 1146-1149.

[5] Y. Kosugi, T. Kunieda and N. Azuma, Continual conversion of free fatty acid in rice bran oil to triacylglycerol by immobilized lipase, JAOCS, 71, 1994, 445-448.

[6] J. Kurashige, Proceedings on the World Conference on Biotechnology for the fats and oils industry edited by T. H. Applewhite, AOCS Press, Champaign, 138, 1998.

[7] F. A. Norris, Refining and bleaching in Bailey's industrial oil and fat products edited by D. Dwern, Wiley & Sons, New York, 3, 290, 1982.

[8] R. Sengupta and D. K. Bhattacharyya, Effect of monoglycerides on enzymatic deacidification of rice bran oil. J. Oil Tech. Assn. India 28, 1996, 125-130.

[9] A. G. Gopala Krishna, K. H. Hemakumar and S. Khatoon, Study on composition of rice bran oil and its higher free fatty acid value, JAOCS, 83, 2006, 117-120.

[10] M. Kates, Techniques of Lipidology M. (Amsterdam: North Holland publishing Co. 1972) 402.

Abstract: Copolymer (4-HBMF) was synthesized by the condensation of 4-hydroxybenzophenone [HB] and melamine [M] with formaldehyde [F] in presence of acid catalyst using varied molar ratios of reacting monomers. A copolymer composition has been determined on the basis of their elemental analysis and the number average molecular weight of this copolymer was determined by conductometric titration in non- aqueous medium. The viscosity measurement in DMSO has been carried out with a view to ascertain the characteristic functions and constants. The newly synthesized copolymer resin was characterized by IR spectra and 1H NMR spectra. Ion- exchange properties of this resin was studied by batch equilibrium method for Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions over the pH range, 1.5 to 6.5 and in media of various ionic strengths. In presence of nitrates, perchlorate and chloride ions the uptake of Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions increases with the increasing concentration of electrolytes, whereas in presence of sulphate ions, the amount of above mentioned ions taken up by the copolymer resin decreases with the increasing concentration of electrolyte. Study of distribution ratio as a function of pH indicates that the amount of metal ion taken by resin is increases with the increasing pH of medium. The surface morphology of the copolymer resin was examined by scanning electron microscopy.

Keywords: Adsorption, Distribution ratio, Ion- exchanger, Resins, Synthesis.

[1] Katkamwar S. S, Zade A. B, Gurnule W. B, Synthesis, of 8-hydroxyquinoline-dithioxamide-formaldehyde terpolymer resin, J.Appl Polym Sci., 113, 2009, 3330-3335.

[2] Gui Li X, Rong Huang M, Yang Y, Synthesis, of o-phenylenediammine and xylidine copolymers., Polymer, 42,2001,4099-4107. [3] Wang J.Y, Yuan C, Study on modified urea formaldehyde resin adhesives, Huaxue Yu Nianhe, 16,2003, 20-21.

[4] Egorov A. N, Sukhorukov Y.I, Plotnikova G. V, Khaliullin A. K, fireproof coatings based on ureaformaldehyde resin for metallic structure, Rus J Appl Chem,75,2002,152-155. [5] Orazzhanova L. K, Yashkarova M. G, Bimendina L. A, Kudaibergenov S. D, Binary and ternary polymer-strontium complexes and the capture of radioactive strontium-90 from the polluted soil of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, J Appl Polym Sci, 87, 2003,759-764.

[6] Atia A. A, Donia A. M, Elwakeel K. Z, Selective separation of mercury(II) using a synthetic resin containing amine and mercaptan as chelating groups, React Funct Polym, 65, 2005,267-275. [7] Prabhakaran D, Subramanian M. S, A new chelating sorbent for metal ion extraction under high saline conditions, Talanta, 59, 2003, 1227-1236.

[8] Zalloum R. M, Mubarak S. M, Chealation properties of poly(2-hatydroxy-4-acryloyloxybenzophenone) resin towards some divalent metal ions, J Appl Polym Sci, 109, 2008, 3180-3184. [9] Gurnule W.B, Rahangdale P. K, Paliwal L. J, Synthesis, and ion exchange properties of 4-hydroxyacetophenone, biuret and formaldehyde terpolymer resins, React Funct Polym, 55, 2003, 255-265.

[10] Singru R.N, Zade A. B, Gurnule W.B, Chelating ion exchange properties of polymer resin derived from p-cresol, oxamide and formaldehyde, Iranian Polymer Journal, 19(3), 2010, 169-183.

Abstract:Farmers use pesticides to kill pests in crops as it helps to increase agricultural productivity. But rampant abuse of pesticides results in Pesticide residues in some component of the environment after its application, spillage or dumping. Pesticide residues may pose significant risks to human beings& environment if, it exceeds the maximum residues levels (MRLs).There is efficient monitoring system which regularly tests food items for pesticide residues to ensure that it does not exceed (MRLs) and there is no potentially adverse effect on humans and environment before they can be licensed and sold. Some of the government agencies involved in the regulation are The Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC), The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The objective of this paper is to give an overview of work that has been done on pesticide residue and how the overuse of pesticide can be controlled by obeying regulations.

Keywords: Maximum residues levels (MRLs), Pesticide

[1] Birthal, P.S, O.P. Sharma, Sant Kumar and A. Dhandapani, (2000) Pesticide use in rainfed cotton: frequency, intensity and determinants, Agricultural Economic Research Review, 13(2): 107-122.
[2] US Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Pesticides and food: Healthy, sensible practices. Retrieved September 20, 2012. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/food/tips.htm

[3] Zhu G, Wu H, Guo J and Kimaro FME (2004) Microbial degradation of fi pronil in clay loam soil. Water Air Soil Poll 153:35–44

[4] Oluwole, O., & Cheke, R. A. (2009). Health and environmental impacts of pesticide use practices: A case study of farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 7, 153-163.http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0431 [5] Mansour SA 2004. Pesticide exposure- Egyptian scene. Toxicology, 198: 91-115.

[6] Hayes T.B., Falso P., Gallipeau S., and Stice M. "The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective". The Journal of Experimental Biology 2010;213:921-933. doi:10.1242/jeb.040865.

[7] Hoppin, J., Adgate, J., Eberhart, M., Nishioka, M., & Ryan, P. (2006). Environmental exposure assessment of pesticides in farmworker homes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 929-935. [8] Añasco, N., Uno, S., Koyama, J., Matsuoka, T., Kuwahara, N. (2010): Assessment of pesticide residues in freshwater areas affected by rice paddy effluents in Southern Japan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 160(1), pp 371-383. [9] EFSA Annual report 2010

[10] Ahmad, I. 2004. Pesticide residues in fortified water, soil, food, fruits and vegetable samples in Pakistan. J. Exp. Zool. India, 7(1): 67-72.

Abstract:Main aim of this paper is to present the information regarding the Heterocyclic compounds that constitute the largest family of organic compounds. These are extremely important with wide array of synthetic, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. There is always a strong need for new and efficient processes in synthesizing of new Heterocycles. Several 1,3,4,5-tetraaryl-2 pyrazoline, 41 –piperazine, 3-methoxybenzofuran and thiazolidin-4-one substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole, 4- NO2, 2-OH and 4-Cl in phenyl ring at 5- position of pyrazoline ring of synthesized compounds. The new compounds were characterized using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra. Biological screening of some compounds is reported.

Keywords: Synthesized compounds, heterocyclic substances.

[1] Brack W, Schirmer K. Effect-directed identification of oxygen and sulfur heterocycles as major polycyclic aromatic cytochrome P4501A-inducers in a contaminated sediment. Environ Sci Technol 2003;37:3062–70. [2] Weber R, Gaus C, Tysklind M, Johnston P, Forter M, Hollert H, et al. Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites-contemporary and future relevance and challenges: overview on background, aims and scope of the series. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2008;15:363–93.

[3] Blum P, Sagner A, Tiehm A, Martus P, Wendel T, Grathwohl P. Importance of heterocyclic aromatic compounds in monitored natural attenuation for coal tar contaminated aquifers: a review. J Contam Hydrol 2011;126:181–94.

[4] Blotevogel J, Reineke AK, Hollender J, Held T. Identifikation NSOheterocyclischer Prioritarsubstanzen zur Erkundung und Uberwachung Teerol-kontaminierter Standorte. Grundwasser 2008;13:147–57.

[5] Cripps C, Bumpus JA, Aust SD. Biodegradation of azo and heterocyclic dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:1114–8.

[6] Broughton HB, Watson IA. Selection of heterocycles for drug design. J Mol Graph Model 2004;23:51–8. [7] Fernandez-Alba AR, Guil MDH, Lopez GD, Chisti Y. Comparative evaluation of the effects of pesticides in acute toxicity luminescence bioassays. Anal Chim Acta 2002;451:195–202.

[8] Dyreborg S, Arvin E, Broholm K. Biodegradation of NSO-compounds under different redox-conditions. J Contam Hydrol 1997;25:177–197.

[9] Meyer S. Mikrobieller Abbau typischer Teerol-PAK und Hetero-PAK (N,S,O) in einem Modellbodenhorizont. PhD Thesis. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg University; 1999. [10] Licht D, Johansen SS, Arvin E, Ahring BK. Transformation of indole and quinoline by Desulfobacterium indolicum (DSM 3383). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997;47:167–72.

Abstract:Ground water sample were collected from 3 various sites of Kondeshwar Lake , Badnera from Amravati district. These water sample were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics. Laboratory test were preformed for the analysis of samples for pH, hardness, chloride , alkalinity , TDS etc. On comparing the results against drinking water quality standards laid by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It is found that water samples are potable for human being.

Keywords: Water Quality, Physio-chemical Parameters, Drinking Water.

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[5] Dissertation of Enviromental science Department , Amravati University, Amravati. [6] Dr.Singh (2002): Water manegment in rural and urban area, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur. [7] Nandy and Deo(1960):Lonar Lake , A case for protection and conservation as Ramser site by R.A. Malu, Nation conference on wetland conservation pp 13-18. [8] Ochieng :E.Z.(2008)Water quality and trace metal distribution in a pristine Lake in the lake basin in Kenya.Bull. Environ.Contam .ToxicolVol. (80) 363-368.

[9] Patalvanshi,A.R.(2010-2011)Dissertation of Environmental Science Department, Amravati(S.G.B.A.) University, Amravati.

Abstract: Energy is the primary need of the world and coal is the major source of energy. Thermal power is the mostpreferredenergy over decades and coalplays an important role. Coal losses are very high in India due to mine firescaused by spontaneous combustion in more than 200 coal mines in India. High efficiency coal extraction should be given more importance and further coallosses due to spontaneous combustion should be controlled. In this paper, it is discussed how spontaneous combustion canbebroughtunder control by Pyro-seizure method using freezing process by circulating cold brine solution in the drilled holes around the fire area by which heat can be transferred out of the fire area. Injection of low temperature CO2 in the seam cuts off the Oxygen supply and its low temperature reduces the risk of CO imission.

Keywords –Brine solution, Freezing method, Spontaneous combustion.

[1] Chowdhury Quamruzzaman, A.K.M FayazulKabir, M.A Malek, B.M Rabby Hossain, A.S.M.WoobaidUllah, Ventilation shaft construction by conventional freezing method in Maddhapara Granite Mine, Bangladesh, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil engineering(IOSRJMCE) 2278-1684 Volume 2, issue 4 (Sept-Oct. 2012), PP 07-13.
[2] ErdoganKaymakci, VedatDidari, Relations between Coal properties and spontaneous combustion parameters, Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. 26 (2002), 59-64.
Books:

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Abstract: As a very important issue of national strategy , energy security requires to be placed as prime issue of the planning process as there is frequent rise in crude oil prices. Achievement of national economic development goals and improvement in the quality of life of people are greatly influenced by energy security. Global warming by emissions of green house gases from fossil fuels is also a matter of major concern . So it is essential to use alternative and renewable energy sources in addition to conventional sources for meeting energy demands. In low temperature applications , use of renewable energy is essential to reduce combustion of fossil fuels and reducing CO2 emission. As it is abundant, inexhaustible, renewable , cheap, non-polluting and environment friendly, SOLAR ENERGY is an important source of energy. Approximately 4000 trillion kWh energy (electromagnetic radiations) per day is received by earth from sun .Use of this energy in tropical areas is very feasible. These areas receive at least 6 hours per day sun shine of 500- 800 W/m2 per hour.

Brown, L.R 1995, Environmental Alert Series, World Watch Institute. W.W.Norton and Company. Inc., New York. Farkas,I. 2003, Handbook of Postharvest Technology : Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables, Tea and Spices, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York-Basel. Pp. 845-866. Google search engine. Gustavasson et. Al., 2011 "Global Food losses and Food Waste: Extent ,Causes and Prevention ." United Nations , Food And Agriculture Organisation. Rome ,Italy. Imre, L. and Palaniappan, C . 1996. "Development of Solar Drying". Drying Technology ,14(6), pp 1381-1388. Jaspreet Aulakh et. al., 2013 ,Poster at Agricultural &Applied Economics Association's 2013 AAEA &CAES Joint Annual Meeting, Washington D C ,August 4-6, 2013 Lorriman, D. and Hollick, V. 2003, "Solar Crop Drying : A Simple Alternative to Fossil Fuelpowered Drying, Refocus, Jan./Feb. 2003. Pp. 48-49. Simpson,W.t. and Tehernitz, J.L. 1980, "Design and Performance of a Solar Lumber for Tropical Latitudes, Proceedings on Wood Drying Party,IUFO Division V.Conf.,Oxford,UK,pp 59-70. Tiwari, G.N. and Barnwal, P, 2008, Fundamental of Solar Dryers.

Abstract:The transportation of coal or minerals through pipeline is the need of these days. The transportation of materials is already in use in India as well in other countries. Transportation of materials through pipes need power, hence it is required to minimize the power required for transportation the materials in form of slurries/mixtures. The aim of this paper is to find additives/chemicals which will reduce the relative viscosity of coal-water slurries, in turn, the reduction in power for transportation. A number of additives/chemicals were tested which must decrease the relative viscosity as well as settling velocity of slurries. This settling characteristic will be useful to reduce the probability of choking the pipeline during shut down period. The experiment were performed by keeping the facts of reduction of viscosity, minimization of settling velocity and to minimize the resistance of the particles in the cake, which were formed during shut down period. The experimental results show that the best suitable chemicals anionic detergent, mixture of commercial detergent and sodium sulphite, anionic detergent + sodium sulphite. These additives are low cost and don't alter the properties of coal. The maximum amount for minimum relative viscosity required are around 0.4-0.5% by weight of coal. Hence, by using these additives for coal-water slurry through pipeline must be cheaper or comparable with the other modes of material transportation.

1. Darby, R. (1986)," Hydrodynamics of Slurries and Suspensions", Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 5, Slurry Flow Technology, Editor – Nicholas P., Cheremisnoff.
2. SAH, B. K.,"THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON THE RHEOLOGY OF COAL-WATER SLURRY AND ITS TRANSPORTATION THROUGH HORIZONTAL PIPELINES", Ph. D. thesis, I. S. M. Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 2002.

Abstract: The synthesis and pharmacological activities of substituted -2-Methyl-7-substituted- sulphonomides-4-quinolones (2a-m), substituted -2-Methyl-7-substituted- azo -4-quinolones (3a- m), substituted -2-Methyl-7-substituted-Schiff bases -4-quinolones (4a-m), substituted -2-Methyl-7-substituted- N-phenylthiourea -4-quinolones (5a-m) respectively from substituted 2-Methyl-7-amino-4-quinolones (1a-m) is reported in this paper. The structures of synthesized products have been characterized on the basis of FT-IR, 1HNMR, FAB-MS and elemental analysis. The title compounds are found to have antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Keywords: Quinolones, Schiff bases, sulphonomides, Ethyl aceto acetate, Anilines, etc.

1. Chu D.T.W. and Fernandes P.B., Recent developments of the field of quinolone antibacterial agents, In Advances in Drug Research. Test, 21, 42–144 (1991)

2. Crumplin G.C. and Smith J.T., Nalidix Acid: An antibacterial paradox, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 8(3),251-261 (1975) 3. Boteva A.A. and Krasnykh O.P., The methods of synthesis, modification and biological activity of 4-quinolones, Chem. Heterocycl. Compds., 45(7), 757-785 (2009)

4. Akinvemi C.A., Obaleye J.A., Amolegbe S.A., Adediji J.F. and Bamigboye M.O., Biological activities of some fluoroqinolones-metal complexes, Int J. Med. Biomed. Res., 1(1), 24-34 (2012)

5. Turel I., The interactions of metal ions with quinolones antibacterial agents, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 232, 27-47 (2002)

6. Chu D.T.W. and Fernandes P.B. in: B. Testa (Ed.),Advances in Drug Research, vol. 21, London, Academic Press, pp. 39-144 (1991)

Abstract: The photolytic decoloration of aqueous solution of Methylene Blue dye with UV rays in presence of H2O2 has been investigated in this paper. The rate of decoloration; followed as a function of decrease in absorbance, was monitored spectrophotometrically at the  max of 664 nm. The influence of factors such as exposure time, dye concentration and dose of H2O2 was studied. Results revealed that decoloration of Methylene Blue dye could not be achieved effectively when either of UV rays and H2O2 was used.The effective decoloration could be achieved only in the presence of both i.e. UV rays and H2O2.The dose of H2O2 has significant effect on the rate of degradation. The effective decoloration was achieved at comparatively low dose of H2O2. As the dose of H2O2 increased beyond a certain limit, it was found to have negative effect on efficiency of decoloration. It was observed that, dye concentration has no remarkable effect on rate of decoloration. The rate of decoloration was quite high initially, but as the time of exposure was increased, the rate of decoloration was found to be slow and steady.

Keywords: Advanced oxidation process, decoloration , H2O2, photolytic.

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Abstract: The world has been confronted with an energy crisis due to depletion fossil resources and increased environmental problems. Such situation has led to the increase of research for an alternative energy such as biofuels from sustainably biomass resources. Among various possible options, fuels derived from triglycerides present promising "greener" substitutes for Biofuels. Among biofuels, biodiesel exhibits fuel properties which compatible to those of petroleum-based diesel, and which can be used commercially. The present paper investigates, seed oils such as Awala (Phyllanthus emblica) and Hirda (Terminalia Chebula) found in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra as a potential source for green chemicals such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel because it is environmentally friendly and can be synthesized from edible and non-edible oils..Biodiesel has been prepared using a three-step method comprises with saponification of oil, acidification of the soap and esterification of FFA. The final step is esterification that produces fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The biodiesel prepared from Awala and Hirda Seed oils have the properties comparable to the commercial diesel.

Keywords: Biofuel, Triglyceride, Saponification, , Esterification, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).

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