Volume-2 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: The inhibition efficiency of the formulation consisting of Triisopropanol amine (TIPA) and Zn2+ in controlling the corrosion of mild steel in aqueous solution containing 60 ppm Cl- has been evaluated by the weight loss method. The formulation consisting of 100 ppm TIPA, and 50 pm Zn2+ has 62.5% inhibition efficiency TIPA alone has 46% efficiency. The nature of the protective film has been analyzed by polarization study, AC impedance spectra. A suitable mechanism of corrosion inhibition is proposed based on the results obtained from the weight loss method, polarized study, AC impedance spectra and FTIR spectra.
Keywords: Synergism, TIPA, Polarization study, AC impedance and FTIR spectra.

[1]. F.Bentiss,M.Traisnel, L.Gengembre and M.Lagrene'e, A New Triazole Derivative as Inhibitor of the acid corrosion of mild steel; Electrochemical studies, Weight loss determination, SEM AND XPS, Applied surface science, 152(3-4),1999, 237-249.
[2]. F.Bentiss, M.Lagrene'e, M. Traisnel and J.Gorenez, The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel In acidic Media By A New Triazole Derivative, Corrosion Science, 41(4), 1999, 789-803
[3]. S.Ramesh and S.Rajeswari, Corrosion Inhibition of mild steel in neutral aqueous solution by new Triazole derivatives, Electrochimica Acta, 2004, 49(5), 811-820
[4]. T.ouhami, A.Aounti, Y.Abed, B.Hammouti, S.Kertit, A.Ramdani and K.Elkacemi, Corrosion inhibition of Armco Iron in 1M HCl media by new Bipyrazolic derivatives, Corrosion Science, 42(6),2000, 929-940.
[5]. A.S.Algaber, E.M.El-Nemna and M.M.Saleh, Effect of Octylphenol polyethylene oxide on the corrosion inhibition of steel in 0.5M H2SO4, Material chemistry and physics, 86(1), 2004, 26-32.
[6]. V.Branzoi, F.Branzol and M.Baibarae, The inhibition of the corrosion of Armco iron in HCl solutions in the presence of surfactants of the type of N-Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium salts, Materials chemistry and physics, 65(3), 2000, 288-297
[7]. M.A.Quraishi, R.Sardar and D.Jamel, Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by some Aromatic hydrazides, Materials chemistry and physics, 71(3),2001, 309-313.
[8]. E.E.Oguzie, C.Unaegbu, C.B.N.Okolue and A.I.Onuchukwa, Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in sulphuric acid using Indigo Dye and Synergistic Halide Additives, Materials chemistry and physics, 84(2-3),2004, 363-368.
[9]. E.E.Oguzie, G.N.Onuoha and A.I.Onuchukwu, Inhibitory mechanism of mild steel corrosion in 2M sulphuric acid solution by Methylene blue Dye, Materials chemistry and physics, 89(2-3), 2005, 305-311.
[10]. L.Larabi, Y.Harek, M.Traisnel and A.Mansri, Synergistic influence of poly(4-Vinylpyridine) and potassium Iodide on inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 34(8),2004,833-889.

Abstract :Waste oil industry has a great potential use, as 77% oil yield are an untapped waste that still has a high economic value as a base for the oleochemical industry, one of which is β-carotene. The study was conducted to optimize the extraction of carotenoids from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent waste (POME) conducted by column chromatography and extraction method with a single enzyme : -amylase,  -amylase, or cellulase and its mixed. In addition, the saponification reaction performed on CPO to separate unsaponifiable fraction by the addition of enzyme pretreatment. The results showed that the extraction of carotenoids with the help of enzymes better than separation prossses using the column chromatography. - Amylase,  -amylase, and cellulase may help release carotenoids from the matrix of fibers and other carbohydrates in the CPO and POME waste. Optimum conditions -amylase obtained at 70C and pH 6.0,  - amylase at 60 C and pH 4.0, cellulase at 40 C and pH 7.0. While the use of a mixture of cellulose : -amylase :  -amylase with a ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 at pH 5.5 and temperature 60 oC that yielded optimal  -carotene. Extractions with enzymatic methods of waste palm oil were able to isolate  -carotene of 0.19 % equivalent to
1160 ppm.
Keyword:  -caroten, CPO and POME, column chromatography,and enzymatic extraction.

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[6]. Ping, Bonnie Tay Yen. (2006). Palm Carotenoids Profile as A Quailty Control Tool for Palm Carotene Producers ;
Introducing An Improvised Method by HPLC-Photodiode Array and A C30 Column. 18th of December
[7]. Wei, P.C. and May, C.Y. (2005). Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Palm Carotenoids. Kuala Lumpur : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya
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Experiment Station
[10]. Styani, Erna. (2006). Total Carotenoids Extraction of Fruit Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Using pectinase-cellulase enzyme. Theses, Chemistry Graduate Study, Faculty Mathematics and Science, University of Indonesia. Depok, Indonesia.

Abstract: Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae), commonly known as Punarnava, has been used to cure various ailments since vedic, unani and ayurvedic periods. Keeping in view the medicinal importance of the punarnava extracts among various ethnic groups of the Himalayas, the reducing potential of aqueous methanolic extract derived from the aerial parts of the plant was evaluated. The n-butanol soluble fraction from water-ethanolic extract, which was found to be a potent anti-oxidative and highly enriched with quercetin glycosides, was fractionated on whatmann N3 PC using BAW (butanol-acetic acid-water in the ratio 4:1:5, v/v, upper layer) as a developing solvent. Antioxidant activity- guided fractionation of chromatographically isolated flavonol positive fraction led to the isolation and characterization of Eupatilin-7-O-α-rhamnosyl(1→2)α- rhamnosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside a non-catechol group flavone and two flavonol glycosides viz. Quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside and Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl(1→6)-β-galactopyranoside from active catechol-group flavonoid fractions. The antioxidant activity of the isolates were determined against DPPH free radicals and their structures were elucidated by chromatographic, spectral (1H NMR, 13C NMR, LC-MS) and hydrolytic methods (acid, H2O2 and enzymatic).
Keywords - Boerhaavia diffusa linn. , eupatilin, antioxidant activity, flavonol glycoside, flavones

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Abstract: Biodiesel production from Mango (mangifera indica) seed oil using acid and base catalysed transesterification method has not been documented, however, the physicochemical properties of the oil has been extensively studied. In order to establish optimum condition for the production of biodiesel from the seedoil, parameters such as catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, agitation speed and oil to methanol ratio were varied. However, direct base catalyzed transesterification produced no biodiesel due to the high Free Fatty Acid ( FFA) value of the oil. Hence, acid pretreatment was preferred prior to base transesterification which afforded a significant reduction of the FFA value from 3.3% to 0.9% and a biodiesel yield of 88%.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Extraction, Mangifera Indica,, Pretreatment, Transesterification

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Abstract: The physico- chemical properties of 50 years and 100 years old cocoa farms soils from Eri-Pose, Nigeria were analyzed for theirPH, EA, ECEC,PBS, OM, ON, total nitrogen, phosphorus, OC,OP, particle sizes and mineral analyzes.The PH values of both farms ranged from (5.49 ±0.01 to 5.63 ±0.04).The EA were also between(0.68cmol/kg ±0.07 to0.74cmol/kg±0.08). The ECEC of the farms were between (8.40cmol/kg±0.15 to 12.50 cmol/kg ±0.69).The PBS ranged from (90.74%±2.80 to 93.84% ±1.33). The TEB of the cocoa farms were between (7.66cmol/kg ±0.16 to 11.82cmol/kg ±0.71). The organic matter of both farms ranged from (17.02g/kg ±0.89) to (20.42g/kg ±1.39). The organic Phosphorus ranged from (75.27g/kg±3.75) to (81.27g/kg ±2.44). The organic carbon ranged from (9.88g/kg±0.49) to (11.82g/kg±0.81). Theorganic Nitrogen also ranged from (0.51g/kg ±0.02) to (0.60g/kg±0.04).The total Nitrogen ranged from(0.23%±0.08) to (0.60%±0.13).The clay soil ranged from (20.06%±0.14 to 25.19%±0.83), silt ranged from (8.85% ±1.22 to 12.41% ±0.55), sand sizes were between (65.96% ±0.73 to 67.53%±0.48), while the particle densities of the two farms were between (2.12g/cm3 ±0.05 to 2.22g/cm3 ±0.08). The mineralanalyses showed that the mineral contents for 50 yrs old soil ranged from (0.03mg/kg±0.00 to 0.50mg/kg ±0.02), while that of 100yrs old soil ranged from 0.04mg/kg±0.00 to 0.45mg/kg±0.01. The soilsamples showed traces of heavy metals like mn, Ni, Cd.The humic acid content of 50 yrs old soil was 5.86mg/g±0.01, while that of 100yrs old soil was 6.47mg/g±0.01.
Keywords:Eri-pose, PH, ECEC, EA,PBS,OM,ON, TN,Pb,Mn, Cd, humic acid.

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Abstract: The functional properties as well the physicochemical properties of watermelon seed and seed-oil were analyzed. The functional properties of the seed revealed that oil and water absorption capacities for the seed were 123.5 ± 0.5 % and 116.3 ± 0.1%. The foaming capacity and stability (after 2 hr) in % were found to be 23.5± 0.1% and 62.5± 0.2% respectively while emulsion stability gave 0.325± 0.001%. Physicochemical properties of the oil extract from the seed using soxhlet extractor revealed the followings; iodine and acid values in mgKOH/g and saponification value in mgKOH/100g were 148.5 ± 0.5, 74.5 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.1 respectively. Peroxide value of the oil was found to be 2.8± 0.1meq/kg while specific gravity determination gave 0.91. The low acid, iodine and peroxide values of the oil coupled with favourable functional properties makes the seed and the oil suitable for human consumption and therefore the result of this research work would provide further information on the domestic and industrial usage of the seed and seed-oil.
Keyword: Watermelon, seed, functional, physicochemical, industrial.

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Abstract :Proximate, elemental and anti-nutrient composition of fermented using Sacchromyces cerevisae and Rhizopus nigricans for 72 hours and unfermented groundnut and popcorn were carried out using standard methods of analysis. The proximate analysis results showed that crude protein, fat and crude fibre increased in fermented samples. Sodium, potassium and phosphorus were also found to increase in the fermented sample while anti-nutrient was found to decrease after fermentation. The result from the research work revealed that fermentation could be a very good method of enhancing nutritional benefit of food materials and could be utilized in food formulation.
Keywords: Proximate, fermentation, groundnut, popcorn, nutritional, anti-nutrient.

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Abstract :A highly visible light responsive N, S non-metals co-doped nano titania are prepared through simple modification of sol-gel method called sol-gel precipitation. Characterisation techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis. DRS, CHNS Elemental analysis, BET surface area, TEM and XPS demonstrated the good dispersion properties of N and S on TiO2. Photocatalytic degradation studies are carried out with aqueous solution of 2,4- dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) in Visible as well as UV light irradiation. Comparison of relative photo catalytic efficiencies demonstrated that N, S co-doped photocatalyst exhibited higher activity in visible than UV light. More than 90% of the herbicide degraded within one-hour irradiation with catalyst amount 3 g/L. In addition, the high visible light activity of the catalyst is mainly correlated to its method of preparation which is highly depends on effect of mechanical stirring and stirring time.
Keywords:N S co-doped nano TiO2, Sol-gel precipitation, Photocatalysis, Visible light Absorption, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

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Abstract :Synthesis of amino acids from aqueous solution of acetonitrile has been carried out by the action of heat.and revealed the formation of lysine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine ,glutamic acid, alanine, valine and leucine. Amino acid synthesis was accelerated in the presence of copper exchanged montmorillonite clay followed by calcium and magnesium exchanged clays. Synthesis of important biomolecules from aqueous solution of acetonitrile may throw some light on the process of chemical evolution.
Keywords:Absorption, Chromatographic, Montmorillonite, Prebiotic, Sensitisers.

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