Volume-2 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: The thrust of this study was to determine the effects on Government oriented programmes (GOP) such as Better Life, Family Support, the Family Economic Advancement Programmes and so on production agriculture among rural women farmers in Ekiti and Enugu States. The study was a descriptive research design. A total of 320 rural women farmer were purposely sampled as the respondents for data collection. Means, standard deviation and Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) were used to analyse the data for the study. The respondents agreed that GOP programmes have marked effects on the farmers' level of production (10 items out of 12) and that the programmes played significant roles in their life (13 out of 16 items). There was a strong relationship in the mean rating of adult and young women farmers on the effects of GOP on agricultural productivity among the respondents. It was recommended among others that government oriented programmes should be evaluated at local, state and national levels periodically, while the programmes should also be streamlined to have stable policy.

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Paper Type	:	Resaerch Paper
Title	:	Identification of Antioxidant compounds in red raspberry (Rubus Idaeus) Fruit in Kurdistan region (north Iraq)
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Dalia A. Abdul, Srwa N. Majeed
	:	10.9790/5736-0230610

Abstract :The six different antioxidant compounds in red raspberry(Rubus ideaus) Fruit which grows in sulaimani city- Kurdistan region –north Iraq (season 2011) were detected by using HPLC technique including neoxanthin ,lutein, anthocynin ,ellagitanins,B-carotene and violaxanthin the amount of them were 21.6060mg/ml,110.8226mg/ml,291.7407mg/ml,205.2504mg/ml,261.6247mg/ml and 129.3089mg/ml respectively
Keyword: Antioxidant, red raspberry, HPLC analysis, lutein, anthocyanin, B-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, ellagitanins

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Abstract:This study suggests that Effective photocatalyst ZnPc/TiO2 based in the association between a semiconductor titanium dioxide TiO2 and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) can be applied successfully for the photocatalytic degradation of 4–Nitrophenol that has been classified as first-degree toxic pollutants. ZnPc/TiO2 composite was prepared. Complete degradation was achieved after irradiation with solar light. Zinc phthalocyanine and ZnPc/TiO2 photocatalyst were synthesized. The effect of various parameters, such as photocatalyst loading, 4–Nitrophenol concentration, type of catalyst, pH of aqueous solution, type current gas and addition of H2O2 on photocatalytic oxidation were investigated. The degree of mineralization was tested by Total Organic Carbon experiment indicating that 4–Nitrophenol was completely mineralized. This composite ZnPc/TiO2 is able to perform efficiently degradation of 4-nitrophenol using solar irradiation.
Keywords -4–Nitrophenol, Photocatalytic degradation, Solar light, Titanium dioxide, Zinc phthalocyanine.

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Abstract:TThe distribution equilibrium of Zn (II) between synergistic mixture of N-n-octylaniline and trioctylamine in xylene and aqueous acidic thiocyanate media has been investigated as the function of concentration of extractant in organic phase and concentration of hydrogen ion and Zn (II) ions in aqueous phase. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was determined on the basis of slope analysis. Zn (II) is extracted by the anion exchange mechanism as [(RR'NH2)2 +Zn(SCN)4 2-]org or [(R3NH)2 +Zn(SCN)4 2-]org. The extraction process is favored due to synergism. It was found that a large number of cations and anions have a high tolerance limit. The selectivity of the extraction is increased by the use of suitable masking agents. The method is extended for the extraction of Zn (II) from synthetic mixture and pharmaceutical sample.
Keywords -N-n-octylaniline, Trioctylamine (TOA), Synergistic

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Abstract:Concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in aqueous effluents of a mega cement factory in Obajana, Kogi state of Nigeria have been studied. Onyi river in which these effluents are discharged was studied for these metals to ascertain its water quality status. Sediment samples were collected at various points along the river channel and they were subjected to chemical speciation following the Tessier sequential extraction procedure. The effluents concentrations range between 0.0506 mg/L and 4.2455 mg/L and concentrations of all the metals were found to be below the FEPA permissible limit for effluents discharged into the river. The concentrations of these metals in water were however, found to be higher than those of WHO standard for drinking water in certain location due to other anthropogenic activities. Concentration range for Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn were between 0.075 and 0.98 mg/L, 0.02 and 4.24 mg/L, 0.05 and 0.31 mg/L and 0.03 and 0.11mg/L respectively. These metals were found to associate majorly with the non residual fractions.
Keywords -Effluent, chemical speciation, heavy metals, Obajana-Nigeria, Onyi river, sediment,

[1] E.E. Obasohan, J.A.O. Oronsaye, and O.I. Eguavoan, Determination of post-dredging concentrations of selected trace metals in
water sediment and fresh water mudfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Ikpoba river in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. African journal
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Abstract:Clarias gariepinus and Cyrinus carpio was analysed to determine the levels of heavy metals using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer and phthalate esters using reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Digestion and extraction of the analytes were conducted using standard procedures. The result indicated that the levels of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) were not detected in all samples, nickel (Ni) was detected in two locations; an agricultural research farm and an industrial estate. While zinc (Zn) was detected in all samples ranging from 0.68 and 1.03μg/g in Clarias gariepinus and 0.92μg/g in Cyrinus carpio. The percentage recoveries were between 52.2 and 91.13%. DBP was below detectable level in all samples. DMP, DPP and DEP were identified with highest concentrations in three locations while DMP was detected in only Clarias gariepinus and not in Cyrinus carpio. DEP was found only in one location with the lowest concentration in Clarias gariepinus. Fish samples from the river are contaminated with phthalate esters. Long time consumption can lead to numerous health issues.

[1] Adeniyi, A.A., Okeddeyi, O.O. and Yusuf, K.A. (2008). Assessment of the exposure of two fish metals pollution in the Ogun
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Abstract:Comparative adsorption of dyes (bromophenol blue and methyl orange solution) was performed using activated carbon prepared from maize stem and sugarcane stem as low cost agricultural waste adsorbents. The two adsorbents were chemically activated using orthophosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and zinc chloride. The ash content, percentage fixed carbon and effect of particle sizes were determined. The adsorption capacity of each sample was determined by decolourization of bromophenol blue solution. Three particle sizes (0.5 – 0.3μm, 0.3 – 0.125μm, and 0.125 – 0.112μm) were studied out of which 0.125 – 0.112μm has the highest quantity of solute adsorbed and this particle size was chosen for the adsorption studies. Of the six activated carbon samples prepared, activated carbon produced from maize stem using orthophosphoric acid, PMA, and activated carbon produced from sugar cane stem using orthophosphoric acid, PSA, have the highest quantity of solute adsorbed, 2.67mg/l and 2.66mg/l respectively and these compete comparatively with the commercial activated carbon (CAC) with 2.76mg/l. Their adsorption capacity is due to the highest percentage fixed carbon they both possess from the list of activated carbon prepared. The percentage fixed carbon of PMA and PSA were 84.88% and 84.80% respectively. The ability of these activated carbon samples to decolourise dye as compared with commercial activated carbon, CAC, and their low cost make them recommendable for treatment of dye from industrial effluent
Keywords -Activated carbon, adsorption, chemical activation, dye.

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Abstract:The reaction of 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehydes with substituted acetophenones in ethylene glycol and piperidine as a base gives the indole chalcones[4a-4f].Which on subsequent treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of base resulted in the cyclization of α, β-unsaturated ketone into the title compound [5a-5f] in 60-70% yield after column purification. The purity of the compounds was checked by TLC in ethylacetate: hexane (3:7). The structures of the all the compounds were established by 1H - NMR, IR, LCMS and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds [5a-5f] were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords -Anti-inflamatory activity, Indole derivatives, Isoxazole.

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