Volume-3 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: In this paper we study on the report on heavy metal ions pollution and strategies to reduce metal ion exposure to human and environment by using non-thermal plasma technology. We find that plasma pollution control technology is more significant than others technology because of its advantages such as smaller space volume, lower cost, higher treatment and energy efficiencies. It is found that this technology is also effective to reduce water pollution.

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Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of new complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with bidentate (N-p-amino diphenyl amine) amino (2-hydroxy phenyl) acetonitrile ligand has been described .The ligand was prepared from 2-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 4-aminodiphenyl amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectra, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and Copper in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2].
Keywords : α-aminonitrile, Cobalt, Copper,Complexes,Iron and Nickel.

[1] A.Strecker, Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen dem glycocoll homologen , Ann.Chem. Pharm., 75,1850,27-45.
[2] K Harada, Asymmetric Synthesis of α–Amino Acids by the Strecker Synthesis, Nature, 200,1963,1201.
[3] D.A.Evans , A.E.Weber, Asymmetric Glycine Enolate Aldol Reactions: Synthesis of Cyclosporine's Unusual Amino Acid MeBmt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108,1986,6757.
[4] H,Groger, Catalytic enantioselective Strecker reactions and analogous syntheses, Chem.Rev., 103,2003,2795-2827.
[5] H.B.Mosharef, R.Mizanur , H. Kamrul and A.Mohammad, Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new thienopyrimidine derivatives, Acta Pharm., 56 ,2006, 441–450.
[6] S.S.R.Nitinkumar, and A.M.Imtiyaz, Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel thienopyrimidines and triazolothienopyrimidines,J. Chem. Sci., 121(3),2009,301–30
[7] H.B.Mosharef, M.M.Rahman and I.Imjamul, Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Arylidenehydrazonofuropyrimidines and Thienopyrimidines, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 52 (4),2009,180-185.
[8] B.Kozik, Z.J. Burgiel, J.J. Sepiol, J.Wilamowski, M.K.Luczynski, M.Gora, Synthesis and fungistatic activity of aryl-substituted naphthalene- and indene-2-carbonitriles, Enviromental biotechnology, 2 (1),2006,20-25.
[9] Z.Guo and P.J.Sadler, 1999, metals in medicine, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38,1999,1512-1531.
[10] S.Rafique, M.Idrees, A.Nasim, H.Akbar and A.Athar, Transition metal complexes as potential therapeutic agents, Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 5 (2),2010,38-45.

Abstract: Moringa oleifera possesses high nutritional value and has been used in folklore medicine to treat various ailments related to pain and inflammation, chemical pharmacological and pharmacognostical application. The extract was gotten by adding 500ml of hexane to 120g of the grounded moringa oleifera seed , follow by ethyl acetate and methanol to the recovery sample of Moringa seed in order of their increase polarity. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the seed was carried on the extracts, which reveals that alkaloids, Glycoside, flavonoids and Saponin were present in both the hexane and methanolic extract of moringa oleifera seed. Majority of the extracts contained the secondary metabolite such as alkaloid, glycoside, flavonoid,tannins, saponin, steroid and reducing sugar which make the seed of Moringa oleifera to posses the biological properties.
Keywords :Phytochemical, Terrestrial plants, ailment, extract.

[1] Adebayo, A.G, H.A. Akintoye, A.O, Olufolaji, O.O. Aina, M.T. Olatunji and A.O. Shokalu, 2011. Assessment of organic
amendment on vegetative development and nutrient uptake of moringa oleifera can in the nursery. Asian J. plant sci.10:74-79
[2] Anwar, T, S. LATIF, M. Ashrat and A.ti. Gilani, 2007. Moringa Oleifera: A food plant with multiple medical uses Phytother Res,
21:17-25
[3] Bernett, R.N---, F.A. million,. N. Foidl, J.H. Pratt, M.S. Dupont, L.Perkibins And P.A Knoon, 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and
phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multipurpose trees .moringa oleifera L. Horseradish tree) and moringa
stenopetala L.J. Agric food chem., 51:3546-3553
[4] Fahey, J.W--, 2005. Moringa Oleifera.A rellgew of the medical evidence for its nutritional, theraperatic and properties, part 1 trees
life J. vol 1, 4:270-275
[5] Kumar, A.K,M. chaoimaiah R.R. Kumar and kin Baby 2009, preliminary studies on biotransformation of drumstick (moringa
oleifera ) and watermelon(citrullus lanatus) seed soils using Baker's yeast, Asian j.Biol.sci 2: 118-123
[6] Muhmood, K.T.T, Mugal and I.U Haq, 2010. moringa oleifera : natural gift- a review. J.Phaur sci--. Res 2:775-781
[7] Paliwal,.R--, v Sharma, Precheta and S.Sharma 2011 Elucidation of tree radical scaverging and antioxidant activity of aqueous and
hydroethanolic extracts of moringa oleifera pods Res.J. Pharm. Tech---4:566-571
[8] Sachan, A— A.K Meena, R..Kaur, B.pal and B. singh, 2010. moringa oleifera: A review. Pharm. Res 3:840-842
[9] Sesta, G., 2006. Determination of sugars in royal jelly by HPLC. Apidologie 37:84-90

Abstract: The pyrolysis of mixed grass (Cogongrass and Manilagrass), conducted criteria with temperatures in the range of 400-500°C, the feeding rate of 150, 350, and 550 rpm (r·min −1 )]. Preliminary result of proximate analysis was founded that the high volatile matter, low ash and moisture. The products yield calculation showed that the liquid yield of bio-oil obtained from mixed grass was highest of 42.37 % at 350 rpm, the gases and the solid yield of mixed grass by during pyrolysis were 28.88 and 28.75 %, at 350 rpm, respectively,. Indicated that biomass from mixed grass had good received yields because of low solid yield and gas yield and high liquid yield at 350 rpm. The compounds detected in bio-oil from mixed grass showed that the functional groups, especially; Phenols (24.78 %), Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl-(2.52%), Phenol, 2,6- dimethoxy (14.48 %) ,Phenol, 2-methoxy-(3.18 %), Phenol, 3-methyl-(3.23 %), Phenol, 2-methyl-(4.97 %), Phenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-(3.95 %), alcohols, and ketones.
Keywords : Continuous Pyrolysis, Product Yields, Chemical Compound, Cogongrass, Manilagrass.

[1] M. Patel, M. Neelis, D. Gielen, J. Olivier, T. Simmons, and J., Theunis, "Carbon dioxide emissions from non-energy use of fossil
fuels: Summary of key issues and conclusions from the country analyses," Resources, Conservation and Recycling , 45 (3) (2005)
195-209.
[2] M. Garcia-Perez, J. Shen, X. S., Wang, and C-Z Li, "Production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends," Fuel
Processing Technology, 91 (3) (2010) 296-305.
[3] G. Duman, C. Okutucu, S. Ucar, R. Stahl, and J., anik, "The slow and fast pyrolysis of cherry seed," Bioresource Technology, Vol
102, Issue 2, pp.1869-1878, January 2011.
[4] D. Wu, S. Zhang, J. Xu and T., Zhu, "The CO2 Reduction Effects and Climate Benefit of Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics Green
Practice," Energy Procedia, Volume 5, pp. 280-296, April 2011.
[5] Q. Lu, W-Z. Li, and X-F., Zhu, "Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils," Energy Conversion and
Management, 50, pp.1376–1383, May 2009.
[6] H. Li, Q. Xu, H. Xue, and Y., Yan. 2009, "Catalytic reforming of the aqueous phase derived from fast -pyrolysis of biomass,"
Renewable Energy, pp.1-6, April 2009.
[7] H.S. Heo, H.J. Park, J-H. Yim, J.M. Sohn, J.H. Park, S-S. Kim, C.K. Ryu, J-K. Jeon, and Y-K., Park. "Influence of operation
variables on fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens," Bioresource Technology, Vol 101, Issue 10, 2010, pp.3672-
3677.
[8] K. Promdee, T. Vitidsant, and S. Vanpetch. "Comparative study of some physical and chemical properties of bio-oil from Manila
grass and Water hyacinth transformed by pyrolysis process", International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications,
Vol.3, No.1, pp.72-75. February 2012.
[9] U. Jena, and K. C. Das. "Comparative evaluation of thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis for bio-oil production from
microalgae. Energy fuels", 25 (2011), p. 5472-5482.
[10] S. Sevgi, and D., Angin, "Pyrolysis of safflower (Charthamus tintorius L.) seed press cake: Part 1. The effect of pyrolysis
parameters on the product yields," Bioresource Technology, 99, pp.5492-5497. September 2008.

Abstract: The complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) with 1E-1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-Nhydroxy- ethanimine (Hbhe) and 1E-1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-hydroxy-1-phenylmethanimine (Hbhpm) of compositions [M(HL)2Cl2], (M=CoII, or NiII and HL=Hbhe or Hbhpm), [M(HL)X2], (M=CuII, ZnII or CdII, HL=Hbhe or Hbhpm and X=Cl or Br ) and ML2.nH2O, (M=CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII or CdII, HL=Hbhe or Hbhpm and n= 0 or 2 ) have been prepared and characterised by electrical conductance value, magnetic susceptibility and spectral studies. The anti- fungal activity of ligands and neutral bis-chelates ML2.nH2O was investigated by growth inhibition method. The complexes exhibited enhanced activity than free ligands.
Keywords : Anti-fungal activity, Benzimidazolyloxime, Chacterisation, Metal complexes, Synthesis.

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of pension in the country by analyzing the various pension reforms introduced by Gowon, Abacha and Babangida for the purpose of finding out to what extent these reforms have proved effective in tackling those problems that account for the delay in the payment of pension which has remained the bane of pension management in Nigeria. This formed the basis for critical evaluation of the new contributory pension scheme introduced during Obasanjo regime with a view to determining its ability to arrest the problem of irregular payment of pension. It is believed that the appraisal of the new reform will improve strategies needed to achieve more positive result in carrying out this study. The history of the Nigerian Pensions administration dates back to the 1950s.The Pension Reforms Act of 2004 brought into limelight the new pension scheme in Nigeria which is a defined contributory scheme unlike the old scheme which was largely defined benefits. Although the new scheme is being adjudged to be better than the old scheme in that, it is expected to correct the deficiencies and inadequacies prevalent in the old scheme, it advocated that only proper coordination, supervision and regulation of the pension Industry in Nigeria will make it to happen.
Keywords : Pension, pension scheme, retirement benefits, pension fund and administrators.

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Abstract: Trees play important roles in maintaining a virile and sustainable environment. Trees provide the means of paying "carbon debt", this is done as it absorbed carbon IV oxide (CO2) and gives out oxygen. When most of these trees are destroyed and used as fuel wood, planks for building etc we have more carbon IV oxide circulating in the air causing more havoc (Adebayo and Owolabi, 2004). Too much carbon IV oxide in the atmosphere causes more heat to be trapped within the atmosphere which contributes immensely to global warming and climate change (Adebayo, 1991, 1997, 1999; 2010; Ayoade, 2003).

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Abstract: Ultrasonic velocity measurements are reported for aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol with different stearates such as zinc stearate and calcium stearate with plasticizer ethylene glycol at 303 K. The data obtained as a function of concentration indicate the magnitude of the contributions due to the relaxation of the backbone and of the side – chain acetyl group. A variety of the different theoretical models has been proposed to attempt to explain the way in which the factors such as frequency, intensity, solvent, temperature, nature of dissolved gas, external pressure and the molecular mass distribution influence the rate of degradation, and final molecular mass of the degraded species.
Keywords : Polyvinyl alcohol, Glycol, Stearate, Stabilizer, Plasticizer

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Abstract: A new class of dicarboxylic bola-shaped compounds 1–2, possessing phthalyl head groups and diol spacers are synthesized and characterized. Keeping phthalyl head group common for all two diester-dicarboxylic acids, the spacer moiety is systematically altered by three and eight carbon atoms in 1 and 2, respectively. The flexible spacer moiety propane-1, 2-diol in compound 1 is replaced by1, 4- cyclohexane dimethanol in 2, respectively. The compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, and various spectroscopic techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy, ESI-Mass Spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The FE-SEM structure obtained for compounds 1 and 2 indicates the formation of self-assembled single stranded helical architecture structure mediated through O–H.

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