Volume-3 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: The study was designed to test students attitude towards the three categories of questions in WAEC practical chemistry examination. A survey research design was adopted were a questionnaire was administered to the target population. ANOVA one-way analysis of variance was used to analyse the data collected. It was found that; there is a significant difference in the student's attitude towards the three categories of questions in WAEC practical chemistry examination. Sheffes' test was administered to determine where the differences in attitude lie. It was found that; students have positive attitude towards theory of practicals followed by qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis was the least. Recommendations were made amongst which include: Students should be motivated and encourage in the area of quantitative and qualitative analysis.

[1] Adeyini E.O. and Landu, I.T. (1997) Women in National Development: The place of Science,
[2] Technology and Mathematics Educ. I G. A Badmus and L.A Echo (ed) Science and Mathematics and Technology education in
Nigeria Academy of Education. 128-139 Lagos.
[3] Fatokan, K.V.F. (2006). Application of Computer aided instruction to the Teaching of 'mole' Concept in chemistry in senior
Secondary school Syllabus, Journal of Chemistry Education, 79(2); 248 – 257.
[4] Federal Government of Nigeria (2007) (Revised) National Policy on Education
[5] Fraenkel J.R. & Wallen N.E (2000). How to design an evaluate research in education. Mc Graw Hill, New York
[6] Halonen, J.S. and Santrock, J.W. (1996). Psychology context of behaviour. McGraw-Hill companies. P 222
[7] Jaynes, W.H. (2005). A meta of the relationship of parental involvement to elementary school student achievement, Urban
Education, 40 (3); 237 – 269.
[8] Jegede S.A. (2010) Nigerian Students Perceptions of Technical words in Senior Secondary School Curriculum. Pakistan Journal of
Social Science Sciences 7(2), 109-111
[9] Muhammad, B.A. (2009). Accessing the process skill in practical chemistry of SSCE
[10] Students. A conference paper presented at the school of science National conference held at Federal College of Education, Zaria.

Abstract: A simple, quick and convenient method has been developed for the micro estimation of Scontaining amino acids. The sample 1-5 mg is allowed to react with 2 ml of 0.3N ammonium metavanadate (v) reagent and 10 ml of 10N H2SO4 was added, before the reaction helps in detecting the end point. The unconsumed reagent can be accurately titrate with 0.025 N ferrous ammonium sulphate solution using N-phenyl anthranilic acid as indicator. Standard deviation as well as coefficient of variation was calculated for reproducible and accurate result. The accuracy of the method in within + 1%.
Keywords : Determination, Oxidation, S-containing amino acid, Vanadium (v)

[1] F.G. Hopkins, Amino acid and human behaviour, J. Biol. Chem. 84, 1929. 269
[2] G. J. Mulder, Determination of ascorbic acid, Anal. Chem. 28, 1838, 73.
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[6] I. C. Shukla, R. P. S. Chauhan and Ravi Prakash., A New Titrimetric method for the determination of some thioureas and thioamino
acids Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Ind. 51(A), 1981, 149.
[7] C. P. Ivanov, B. A. Alexien and M. Krustava, The titration of amino acids Amperometrically Anal Chem. 30, 1964, 549.
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32, 1965, 465.
[9] R. P. S. Chauhan, V. K. Dubey, U. B. Singh and R. Mishra, Analytical studies on the oxidation of cysteine, cystine and methionine
using potassium dipertelluratocuparate (III) as oxidant at milligram scale Oxidation. Comm. 16, 1993, 240.
[10] Jamaluddin, S. Ahmad and I. C. Shukla, Micro determination of hydrazine and its derivatives with V(v) reagent. Analyst, 109, 1984, 1102.

Abstract: The present research study has been conducted in the vicinity of industrial city, Kota in Rajasthan where six agriculture fields ,two each of paddy, soyabean and wheat crops were selected for analysis work.. Chemical fertilizers applied in these fields were mainly urea, diammonium phosphate, zinc sulphate and potassium chloride. Soil samples have been collected from every field at various depths prior to and after the crop as well as during the crop growth pH, E.Ce. and water soluble Nitrate (NO3 -), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4 2-) and Phosphate (PO4 3-) were estimated in all collected samples. An effort has been made to find the change in soil characteristic of the field before and after the crop.
Keywords: Agriculture fields, Chemical fertilizer, Nitrate, Nitrite, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate

[1] Follet R.F., D.R. Keeney and R.M. Cruse, . Managing nitrogen for ground water quality and farm profitability. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am.
63, 1991.
[2] Singh V., Y.Singh, B.Singh and O.P. Neelu,. Distribution and Leaching losses of applied urea-N in sandy, loam and clay loam soils
under wet land and upland moisture regimes. J. Ind. Soc. Sci. 54(2),2006, 185-192.
[3] Ramos C, A. Agut and A.L Lindon.,. Nitrate Leaching in Important Crops of the Valecian Community Region. Environ. Poll.
Oxford, United Kingdom 118 (2),2002, 215-223.
[4] Carefoot, J.P. and J.K. Whalen,. Phosphorus concentrations in subsurface water as influenced by cropping systems and fertili zer
sources. Can. J. Soil Sci. 83, 2003. 203 – 212.
[5] Jonge, de W.L. P., G. Rubaek., K. Hschede , and J. Djurhuus.,. Particle Leaching and Particle –Facilitated Transport of Phosphorous
at Field Scale. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J. 3,2004,462-470.
[6] Willfried, W., T. Manfred, T. and P. Uwe.,. Prediction of the P. Leaching Potential of Arable Soils in Areas with high Livestock
Densities.2006 ISSN 1673-1581.
[7] Oster, J.D., ,L.S. Willardson and G.J Hoffman,. Transactions of American Society of Agriculture Engineers. 15,1972,115.
[8] Verma, S.K. and R.K. Gupta., 1989. Leaching behaviour of saline clay soil under two modes of water application. J. Ind. Soc. Soil.
Sci. 37,1989, 803 – 808.
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[10] Singh,B., R.M Upadhyay, and O.P Shrivastava.,. Rate of leaching and downwards movement of Urea –N and NH4
+-N in fine and coarse textured soils. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 48 (2),2000, 371-372.

Abstract: This paper deals with the groundwater resource assessment of Murthal block in Sonipat District. The hydrogeological and geophysical techniques are used to excavate information about ground water in the area. It is completely based on primary research conducted on the area.
Keywords: Geophysical Investigation, Hydrogeological techniques, Groundwater Assessment

[1] Abrahim Philip (1998) Watershed Management – Objectives and Strategies (Proceedings of Int. Conf. Watershed Management),
CBIP, New Delhi (91-98).
[2] Ala Eldin M.E.H., Sami Ahmad M., Gurunadha Rao, Dhar R.L. (1998) Groundwater Modelling In Parts of Central Ganga Basin,
Uttar Pradesh, India. Technical Report. No. AMU/NGRI-1, Collaborative Project between Remote Sensing Centre Application for
Evaluation and Geo-Engineering, Aligarh and NGRI.
[3] American Public Health Association, 1975, Standard Methods for the Estimation of Water and Water Waste, 14th Ed., APHA,
Washington, D. C.
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Conference on Constructed Well and Water Pollution Control.
[5] Babu Rao P., Sreenivas Prasad P., Iftekhar Ahmad S. (1998) Watershed Management and Consequential Conservation /
Augmentation to Groundwater Resources (Proceedings of Int. Conf. Watershed management 8 –10 Dec. 1998), CBIP, New Delhi
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Geohydrological conditions, C.E. Univ. of Roorke.

Abstract: The paper describes a method for converting carbon powder obtained as byproduct while decontaminating spent pot liner by acid treatment route, into blast furnace tap hole mass. Producing an useful industrial product from waste helps in paying back the cost incurred during decontamination process of spent pot liner and thus improves the overall economics of the process.
Keywords: Waste utilization, recovered carbon utilization, blast furnace tap hole mass, spent pot liner.

[1] Grjotheim BJ (1980) Aluminum smelter technology. Aluminum Verlag GmbH. Dusseidorf, Germany .
[2] Jenkins DH (1993) Recovering aluminum and fluoride values from spent pot lining. U.S.Patent No. 5352419.
[3] Barnett RJ, Mezner MB (1998) Method of treating spent pot liner material from aluminum reduction cells. U.S. Patent No
2314123.
[4] Barnett RJ, Mezner MB(2001) Recovery of carbon, silica and alumina from spent pot liner. U.S. Patent No 6217836.
[5] Barnett RJ, Mezner MB(2001) Recovering chloride and sulphate compounds from spent pot liner. U.S. Patent No 6231822.
[6] Report (2002), Aluminum smelting reprocessing of spent pot linings. Mat. World 10: 37.
[7] Jenkins DH (1992) Recovering of aluminum and fluoride from spent pot lining. European Patent No WO/1992/012268.
[8] Mazumder B (2000) Aluminum waste cathodes can now be gainfully used as graphite. Min & Met Rev 27: 35-41.
[9] Mazumder B (2002) A process for the preparation of fluffy variety of pyrogenic silica at a relatively lower temperature. Indian
patent No. 006/NF.
[10] Mazumder B (2003) A process for the preparation of carbon refractories from spent cathodes of aluminum smelting plants. India
Patent No 051/DEL.

Abstract: Sugar alcohol esters have a high potential for widespread application in various industries because of their surface active properties. In this work, fatty acid ester of a sugar alcohol was produced through Novozym 435-catalyzed esterification of xylitol and capric acid in nonaqueous media. Taguchi orthogonal array method based on three-level-six-variables (L27) and artificial neural network with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm were applied to evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters and to optimize the reaction conditions. Both developed models have shown good quality predictions in terms of the conversion of xylitol caprate with a high R2 (>0.9) and a low mean square error (MSE). The maximum conversion of ester achieved was 88% requiring a small amount of enzyme and molecular sieve. Furthermore, the properties of the produced ester show that it is a suitable emulsifier for industrial application.
Keywords: Lipase, Xylitol ester, Surfactant, Optimization, Taguchi method, Artificial neural network

[1]. I.S. Yoo, S.J Park, and H.H. Yoon, Enzymatic synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters, Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 13,
2007, 1-6.
[2]. C. Blecker, S. Danthine, M. Pétré, G. Lognay, B. Moreau, E.L. Vander, M. Paquot, and C. Deroanne, Enzymatically prepared nalkyl esters of glucuronic acid: The effect of freeze-drying conditions and hydrophobic chain length on thermal behavior, Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, 321, 2008, 154-158.
[3]. S. Tarahomjoo, and I. Alemzadeh, Surfactant production by an enzymatic method. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 33, 2003, 33- 37.
[4]. M. Basri, R.N.Z.R.A. Rahman, A. Ebrahimpour, A.B. Salleh, E.R. Gunawan, and M.B. Abdul Rahman, Comparison of estimation
capabilities of response surface methodology (RSM) with artificial neural network (ANN) in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of palmbased
wax ester, BMC Biotechnology, 7, 2007, 1-14.
[5]. Y.R. Abdel-Fattah, H.M. Saeed, Y.M. Gohar, and M.A. El-Baz, Improved production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa uricase by
optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs, Process Biochemistry, 40, 2005, 1707-1714.
[6]. J.Y. Houng, H.F. Hsu, Y.H. Liu, and J.Y. Wu, Applying the Taguchi robust design to the optimization of the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate by baker's yeast. Journal of Biotechnology, 100, 2003, 239-250.
[7]. D. Bas, and I.H. Boyaci, Modeling and optimization II: comparison of estimation capabilities of surface response methodology with
artificial neural networks in biochemical reaction, Journal of Food Engineering, 78, 2007, 846-854.
[8]. D. Bas, F.C. Dudak, and I.H. Boyaci, Modeling and optimization III: Reaction rate estimation using artificial neural network (ANN)
without a kinetic model. Journal of Food Engineering, 79, 2007, 622-628.
[9]. R. Gulati, P. Arya, B. Malhotra, A.K. Prasad, R.K. Saxena, J. Kumar, A.C. Watterson, and V.S. Parmar, Novel biocatalytic
esterification reactions on fatty acids: synthesis of sorbitol 1(6)-monostearate. Arkivoc, 3, 2003, 159-170.
[10]. S. Mat Radzi, M. Basri, A.B. Salleh, , A. Ariff, R. Mohammad, M.B. Abdul Rahman, and R.N.Z.R.A. Rahman, High performance
enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate using immobilised lipase from Candida antarctica, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,8, 2005,
299-298.

Abstract: The Quantitative analysis of rare earth elements which are considered as the standard method that has a high accuracy, and detection limits achieved by the order of ppm is inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES). But these tools are expensive and valuable analysis of the high cost of implementation. In this study had made and characterized selective electrode for the determination of rare earth ions is potentiometric method. Membrane manufacturing techniques studied is based on immersion (liquid impregnated membrane) in PTFE 0.45 pore size. As ionophore to be used is tributyl phosphate (TBP). There is no report previously that TBP used as ionophore in polymeric membrane based on lanthanum. Some parameters that affect the performance of membrane electrode such as membrane composition, membrane thickness, and types of membrane materials studied in this research. Manufacturing of Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) Lanthanum (La) by means of impregnation La membrane in TBP in kerosene solution has been done and showed performance for ISE-La. FTIR spectrum results for PTFE 0.5 pore size which impregnated in TBP and PTFE blank showed difference of spectra in the top 1257 cm-1, 1031 cm-1 and 794.7 cm-1 for P=O stretching and stretching POC from group -OP=O. The result showed shift wave number for P =O stretching of the cluster (-OP=O) in PTFE-TBP mixture that is at the peak of 1230 cm-1 indicated that no interaction bond between hydroxyl group of molecules with molecular clusters fosforil of TBP or R3P=O. The membrane had stable responses in pH range between 3 and 8. Good responses were obtained using 10-3 M La(III) internal solution, which produced relatively high potential. ISE-La showed relatively good performances. The electrode had a response time of 29±4.5 second and could be use for 50 days. The linear range was between 10-6 M and 10-1and shown Nernstian slope 19.34 mV/decade activity.

Keywords – Lanthanum, ESI-La, TBP, PTFE, Ionophore

[1] Morais, CA and Cimenelli, V.S.T., Process development for the recovery of High grade lanthanum by solvent. Hydrometallurgy, 73,
2004.237- 244.
[2] Shimojo, K, Naganawa, H, Noro, J and Kubota, F.. Extraction Behaviour and separation of lanthanides with a diglycol amic Acid
Derivative and a Nitrogen-donor Ligand. Analytical Sciences, Vol 23. 2007,1427-1430.
[3] Darviche, et.al. Lanthanide recognition: A Ho3+ Potentiometric membrane sensor. Int.J. Electrochem.Sci Vol. 3.2008:1288-1298
[4] Mittal, S.K., Kumar S.K.,and Sharma,H.K PVC-Based dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 sensor for La(III) ions. Talanta, 62, 2004.801-805.
[5] Ganjali M.R., et al. Ppt levels detection of samarium (III) with a coated graphite sensor based on an antibiotic, Analytical Sciences, 20, 2007.1007-1011.
[6] Suyanta. Lanthanum (III) selective Electrode Based on 1,10-Diaza-4,7 13, 16 tetraoxacycyclooctadecane-N,N'-Diacetic Acid
(DACDA) as an ionophore,doctoral diss., Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2006.
[7] Ajay K. Jain, Vinod K. Gupta, Lok P. Singh, Upendra Khurana. Novel PVC-based membrane sensors selective for vanadyl ions.
Talanta 46 (1998) 1453–1460.

Abstract: Improvisation of Fe-Cr redox flow cell performance was significantly related to reversibility of the Cr(III)/ Cr(II) redox couple. To catalyze this redox reaction Bi and Pb metals were electroplated on carbon felt for reduction and oxidation of chromium. To achieve a better performance of redox flow cell these electroplated carbon felts are used on negative side of the flow cell. The flow cell experiments are carried out with only Bi electroplated felts using 0.01N PbCl2 as additive in anolyte and another carbon felts are electroplated with the combination of Bi-Pb and used on negative side of the cell without any additive. The experimental results observed that the Bi electroplated felts with PbCl2 additive shows 100% chromium reduction efficiency, 96% coulombic efficiency and 65% energy efficiency. While Bi and Pb combination felts without any additive has shown 100% chromium reduction efficiency, 98% coulombic efficiency and 72% energy efficiency. The cell operated with 5 liters of electrolytes containing 1.3N active materials dissolved in 2N HCl solution. 100 cm2 carbon felt samples were utilized as electrodes at a current density of 50 mA/ cm2. Nafion-117 PFSA membrane was used as a separator because of its high chemical and mechanical stability.

Key words - Bi-Pb electroplated felts, Chromium reduction efficiency, Coulombic efficiency, Energy efficiency, Fe-Cr Redox flow cell.

[1] NASA technical report, Redox flow cell development and demonstration project, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/1002-78/2, TM-
79067, 1977.
[2] N. H. Hagedorn and L.H. Thaller, Redox storage systems for solar applications, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/1002-80/5, TM-
81464, 1980.
[3] L. H. Tha1ler, Recent advances in redox flow cell storage systems, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/1002-79/4, TM-79186, 1979.
[4] L.H. Thaller, Redox flow cell energy storage systems, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/1002-79/3, TM-79143, 1979.
[5] M. A. Reid and L.H. Thaller, Improvement and scale-up of the NASA redox storage system, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/ l2726-
6, TM-81632, 1980.
[6] C. P. de-Leon, A. F. Ferrer, J. G. Garcia , D.A. Szanto and F.C. Walsh, Redox flow cells for energy conversion, Journal of Power
Sources 160 (2006) 716-732
[7] N. H. Hagedorn and L.H. Thaller, Design flexibility of redox flow systems, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/12676-16, TM-82854,
1979.
[8] D. A. Jhonson and M.A. Reid, Chemical and Electrochemical Behavior of the Cr(III)lCr(II) Half Cell in the NASA Redox Energy
Storage System, NASA report No: DOE/NASA/12726-17, TM-82913, 1982.
[9] R. F. Ghan and N. H. Hagedorn, Nagative electrode catalyst for the iron chromium redox energy storage system, Us patent
4543302, 1985.
[10] A. Negishi and K. Nozaki, Method for surface treatment of carbon catalyst, US patent 4465576, 1984.Lok P. Singh, Upendra Khurana. Novel PVC-based membrane sensors selective for vanadyl ions.
Talanta 46 (1998) 1453–1460.

Abstract: The reduction of Europium (Eu³+) in aqueous solution and doping Eu²+ obtained into the host lattice Ca(SCN)2۰ 2H2O solution using a Modified Jones reductor is described here . The major goal is to dope Eu2+ into compounds that are difficult to dope through the melt method. Ca(SCN)2۰ 2H2O was obtained by the reaction of Ca(OH)2 and NH4SCN with slow heating at 70oC 0.05% M of EuCl3 was used as the source of Eu ions. The host lattice was held in the receiver of the modified Jones Reductor, the solution of EuCl3 is slowly passed through the reductor at the rate of ≈ 0.4 –0.6ml/min under inert gas. The dried sample was prepared in a glove box for luminescence measurement.

Keywords – Calcium thiocyanate , Emission spectra, Europium, Excitation spectra, Host lattice, luminescence , Modified Jones Reductor, Reduction

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Abstract: A new Schiff base has been synthesized from 3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4- carbaldehyde and O-amino phenol. Metal complexes of the Schiff base have been synthesized from acetate salt of Cu (II), Co (II) and Ni (II) metal in the alcoholic medium. The newly prepared Schiff base ligand and metal complexes have been characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as Elemental analysis, Magnetic moment, molar conductance method, UV/ Visible, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral technique and thermo gravimetric studies. On the basis of elemental and spectral studies, six coordinated geometry was assigned to these complexes. In the presence of these results, it is suggested that this ligand act as a bidentate ligand. UV/Visible, IR and TGA studies confirmed the presence of the coordinated water molecules in the metal complexes.

Keywords: Schiff base, Metal complex, Spectral studies.

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applications of coordination chemistry, (Pergamon Press, Vol. 6,1987).
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Abstract: Topsoil samples were collected along the major roads within Owerri industrial layout for the period of April to July. The pH and the moisture content were determined by pH meter and difference in wet and dry weight method respectively. The pH of the soil had a range of 6.1 to 6.7 while moisture content had a range of 5.177 to 13.572%. The highest metal concentration (832.830mg/kg) was Fe found in the Gmicord Road (RX2), while the metal with the least concentration (0.067mg/kg) was Cd. The observed trend in the concentration of the metals was Fe > Ca > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd. There were no significant differences between the pH and the concentration of the soil samples. Most of the metals in the soil samples were distributed within the residual fraction which is an indication of geochemical sources.

Key Words: Bioavailability, Concentration, Metal, Speciation, Soil.

[1] L.E. Bennett, J.L. Burkhead, K.L. Hale, N. Terry, M. Pylons, and Pilon-smits, Analysis of Transgenic Indian mustard Plants for
Phytoremediation of Metals Contaminated Mine Tailings. J. of Environmental Quality, 32, 2003, 432-440.
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cellulosic sorbent. Intl. J. of Environ. Studies. 57(4), (2000), 4010.
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[5] S. Zhen-Guo, L. Xian-Dong, W. Chun-Chun, Ch. Huai-Man and Ch. Hong, Lead Phytoextraction from contaminated soil with high
biomass plant species. J. Environ. Qual., 31, 2002, 1893-1900.
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Environmental Quality Spain, 32, 2003, 2054-2066.
[7] J.J.K. Erwin, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water. (Wageningen University,
Wageningen, Netherlands. 2006), p.10.
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mechanic villages. Intl. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 7(2) , 2010, 347-358.
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Abstract: Fractionation of Cu, Ca, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cd was carried out on 30cm depth soil samples collected along the major roads of Owerri Industrial layout, Nigeria, with a sequential extraction procedure in the rainy (April to July) season, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The pH of the soil had a range of 6.2 to 6.8 while moisture content had a range of 10.023to 13.782. Fe was discovered to occur at elevated concentrations in all the soil samples with the highest concentration (1462.480mg/kg). The metal with least concentration (0.067mg/kg) was Cd. Ca (52.070) was mostly abundant in the Exchangeable fraction while Cu (1.984mg/kg), Mn (12.169mg/kg), Pb (3.013mg/kg), Ni (3.845mg/kg), Fe (1360.790mg/kg), Co (3.871mg/kg), Zn (46.259mg/kg), Cr (3.817mg/kg) and Cd (0.257mg/kg) were mostly abundant in Residual fraction. From the fractionation results, most of the metals had high abundance in Residual fraction indicating lithogenic origin and low bioavailability of the metals considered. The average potential mobility was calculated for the metals in the soil 30cm depth and it was in the order: Ca>Cd>Cu>Pb>Mn>Co>Fe>Ni>Cr>Zn

Keywords: bioavailability, concentration, extraction, residual, sequential.

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