Volume-4 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: Eutectic Mixtures had lowest possible melting point, so, their freezing point would also be lowest possible. In this way Eutectic Mixture had melting point/freezing point more close to room temperature as compared to their other compositions. This property of the eutectic mixtures as to get easily freeze did not allow the proper and uniform mixing of the components because when molten mixtures were stirred by stopping the supply of heat, they started freezing quickly, so, to made proper mixing to get exact melting point in an accurate and fast way, we applied magnetic induction heating method. This method provided simultaneous heating and stirring of the given mixture, which was energy saving, accurate and fast as well. In some acid-acid mixtures with their randomly selected compositions, simultaneous heating and stirring was performed, as a result it was found that the melting points were same every time and it was un-needed to take average of different melting points, as were obtained in earlier melting and then stirring techniques. As melting was proportional to high frequency and intensity of stirring was proportional to low frequency, so, providing multi-phase ac current, first at high frequency and then at low frequency the simultaneous melting and stirring was performed to achieve proper and uniform mixing of the acid-acid mixtures.

Keywords: Eutectic Mixture, Induction Heating, Multi-Phase AC Current.

[1] B.L. Sharma, N.K. Sharma,P.S. Bassi, Cryst. Res. Tekhnol, 18 (1983),peges 1191-1197.

[2] T.A. Mirnaya, A.P. Polishchuk, Y.V. Bereznitski, J. Chem. Eng. Data 1996, 41,pages 1337-1339.
[3] N. Weiner, "Malonic acid", Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 2: 376.

[4] S. Llorente, F. Monterde, J.M. Burdio, J. Acero, (2002). "A comparative study of resonant inverter topology used in induction cookers". 2009-05-20.
[5] W. C.Moreland, The Induction Range: Its Performance and Its Development Problems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. TA-9, no. 1, January/February 1973 pages 81–86.

[6] Fairchild Semiconductors (2000-07). "Induction Heating System Topology Review". 2009.

[7] V. Rudnev, Handbook of Induction Heating CRC Press, 2003, page 92. .
[8] H. K. Moffatt, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge CB39EW, England. 1990.

[9] S. Dong-Hwi ,E. Hyeju and P. Keun , Application of high-frequency induction heating to high-quality injection molding, in Plastics Engineering Annual Techncial Confernce Proceedings ANTEC 2010, Society of Plastics Engineers, 2010.

[10] R. Fields, Restaurant Success by the Numbers: A Money-Guy's Guide to Opening the Next Hot Spot, Random House of Canada, 2007, pages 144–145.

Abstract: Proximate, mineral and antinutrients of Blighia sapida fruit (Isin) were determined using standard analytical techniques. The physicochemical properties of the oil were also investigated. The mean values of various parameters for proximate composition (%) were: moisture (3.95±0.01), ash (6.20±0.03), ether extract (51.58±0.04), crude protein (15.27±0.01), crude fibre (16.14±0.04) and carbohydrate (by difference) (6.86). The calculated fatty acids were noted to be 41.26% and energy was 2284.67KJ/100g. Minerals (mg/100g) included: Na (29.20), K (29.52), Mg (21.12), Ca (25.07), Mn (0.07), Fe (1.95), Cu (0.09), Zn (0.28) and P (0.49) while Pb is not detected. The relationship between Na and K as well as between Ca and P, are desirable with the respective ratios of Na/K (0.99) and Ca/P (51.16). The results of physicochemical properties of Blighia sapida fruit oil with showed colour (yellow), refractive index (1.462), specific gravity (0.956), acid value (21.31mgKOH/g), saponification value (75.73mgKOH/g), iodine value (4.56mgIodine/100g), peroxide value (2.20), free fatty acids (10.71mgKOH/g), smoke point (1740C), fire point (3200C), flash point (2780C) and melting point (180C). The antinutrients properties were phytates (0.928mg/100g), oxalate (5.422mg/100g) and Tannins (0.372mg/100g). The investigation showed that Blighia sapida fruit is highly nutritive in minerals and fat content, the oil is non-drying and may not be suitable for soap making and edible (margarine).

Keywords: Blighia sapida, pulp, nutrients, antinutrients, oil, physicochemical

[1] Aisegbu, J.E., 1987. Some Biochemical Evaluation of Fluted Pumpkin Seed, Journal Science, Food, agric., 40:151-155
[2] Akindahunsi, A.A. and Salawu, S.O., 2005. Physiochemical Screening and Nutrient- Antinutrient composition of Selected Tropical Green Leafy Vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 4(6). Pp xxx-xxx
[3] Akintayo, E.T., Adebayo, E.A. and Arogundade, L.A., 2000. Chemical Composition, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Akee (Blighia sapida) Pulp and Seed Flours. Food Chemistry. 77(3): 333-336
[4] Anonymous, 1972. Tropical Legumes: Resources Future. National Academy of Science, Washington DC., p 24
[5] AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Edition, Washington, D.C., USA, Pp 200-210
[6] Aremu, M.O., Olaofe, O. and Akintayo, T.E. 2006. A Comparative Study on the Chemical and Amino Acid Composition of some Nigerian Underutilized Legume Flours. Pak. Jour. Nutr., 5:34-38
[7] Arkroyed, W.R. and Doughty, J.1964. Legumes in Human Nutrition, Food and Agricultural Organization. Nutrition studies Publication, 19
[8] Bartie, K.D. and Clifford, T.A. 1992. Advance in Applied Lipid Research, Vol.1 Vai Press, London
[9] Belewu, M.A., Fagbemi, T., Dosumu, O.O. and Adeniyi, M.O., 2008. Physicochemical and Antinutritional Properties of some Lesser Known Tree and Leguminous Seeds. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:237-242
[10] Bogert, J.L., Briggs, G.M. and Galloway, D.H. 1994. Nutrition and Physical Fitness. Intl. J. Food Science, 45:223-230

Abstract: Pumpkin seed oil (4268.5g) was solvent extracted from seeds of the fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), using petroleum ether (60o-80oC). Samples of the oil were dimerized at varying temperatures ranging from 300o-350oC; using 5% (based on the weight of oil) sulphur catalyst and a maximum reaction time of 45 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere. Extent of reaction was determined by measuring changes in molecular weight and acid values of the dimerized oil samples which were found to increase with temperature and time of dimerization. A dimer yield of 42.53% was obtained in the process whose progress is a function of temperature and reaction time. This yield is high compared with 18.7% obtained when Iodine catalyst was used. Preparative TLC gave an optimum dimer yield of 42.53% at a temperature of 340oC and a reaction time of 35 minutes.

Keywords: Telfairia occidentalis, dimerized oil, dimer acid.

[1]. Breuer, T. E., Dimer Acids. In: Kirk Othmer, ed. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979, 7, 768-782.
[2]. Parker, D.H., Principles of Surface Coating Technology. Interscience Publishers 1965, p.120.
[3]. Hill, K. Fats and Oils as Oleochemical Raw Materials, Pure and Appl. Chem., 2000; 72(7), 1255-1264.
[4]. Helme, J.P. and Molines, J., Study by IR Spectrophotometry of the Isomerization of Linseed Oil during its Thermal Polymerization: Application to Alkyd Resin Modified Oils, Rev. Franc. Corps Gras, 1957, 189-202.
[5]. Cecehi, G., Biasini, S., Ucciani, E. and Perrin, J. L., Thermal and Catalytic Dimerization of Linoleic Chain, Rev. Franc. Corps Gras., 1986, 33(12) 483-487
[6]. Tao, B.Y., Wang, P.-L. and Okos, M. (2001). Synthesis of Biopolymer and Polyesters from Soybean Oil and Carbohydrates, available at http://www.ecnext.com as at 26th July, 2006.
[7]. Kikawa, H., Yamagishi, H. and Takagi, M., Preparation of Higher Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Ester) Dimers with Redduced Fluorescence, Japan Kokkai Tokyo, 1997, 97, 293-301.
[8]. Tao, B.Y. (2001). Determination of the Sum of Dimer and Polymer Triglyceides and of Acid Value of Used Frying Fats and Oils by Near IR Reflectance Spectroscopy (Boot-AJ), Available at http://www.ecnext.com as at 26th July, 2006.
[9]. Asiegbu, J.E., Some Biological Evaluation of Fluted Pumpkin Seed. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1987, 40: 151-155
[10]. Tao, B.Y. (2001). Determination of the Sum of Dimer and Polymer Triglycerides and of Acid Value of Used Frying Fats and Oils by Near IR Reflectance Spectroscopy (Boot-AJ). Available at www.ecnext.com, as at 26th July, 2006.

Abstract: Effects of petroleum product were investigated on the soil samples in automobile engineering workshops at eight different points in osun state. Composite samples were taken at two depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm, therefore a total of sixteen samples were considered. From the properties determined, it was shown by the result that the soil samples were acidic. The PH ranged from 4.61 – 6.25 and 4.30-7.45 EC,49.40-8500 (μ/cm) and 40.20-357(μs/cm)2 CEC, 1.00-168.25(meq/100g) and 2.10- 17.65 (meq/100g), TOC,0.83-40.22% and 0.10-3.75%, SAR,0.10- 0.98 and 0.12-0.60, Total nitrogen 0.05-0.20% and 0.02- 0.64%. The concentrations of heavy metals were also determined and the result indicates the favourable natural mechanism of high uptake of the metals.

[1]. Abollino, O, Aceto, M., Malandrino M., Menstati E. AND Petrella F. (2002).Heavy metal in agricultural soil from Piedmont Italy. Distribution, Speciation and chemometric data treatment. Chemosphere 49:545-557.
[2]. Ahumada .I, J Mendoza and L. Ascar (1999)Sequential extraction of heavy metal in soils irrigated with wastewater. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: 30:1507-1519.
[3]. Alloway B.J.(1995): Heavy metal in soil, 2nd edu. Wiley New York.
[4]. Alloway B.J. AND Ayre D.C. (1994): chemical principle of environmentalPollution.Publisher, Blackie London.
[5]. Bamgbose .O., Odukoya and T.O.A Arowolo (1999) Earthworm as bio-indication of metal pollution on dump site of Abeokuta City, Nigeria.
[6]. Bhattacharya, P., Mukherjee, A.B. Jacks J. and Nordqvist S.(2002). Metal contamination experimental studies on remediation. The Science of total Environment 290:165-180.
[7]. Biney C.A., A.T. Amuzu, D. Calamari, N. Kaba,. I.L nbome H Naeve, P.B.O Ochumba, O. Osibanjo, V. Radegonde and M.A.H Saad (1994) Review of Heavy metal p 30-60. In Calamari D. and h. Naeve (eds) Review ofpollution in Africa Aquatic Environment. FOA/CIFA Technical paper25.
[8]. Clark R.B. (1982). Biological effect of opil pollution.Water science and Technology 14, 1185-177.
[9]. Helmisaari H.S., J jorome, h Fritze, T. Nieminen, P. Palmgre, M. Salemaa and I. Vanha-Mamamma (1995) Copper in scoot pine forest around a heavy metal smelter in southwestern Finland. Water, Air, Soil Pollution: 85:1727-1732.
[10]. Isimirah N.O. (1987) Ann inventory of some chemical properties of selected surface soil of River State of Nigeria. In preceding of 15th Annual Conferences Science Association of Nigeria Kaduna Pg 217-223.

Abstract: Hepatitis G virus and GB virus C (GBV-C) are RNA viruses that were independently identified in 1995, and were subsequently found to be two isolates of the same virus.Blood transfusion is the main risk factor for HGV transmission. Patients with hematological malignancies usually require frequent blood transfusions which make them more vulnerable to HGV infection. The aims of this study was to estimate the transmission rate of HGV in patients with hematological malignancies having multiple blood transfusion Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at the national center of hematology,Almustansiriya University and department of microbiology in Baghdad university college of medicine in Baghdad / Iraq from January till June 2012. The study involved 60 patients (39 males & 21 females) diagnosed with hematological malignancies. Results: Of the sixty patients, seventeen patients (28.3 %) had IgM HGV positive, while 43 (71.7%) of patients had HGV IgM negative which was statistically significant when compared to control group Conclusion: the incidence of HGV increase in patient with hematological malignancies receiving multiple blood transfusions

Key words: incidence, hepatitis G virus, hematological malignancies, blood transfusion

[1]. Zuckerman A: Alphabet of hepatitis viruses. Lancet 1996, 347:558-9.
[2]. Roth W, Waschk D, Marx S, Tschauder S, Zeuzem S, Bialleck H, Weber H, Seifried E: Prevalence of hepatitis G virus and itsstrain variant, the GB agent, in blood donations and theirtransmission to recipients. Transfusion 1997, 37:651-6.
[3]. Linnen J, Wages J, Zhong-Keck Z-Y, et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science 1996; 271:505-508.
[4]. Simmonds, P. 2000 Fleming Lecture. The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans. J. Gen. Virol. 2001; 82: 693-712
[5]. Robertson, B. H. Viral hepatitis and primates: historical and molecular analysis of human and nonhuman primate hepatitis A, B, and the GB-related viruses. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8, 233–242..,
[6]. .idilam R, Ustun C, Aslan O, Ozcan M, Arat M, Bozkaya H, Sengezer T, Osden U, Dokmerci A, ilhan O,Koc H,Akan H. The incidence of hepatitis G virus in patients with hematological malignancies: the relationship to the number of blood and blood products transfusion.turk J hematol.2000;17:67-71
[7]. Cacopardo B, Berger A, Cosentino S, et al. Serum hepatitis G virus RNA in multitransfused Thalassemics from Eastern Sicily. J Infect 1998;36:179-83.
[8]. Feucht HH, Fischer L, Sterneck M, Broelsch CE, Laufs R. GB virus C transmission by blood products. Lancet 1997;349:435-6.
[9]. Shibuya A, Takeuchi A, Kamata K, Saigenji K, Kobayashi N, Yoshida A:Prevalence of hepatitis G virus RNA and anti-E2 in a Japanesehaemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998:2033-36.
[10]. Schulte-Frohlinde E, Schmolke S, Reindl W, Schätzle G, Scherf J, Kopp K, Classen M, Schlüter V: Significance of antibodies to recombinantE2 protein of hepatitis G virus in hemodialysispatients. J Viral Hepat 1998, 5:341-4.

Abstract: A research was conducted to verify the degree of partitioning of some selected trace metals in the soil sediment collected from floodplain soil in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out using standard method in accordance with the modified Horowitz et al procedure of trace metals speciation. Lead had the highest total fraction of 86.50mg/kg widely followed by zinc with a value of 33.30mg/kg and the least value was associated with cadmium (6.50mg/kg). Manganese was not detected in reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions while organically bound cadmium was found to be below the detection limit. The % bioavailability of the trace metals investigated ranged from 9.01%(zinc) to 100%(Manganese) with a mean value of 67.41%. The trend in the % bioavailability followed the order: Mn > Pb >> Cd > Ni >> Cu >> Fe > Zn. Of the fractions employed, exchangeable was found to accumulate the highest percent of the metals (51.02%) widely followed by metals bound to carbonates (16.39%) while reducible form partitioned the least metals (9.91%). The high value of % bioavailability of the most metals investigated called for immediate removal of the sources of these metal pollutants and appropriate cleaning method(s) should be applied to the area in order to minimize the amount entering into the food chain.

Keywords: Trace metals, Pollution, Floodplain, Bioavailability, Environment, Speciation

[[1]. Stevovic, S., Mikovilovic, V.S. and Calic-Dragosavac, D. (2010). Environmental impact of site location on macro- and micro-elements in Tansy. African J. of Biotech. 9(16):2408-2412.
[2]. Imperator M., Adama P., Naimo D., Arienzo M., Stanzione D. and Violante P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city, Italy. EnvironmentalPollution. Vol.124:247-256.
[3]. Chinweuba A.J., Chendo M.N., Okoye P.A.C. and Okoye A.C. (2007). The metals in the blood of pregnant women in Anambra State. Anachem. 1(2)181-183.
[4]. Thornton, J. (1983). Applied Environmental Geochemistry. Academic Press, London. P501
[5]. Forsther U. (1977). Metal concentration in fresh water sediments, natural background and cultural effect: In intervention between sediments and fresh water. Junk Hague. Pp 94-103.
[6]. Howard I.C., Gabriel U.U. and Nduka J.O. (2009). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Periophthalamus papillio and Tympanotanus fusscatus from the mangrove swamps of an oilfield in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. J. Chem. Soc. 34(1)160-168.
[7]. Sabine, M. and Wendy, G. (2009). Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens. Issue 15:1-6.
[8]. Nriagu, J.O. (1980). Cadmium in the Environment. Ecological Cycling. Part 1. John Wiley. P682.
[9]. Papafilippaki, A.K., Kotti, M.E. and Stavroulakis, G.G. (2008). Sesonal variation in dissolved heavy metals in the Keritis river, Chania, Greece. Global NEST Journal. 10(3):320-325.
[10]. Škvaria, J. (1991). A study on the trace metal speciation in the Ružin reserviour sediment. Acta Montanistica Slovaca Ročnik. 3(2):177-182.

Abstract: The present Study deals with QSAR modeling of anticancer activities of some bisphosphonate compounds using Distance-based topological indices and Kier Hall Valance Connectivity indices. The multiple regression analysis (MLR) indicates that a tri-parametric model having an R2 value of 0.9052 is the best model for predicting the log1/IC50 activity of bisphosphonate compounds. The predictive power of the models was tested using Leave-One-Out Cross validation method.

Key words: QSAR, topological indices, Multiple Regression (MLR), Cross validation

[1]. Cancer Facts and Figures 2007(American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 2007).
[2]. M.T. Velenti, L.D. Carbnare, F. Bertoldo, L.Donatelli, V. Lo Cascio The effects on h-TERT gene expression is an additional mechanism
of amino bisphosphonates in prostatic cancer cells, European Journal of Pharmacology, 1-2, 2008, 36-42.
[3]. R. Graham, G. Russel, Determinants of structure function relationships among bisphosphonates, Bone, 40, (5), 2007, S21-S25.
[4]. X. Y.Yao, J. P. Panaye,J.P. Doucet, R.S. Zang, H.F.Chen, N.C. Liu, Z.D. Hu,B.T. Fan, Comparative study of QSAR/QSPR correlations using support vector machines, radial basis function neural networks and multiple linear regression. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 44, 2004, 1257-1266.
[5]. M.Talebi, G.H.Ghasemi, H.Kefayati, A QSAR study on biological activities of bisphosphonates compounds as anticancer drugs, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 81, 2011.
[6]. DRAGON : Software for Calculation of Topological Indices, www.disat.unimib.it
[7]. B. Shaik, J. Singh, S.Singh ,N. Sohani, V.K. Agrawal, P.V. Khadikar, Mutagenicity of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A QSAR Investigation Chemical Biology Drug Design, 71(3), 2008, 230-243.
[8]. B.Louis, J. Singh, B. Shaik, V.K. Agrawal, P.V. Khadikar, QSPR Study on the Estimation of Solubility of Drug-like Organic Compounds: A Case of Barbiturates Chemical Biology Drug Design, 74, 2009, 190-195.
[9]. J. Singh, I. Ahmad, B. Shaik, V.K. Agrawal, P.V. Khadikar, Modeling of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase inhibitory activity of some sulfony1-1-amine hydroxamates : a molecular connectivity approach. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 86, 2009, 1197-1203.
[10]. J. Singh, I. Ahmad, B. Shaik, R. Kumar, M. Gupta, V. K. Agrawal, Modeling of protease inhibitory activity of some hydroxamates using physic-chemical and topological parameters, International J Pure Appl. Chem., 4(3), 2009,195-203.

Abstract: The study investigates some physicochemical properties ( pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid alkalinity, chromium, cadmium, lead etc) of surface and underground water selected from different locations in iron mining zone of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. The study was conducted in two seasons: rainy and dry seasons. The results of the analysis show no significant difference between the physicochemical properties in the rainy and dry season at 𝛼 = 0.05 levels. The soil pH was found to be weakly acidic in the dry season and weakly alkaline in the rainy season. The electrical conductivity ranges from 180.0-714.2 𝜇𝑠𝑐𝑚-1 in the dry season and 181.0-718.2 𝜇𝑠𝑐𝑚-1 in the rainy season. Total dissolved solid ranges from 70.2-207.3 mgL-1 in the dry season and 75.3-207.9 mgL-1 in rainy season and alkalinity ranges from 89.6-416.0 in the dry season and 90.6-417.1 in the rainy season. The concentrations of heavy metals determined by APLHA 4 model Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for both dry and rainy seasons respectively are 0.10-2.10 mgL-1 and 0.01-1.92 mgL-1 Pb; 0.01-0.7 mgL-1 and 0.01-0.7 mgL-1 Cd ; 0.01-1.9 and 0.01-2.0 mgL-1 Cr ; 3.0-16.0 and 5.2-20.0mgL-1 for Fe respectively. The water bodies sampled were found to contained significant amount of toxic metals based on pollution index calculated.

Keywords: groundwater, surfacewater, heavy metals , pollution index, physicochemical

[1] G. U. Chukwu ,Water quality assessment of Boreholes in Umuahia North Local Government area of Abia state ,Nigeria,Pacific Journal of Science and Tecnology 9 (2) ,2008, 590-596

[2] Adekunle A.S, Effects of industrial effluents on quality of well water within Asa Dam industrial Estate,Ilorin, Nigeria. Nature and Science 7(1), 2009

[3] Altman S.J and Parizek R.R ,Dilution of nonpoint source nitrate in ground water, J.Environ quality,24, 1995,707-717. [4] Lowe D.J ,The Economic Environmental management, 2nd Edition (Camelot Press,Britain, 1978)

[5 ] Ayodele J. T and Ahmed A ,Monitoring air pollution in Kano municipality by chemical analysis of Scots Spine Needle (Pinus Sylvestric L.) for sulphur, Environmentalist 21,2001, 81-86

[6] Ademoroti CMA, Standard methods for water and effluent Analysis,( Foludex Press LTD, Ibadan ,1996)

[7] American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard methods for examination of water and waste water,18th edition.

[8] Stirling H.P, Chemical and Biological methods for water Analysis for Aquaculturists, ( 1st edition) Instituteof Agriculture,university of Stirling, Stirling,Britain, 1985 ,118-119

[9] Radojevic M and Bashkin V.N ,Practical Environmental Analysis " Cambridge U.K, Royal Society of Chemist, 1999,189-204

[10] Adefemi S.O and Awokunmi E.E ,Determination of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in water samples from Itaogbolu area of Ondo-State Nigeria. African journal of environmental Science and Technology 4 (3) ,2010, 145-148.

Abstract: Kinetics of halogenation of aniline, p-toluidine and o-toluidine have been investigated by using N-chloro-p-toluene sulphonamide(CAT) under buffer conditions in ethanol – water mixtures. The kinetic orders are first order in chlorinating agent with all substrates. Dependence on substrate is fractional with aniline and p-toluidine but first order with o-toluidine. Increase in ethanol content decreases the rate in all the cases. Amis treatment has been applied and the molecular radii have been found to be reasonable with all substrates. Continuous pH profile has been investigated and the species at pH 1 and 6.85 is RNHCl whereas between 2.5 and 3.5 it is RNCl2 and the species at 4.5 is HOCl. The order of reactivity is p-toluidine > o-toluidine > aniline. Solvent parameters suggested by Grunwald – Winstein (Y), Dimroth (ET) and Kosower (Z) have been applied and it is observed that all the treatments are useful in explaining the solvent behaviour.

Keywords: Halogenation , CAT , Amines , Reactivity of amines

[1]. De La Mare, P.B.D. and Ridd, J.H. Aromatic Substitutions (Nitration and Halogenation) Butterwarths, London (1959).
[2]. Pausacker K.H. and Scroggie. J.G. Aus. J.Chem., 12 (1959) 430.
[3]. Chao and Cipriani, J.Org.Chem., 26 (1961) 1979.
[4]. (a) Neale and Schepers, J.Org. Chem., 29(ii) (1964) 390. (b) Neale and Schepers and Walsh, J.Org. Chem., 29(ii) (1964) 3390.
[5]. Gassman and Campbell, J.Am.Chem. Soc., 93(1971) 2567.
[6]. Gassman, Campbell and Fredrick, J.Am. Chem. Soc., 94(1972) 3884.
[7]. Gassman and Campbell, J.Am. Chem. Soc., 94(1972) 3891.
[8]. Haberfield and Denis Paul, J.Org.Chem., 41(19) (1976) 3170.
[9]. Radhakrishnamurti P.S. and Sahu S.N., Indian J.Chem., 14B (1976) 898.
[10]. Radhakrishnamurti P.S. and Prasada Rao., Indian J.Chem., 15A (1977) 524.

Abstract: Elevation of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity has been implicated in many pathologies, and clinical inhibitors of GGT are under development for use in the treatment of liver ,cancer, bone, and other diseases. In this study we try to find other new inhibitor of GGT, we used new polar amino acid (threonine) as inhibitor ,kinetic studies provide insight into the mechanism of inhibition. New uncompetitive inhibitors of physiological GGT reaction we found, development of new inhibitors is essential for exploiting GGT as a therapeutic target. L-threonine, in the presence study was detected as uncompetitive inhibitor, Km values were determined; we characterized the kinetic properties of GGT under a standard set of condition. Serum GGT was analyzed in healthy cases (normal 25:mean±SD) age 30±12 years,(16.71±0.87), the mean values of GGT levels were statistically significantly higher in liver syndrome(70.79±1.24 ),and this values decreased in the presence of inhibitor to (60.82±0.87).

Keyword : Gamma-glutamyltransferase,inhibitor,threonine,hepatitis

[1]. Benakappa.S.,Varghese, T.J. Dietary threonine requirement of Indian Major Carp,Cirrhinus Mrigala (Hamolton),Juveniles. The Israeli J. of Aquaqulture-Bamidgeh.2013,339(6116);222-226.
[2]. Curthoys,N.P. and Hughey,R.P. Characterization and physiological function of rat renal gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Enzyme.1979,24;383-403.
[3]. Dominici, S.,Pieri, L.,Comporti, M. and pompella,A. Possible role of membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the facilitation of transiferrin-dependent and independent iron uptake by cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int. 2003,3;7-15.
[4]. Elce,J.S. and Broxeyer,B. Gamma-glutamyl transferase of rat kidney. Simultaneous assayof the hydrolysis and transfer reaction with (glutamate-14C)glutathione. Biochem.J.1976,153;223-232.
[5]. Hanigan,M.H.,Gallagher,B.C.,Townsend,D.M. and Gabarra,V. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase accelerates tumor growth and increase the resistance of tumor to cisplatin in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 1999,20;553-559.
[6]. Huseby,N.E.,Multiple forms of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase:association of the enzyme with lipoproteins. Clin chem. Acta 1982,124;103-112.
[7]. Lee,D.S.,Evan,J.C.,Robins,S.J.,Wilson,P.W.,Albino,I.,Fox,C.S,Wang,T.J.,Benjamin,E. J.,D, Agotino,R.B. and Vasan,R.S. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and metabolic syndrome,Cardiovascular disease and motality risk:the Framingham heart study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.2007,27;127-133.
[8]. Lowry,M.H.,McAllister,B.P.,Jean,J.C.,Brown,L.A.,Hughey,R.p.,Cruikshank,W.W.,Amar,S.,Lucey,E.C.,Braun,K.,J,Johnson,P.,Wight,T.N. and Joyce-Brady,M. Lung lining fluid glutathione attenuates IL-13-induced asthma. Am.J.Respir.Cell.Mol.Biol. 2008,38;509-516.
[9]. Moss, G.P.,Nomenccature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides(IUPAC- IUB recommendations ). Pure Appl. Chem. 1984,56(5):595-624.
[10]. Nemesanzky, E. and Lott,J.A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and its isoenzymes:progress and problems. Clin. Chem. 1985,31;797-803.

Abstract: Aquatic organism and sediment absorb heavy metal from surrounding and accumulate in their body tissues and its surface area. The tissue of Marcia Marmorata sp. is being relatively eaten by the local people as other marine organism along the coastal area of Kuala Perlis. The tissue and sediment samples collected at four stations in Kuala Perlis Coast were analyzed for heavy metals by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The bioaccumulation of metal in the soft tissue exhibit the following decreasing order: Zn > Cu >As > Cd while the mean concentration of heavy metal in sediment showed the following trend: Zn> Cu> Cd> As. The mean concentration of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) in the tissue was exceeded the permissible limit except for Zinc (Zn) when compared to the FAO/WHO 2004 as well as Food Regulation 1985. Therefore it can be generalized that bivalve from the Coastal area of Kuala Perlis are not safe to consume in terms of these heavy metal concentration and constitute a risk for human health. Two-way ANOVA test indicated statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between sampling stations in the concentration of Zn while between the bivalve tissue and sediment indicated significance difference for As. Correlation coefficient were calculated to study the sediment and bivalve tissue relationship, which shows that there are no significance correlation among these metals, indicating that tissue of Marcia Marmorata sp. tend to regulate the levels of heavy metals in their tissue and may not reflect the levels in sediment to which there are exposed Keywords- Bioaccumulation, Heavy metals, Bivalves, correlation coefficient, ICP-MS.

[1]. Benakappa.S.,Varghese, T.J. Dietary threonine requirement of Indian Major Carp,Cirrhinus Mrigala (Hamolton),Juveniles. The Israeli J. of Aquaqulture-Bamidgeh.2013,339(6116);222-226.
[2]. Curthoys,N.P. and Hughey,R.P. Characterization and physiological function of rat renal gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Enzyme.1979,24;383-403.
[3]. Dominici, S.,Pieri, L.,Comporti, M. and pompella,A. Possible role of membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the facilitation of transiferrin-dependent and independent iron uptake by cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int. 2003,3;7-15.
[4]. Elce,J.S. and Broxeyer,B. Gamma-glutamyl transferase of rat kidney. Simultaneous assayof the hydrolysis and transfer reaction with (glutamate-14C)glutathione. Biochem.J.1976,153;223-232.
[5]. Hanigan,M.H.,Gallagher,B.C.,Townsend,D.M. and Gabarra,V. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase accelerates tumor growth and increase the resistance of tumor to cisplatin in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 1999,20;553-559.
[6]. Huseby,N.E.,Multiple forms of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase:association of the enzyme with lipoproteins. Clin chem. Acta 1982,124;103-112.
[7]. Lee,D.S.,Evan,J.C.,Robins,S.J.,Wilson,P.W.,Albino,I.,Fox,C.S,Wang,T.J.,Benjamin,E. J.,D, Agotino,R.B. and Vasan,R.S. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and metabolic syndrome,Cardiovascular disease and motality risk:the Framingham heart study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.2007,27;127-133.
[8]. Lowry,M.H.,McAllister,B.P.,Jean,J.C.,Brown,L.A.,Hughey,R.p.,Cruikshank,W.W.,Amar,S.,Lucey,E.C.,Braun,K.,J,Johnson,P.,Wight,T.N. and Joyce-Brady,M. Lung lining fluid glutathione attenuates IL-13-induced asthma. Am.J.Respir.Cell.Mol.Biol. 2008,38;509-516.
[9]. Moss, G.P.,Nomenccature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides(IUPAC- IUB recommendations ). Pure Appl. Chem. 1984,56(5):595-624.
[10]. Nemesanzky, E. and Lott,J.A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and its isoenzymes:progress and problems. Clin. Chem. 1985,31;797-803.

Abstract: Commercialization of biotech crops has started since 1996, where the cultivated area of these crops was increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 170.3 million hectares in 2012 according to the latest statistics in 2012. Bt corn "MON810: Ajeeb YG®" is one of these crops that express endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) throughout the whole plant. This study was designed to assess the safety of Bt corn by comparing its compositional chemical analysis with its conventional counterpart "Ajeeb". Moisture content, crude fat, total saccharides, starch & crude fiber were determined; sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous content were measured, tannins & phytic acid were determined as anti-nutrients. Amino acids and fatty acids profiles were also evaluated. Results indicated the presence of significant differences between both of Bt corn and its counterpart.

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Compositional Chemical analysis, Endotoxins, MON810: Ajeeb YG®, Safety assessment.

[2]. EFSA, Review on safety & nutritional assessment of genetically modified plantsand derived food and feed: the role of animal feeding trials, report of the EFSA GMO panel working group on animal feeding trials. food and chemical toxicology. 46(S2 - S70). 2008, p. 69
[3]. K.,R.,Ostlie, Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management. 2008 [cited 2012 28/7/]; Available from: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc7055.html.
[4]. A. Tenuta, M. Sears, F. Meloche, & A. Schaafsma, A grower's handbook controlling European corn borer with BT corn technology. 2011, p. 16.
[5]. OECD, CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON SAFETY INFORMATION ON TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS - DERIVED INSECT CONTROL PROTEINS. Organization for Economic Co - operation and Development, Paris, (42). 2007, p. 110 .
[6]. N.V. Tyshko, I.N. Aksyuk & V.A. Tutel'ian, Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms of plant origin in the Russian Federation. Biotechnology journal, 2. 2007, p.826–832.
[7]. EC, Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. Off. J. Eur. Communities, L268,. 2003, p. 1 - 23.
[8]. M. Schauzu, The concept of substantial equivalence in safety assessment of food derived from genetically modified organisms. AgBiotchNet,2(44). 2000.
[9]. OECD, Series on the Safety of Novel Food and feed, Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for New Varieties of the Cultivated Mushroom Agaricus Bisporus: Key Food and Feed Nutrients, Anti-Nutrients and Toxicants. OECD, (15). 2007.
[10]. AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, 17 th ed. (Gaitherburg, MD, USA,2000).

Abstract: The corrosion inhibition nature of Alpina galinga extract for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 N H2SO4 was investigated using weight loss, electrochemical impedance and potentiodynamic polarization methods . The results revealed that Alpina galinga extract acts as a corrosion inhibitor in 0.5 N H2SO4 medium. The inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration. The inhibition is attributed to adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface.

Key words: Inhibitor, Mass loss, Impedance, Polarization, Ginger affinale

[1] J.P.Moresby, Corros. Australas 10 (1988) 10

[2] J.I.Bregman, Corrosion Inhibitors (New york, NY,London, UK :Macmillion, (1963) 33,48,99,107. [3] U.R.Evans, The corrosion and oxidation of Metals (London, UK, Edward Arnold Ltd., 1960) 170, 171,178. [4] A.A.E1 – Hosary, R.M.Saleh, H.A.E1-Dahan, "Corrosionand Scale inhibition in cooling water byNaturally Occuring Substance", "Proc.of 7th European symp. On Corrosion Inhbibitors (Ferrara,Italy: University of Ferrara), 1 (1990) 725

[5] A.A. E1-Hosary, R.M. Saleh, A.M.Shans El Din,Corros. Sci. 12 (1972) 897.

[6] S.J. Zakvi, G.N. Mehta, J.Electrochem Soc. 37(1988) 237.

[7] M.Manimegalai, P.Rajeswari, S.Mohanam, S.Maruthamuthu, N.Palanisawamy "Biocidal and InhibitionEffect of Naturally OccuringSubstacnes –Azodiractaindica on mild steel in fresh water", Procof 10th National congress on corrosion control, heldsept 6-8 (Madurai, India, 2000) 153.

[8] I.H. Farooqui, M.A. Quraishi, "Break through inSclae and Deposit Control. Quert Publication,Mumbai, India.Sponsor : NACE International, India Section, Corrosion Sci. Society of India", Procof Industrial Corrosion causes and MitigationCORCON 2000 (Mumbai, India), 2 (2000) 103.

[9] S.Rajendran, S.Vaibhavi, N.Anthony, D.C. Trivedi,Corrosion 59 (2003) 529.

[10] F.R.Longo, J.J.DeLuccia, V.S.Agarwala, "Prophyrinsas corrosion inhibitors", Proc. 6th Europeansymp. On corrosion inhibitors, vol.1 (Ferrara, Italy: University of Ferrara, 1985) 155.

Abstract: Nylon6 is having low impact strength. To improve the impact strength nylon6 is modified with TPUR and nanoclays. Nylon-6 was melt mixed with nanoclay [1%, 3%, & 5%] and then melt blended with TPUR [Thermoplastic Poly Urethane Rubber] [15%] using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Nanoclays used are Cloisite Na+ [sodium montmorillonite][MMT] and Cloisite 30B [organically modified montmorillonite] [O-MMT]. Test specimens were made by using an injection molding machine for mechanical and thermal properties evaluation. Generally, higher tensile Strength, flexural strength and modulus were obtained with Cloisite 30B than that of Cloisite Na+ since Cloisite 30B has more compatibility due to -OH groups present in the organic modifier. For 5% formulations, the flexural modulus is higher, and impact strength is lower. 1% cloisite 30B shows highest impact strength [33% Higher]. The Tensile modulus is 16% higher with 5% Cloisite 30B. The elongation at break was lowered very much with cloisite30B from 185 % to 4%. The SEM micro photographs shows that the TPUR and Nylon6 are compatible and also in presence of the both type of nanofillers. DSC also confirms that nylon6-TPUR and nanocompsites with 30B are compatible. The XRD shows the intercalation of cloisite 30B of clay at 1 % and 3%. But at 5% clay incorporation it is not much intercalated. The thermal stability were improved for both types of nano composites as determined by TGA. The flammabililty test shows that cloisite Na+ filled composites were having UL 94 V2; but, Cloisite 30B filled nanocomposites were not meeting the UL94 V/HB Standard.

Key Words: Nylon6, TPUR, Nanoclays, Mechanical & Thermal properties.

[1]. Sinha S,Okamoto, Progress Polym Sci, 2003, 28, 1538
[2]. Fornes T D,Hunter DI, Paul DR, Polymer, 2004, 45, 2321
[3]. Maurizio Fermeglia, Margo Ferrone and Sabrina Prict Fluid Phase Equillibria ,2003, 212, 315
[4]. M. Muriel A Duabult and J L Halary Polym Int, 2007, 56, 214
[5]. Shaobo Xie, Shimin Zhang Huiju Liu, Guanming Chen,Meng Feng Hauili Qin Fosong Wang and Mingshu Yan, Polymer, 2005, 46, 5417
[6]. K. Yang and R Ozisik, Polymer, 2006, 47, 2849
[7]. F Chavarria and D.R. Paul, Polymer, 2004, 45, 8501
[8]. In Yee Phang,Tian Xi Liu,Ashiq Mohamed, Kumari Pallathadka, Pramoda, Ling Chen, Lu chen, Shue Yin chow,Chaobin He, Xuehong Lu and Xiao HU, Polym Int, 2005, 54,456
[9]. Yimin Wang, Junpeng Gao, Yunqian Ma and Uday S Agarwal, Composites Part B Engg., 2006, 37,399
[10]. Young Wook Chang, Suksoo Kin and Young bin Kyung , Polym Int., 2005, 54, 348

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemical constituents of leaves of four medicinal plants viz: Annona senegalensis, Axonopus compressus, Bryophyllum pinnatum and Heliotropium indicum, which are traditionally used as medicine in southwestern part of Nigeria. Qualitative analysis carried out on each plant leaves shows that alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, were present in all the plants. These plants leaves were also subjected to quantitative analysis and the results indicated that Alkaloids and phenolics distribution were highest in Annona senegalensis followed by Heliotropium indicum while Bryophylum pinatum has the lowest distribution. Flavonoids distribution was highest in Boyophyllum pinnatum followed by Annona senegalensis while Axonopus compressus has the least distribution. Saponins was highest in Heliotropium indicum followed by Bryophyllum pinnatum while axonopus compressus has the least. Tannins distribution was highest in Heliotropium indicum followed by annona senegalensis and Axonopus compressus while Bryophylum pinnatum has the least.

[1]. Agunu, A., Yusuf S., Andrew G.O., Zezi, A.U and Abdurahman, E.M (2005). Evaluation of Five Medicinal Plants used in Diarrhoea Treatment in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101, 27 – 30.
[2]. Ajaiyeoba E., Falade M, Ogbole O., Okpako L, and Akinboye D. (2006). In vivo Antimalaria and Cytotoxic Properties of Annona Senegalensis Extract. Afr. J. Trad. CAM 3 (1) : 137 – 141.
[3]. Akinmoladun A.C, Ibukun, E.O., Afor E., Obuotor E.M., and Farombi E.O. (2007). Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Extract from the Leaves of Ocimum Gratissimum. Sc. Res. Essay 2: Pp. 163 – 166.
[4]. Akinpelu D.A, and Onakoya, T.M. (2006). Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants used in Folklore Remedies in South-Western. Afri. J. Biotechnol. 5 : 1078 – 1081.
[5]. Dhawale P.G. (2013). Phytochemical Analysis of some Medicinal Plants from Yanatmal District (Ms) India. The International Journal of Engineering and Science 2 (1) Pp. 65 – 66.
[6]. Dweck A.C, and Mitchell, D. (2002). Emblica Officinalls (syn: phyllanthus Emblica) or Amia: the Ayuruedic wonder. Chesham Chemicals Ltd. London.
[7]. Edeoga H.O., Okwu, D.E and Mbaebie B.O. (2005). Phytochemical Constituents of some Nigerian Medicinal Plants. Afri. J. Biotechnol 4 (7) : Pp. 685 – 688.
[8]. Khandare, N.A (2012). Qualitative Poytopchemical Analysis of Ethanomedicinally Important Plant Cappairis Aphyla Roth (Capparidaceae) from Akola Distric, Maharashtra, India. IRJP 3(4) pp 206 – 207.
[9]. Krishnaiah D., Devi T. Bomo A and Sarbatly R. (2009). Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Six Malaysian Medicinal Plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3 (2) Pp. 067 – 072.
[10]. Longanga Otshudi, A., Vercruysse A., Forlers A. (2000). Contribution to the Ethinobotanical Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally used Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Dyseutery and Diarrhea in Lomela Area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71, 411 – 423.