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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Eocene Nanka Formation (Ameki Group): An Evaluation of Ogbunike Reference Locality in Anambra Basin, South-Eastern Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chiaghanam O.I., Chiadikobi, K.C., Ikegwuonwu, O.N., Omoboriowo, A.O.,Onyemesili, O.C., Yikarebogha, Y
	:	10.9790/0990-0230110

Abstract: Sedimentology and Sequence stratigraphic study of Eocene Nanka Formation,situated at a reference locality in Ogbunike south-eastern Nigeria,showed a section made up of ironstone/sandstone and shale, sandstone, sandstone/siltstone and interstratified calcareous clay and shale facies.Palynological analyses on Facie A shows that the presence of monoporitesannulatus ,proxapertitescursus/ operculatus,schizosporisparvus, Homotryblium spp.anddiphysescolligerum suggest a paleoenvironment in a continental shelf,while age diagnosting index palynomorphs species present,suggest a middle Eocene age for the section.

[1]. Ainsworth, R. B. Walker, R. G. (1994).Control of estuarine valley-fill deposition by Fluctuation of relative Sea-level, Cretaceous Bearpaw-Horseshoe Canyon transition, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. In Incised-valley systems: Origin and Sedimentary Sequences (R. G. Dalrymple R. Boryd, and B. A. Zaitlin, Eds) pp. 159-174. SEMP (Society of sedimentary Geology) Special publication No. 51
[2]. Allen, G. P., and Posamentier, H. W. (1994).TransgressiveFacies and Sequence architecture in mixed tide and wave dominated incised Valleys: example from the Gironde Estuary, France. In Incised valley systems: Origin and sedimentary sequences (R. W. Dalrymple, R. Boyd and B. A. Zaitlin, Eds) SEMP Special Publication 51, pp. 225-240.
[3]. Benkhelil, J., 1989. The Origin and Evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough of Nigeria: Journal of Africa Earth Science, V. 8,251-282.
[4]. Blom, M. D. (1991) Systematic Controls of genesis and architecture of allorialsequences: a late Quaternary example. In NUNA Conference on High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy (D. A. Leckie, H. W. Posamentier and R. W. Lovell Eds.) pp. 7-8. Program with Abstracts

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Source Rock Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Eocene Nanka Formation (Ameki Group) In Anambra Basin: An Appraisal of Ogbunike Reference Locality, South Eastern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chiaghanam O. I. Chiadikobi, K. C. Ikegwuonwu, O. N. Omoboriowo, A. O. Onyemesili, O. C., 6Yikarebogha, Y.
	:	10.9790/0990-0231117

Abstract: Source rock potential and thermal maturity of the Eocene Nanka Formation of Ogbunike,south eastern Nigeria was assessed in this research work.The rock-eval pyrolysis result recorded a value range of 0.04 to 0.11,0.44 to 1.32 and 0.44 to 0.49 forS1, S2 and S2/S3respectively. Production Index (PI) and Hydrogen Index (HI) results have a value range of 0.08 and 11.83 to 55.00 respectively. TheSoluble Organic Matter (SOM) has an average value of 0.013 wt. %(127.55ppm), while Total organic carbon (Toc) recorded a value range of 2.40wt. % to 4.50 wt. %. Thermal Alteration index (TAI) of +1 to -2 and Vitrinite reflectance (Ro %) of 0.2% to 0.3% was recorded. Particulate organic matter of the samples was also analysed. The results suggests that the studied area is a type 1VKerogen,immatured stage of thermal maturity, fair source bed,but has a high organic carbon that can generate oil
Keywords: Rock Eval pyrolysis, Hydrocarbon, Nanka Formation, Kerogen&Anambra Basin.

[1]. Adegoke, O.S., 1969. Eocene stratigraphy of Southern Nigeria. Colloquesur 1 Eocene, III. Bureau de RechercheGeologiques et minieres, vol. 69, 20-48.
[2]. Avbovbo, A.A. 1978. Tertiary Lithostratigraphy of the Niger Delta AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 62,295-306.
[3]. Babatunde, O.L., 2010.The main oil source Formations of the AnambraBasin, South-eastern Nigeria.AAPG International Convention &Exhibition,September 12-15, Canada

[4]. Benkhelil, J, 1989. The Origin and Evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough of Nigeria: Journal of Africa Earth Sciences, Vol. 8, pp. 251-282.
[5]. Chiaghanam, O.I 2008. Lithofacies and Paleoenvironment of the Eocene sediments of Umunya in AnambraNtate, Nigeria Natural and applied science Journal, Vol. 9, No 2, 217-229.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Earthquake-Tsunami in South Jogjakarta Indonesia: Potential, Simulation Models, and Related Mitigation Efforts
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Widjo Kongko , Rahman Hidayat
	:	10.9790/0990-0231822

Abstract: The potential of earthquake-tsunami in South Java is lower than those in South-West of Sumatra. The recent earthquake-tsunami in this area was the "tsunami earthquake" with the relatively slow characteristics of the earthquake and generating greater tsunami. The results of model simulations with limited scenario in South Java showed a significant tsunami affected southern of Jogjakarta's coastal region. To support disaster mitigation and planning of infrastructure development in the southern coastal areas, it is necessary to study the potential earthquake-tsunami disaster and its mitigation efforts using detail and accurate topographic-bathymetric data.
Keywords: South Java, tsunami earthquake, disaster mitigation and infrastructure development, detail and accurate topographic and bathymetry data

[1] Bird, E.C.F. & Ongkosongo, O.S.R., 1980, Environmental Changes on the Coast of Indonesia, The United Nations University, printed in Japan.
[2] Fritz, H., Kongko, W., Moore, A., McAdoo, B., Goff, J., Harbitz, C., Uslu, B., Kalligeris, N., Suteja, D., Kalsum, K., Titov, V., Gusman, A., Latief, H., Santoso, E., Sujoko, S., Djulkarnaen, D., Sunendar, H. & Synolakis, C., 2007. Extreme run-up from the 17 July 2006 Java Tsunami. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(L12602), pp.1-5.
[3] Abidin, H.Z., Andreas, H., Kao, T., Ito, T., Meilano, I., Kimata, F., Natawidjaya, D.H. & Harjono, H., 2009. Crustal deformation studies in Java (Indonesia) using GPS. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, 3(2), pp.77-88.
[4] Kongko, W., Suranto, S., Chaeroni, C., Aprijanto, A., Zikra, Z. & Sujantoko, S., 2006. Rapid Survey on Java Tsunami 17 July 2006. Available at: http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files/tsunami-Java170706_e.pdf.
[5] ITDB/WLD, 2007. Integrated Tsunami Database for the World Ocean, ver.6.52 of Dec.31 2007, Tsunami Lab. ICMMG SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Describe and Statistical Evaluation of Hydrochemical Data of Karst Phenomena in Jordan: Al-Dhaher Cave Karst Spring
Country	:	Saudi Aradia
Authors	:	Iyad Ahmed Abboud
	:	10.9790/0990-0232342

Abstract: Karstification in Al-Kura District, northwestern of Jordan, is distribution in the Tertiary rocks at chalky and marley-limestone unit and it forms a local shallow unconfined aquifer. This research is constructed to describe and study the hydrogeochemical of karst features and their effects on the hydrochemistry of the Al-Dhaher Cave. Studied samples were collected from the water of wells and springs in the study area. All types of water have a composition in milligram units for cations (Ca2+>Mg2+>(Na++K+)), and anions (HCO3->Cl->NO3->SO42-). Calcium and bicarbonate accounts approximately 80% of the total ions. The concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ are strongly correlated with HCO3-. The rCa2+/rMg2+ ratio for Al-Dhaher Spring is about 1.54, which suggests that water moves in chalky and marly limestone. Our data revealed that the main ions Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- have very strong correlation to spring discharge. The water is undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, and the correlation of SIc and SId to discharge is very strong (r=0.97 and 0.96). Depending on comparing the coefficients variations, the type of Al-Dhaher Spring could be classified as conduit spring. The results of water analyses studies show that the aquifer system is prone to karstification and they show the impact of karstification on the chemical composition of spring waters.
Key words: karst, water chemistry, carbonate, Al-Dhaher, Jordan

[1]. Abu-Jaber, N., Mustafa, H., Melhem, D.M., 2006. Geology of the Dhaher (Bargish) Cave System, NW Jordan. Abhath Al-Yarmouk "Basic Sciences and Engineering", 15( 2), 351-363.
[2]. Aloui, T., Chaabani, F., 2007. Influence of fractures and karstification on the development of a quarry at Jebel Feriana, Tunisia. Springer-Verlag, Bull Eng. Geol. Environ., 66:345–351
[3]. Appelo, C., Postma, D., 1999. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Leiden A. A. Balkema, 536 p.
[4]. Bender, F., 1974. Geology of Jordan. Supplementary Edition in English Gebrüder Borntraeger. Berlin, 187 p.
[5]. Benderev, A., 1989. Karst and Karst Waters of Ponor Mountain [Ph.D. thesis]: Bulgarian, Scientific Institute for Mineral Researches, 157 p.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Geo-Electrical Data Analysis to Demarcate Groundwater Pocket Zones In Kaltungo And Environes, Northeastern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	A. G. Mohammed, A. Ibrahim
	:	10.9790/0990-0234350

Abstract: Investigation have been made for groundwater exploration using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data acquired from 6 (six) locations distributed in Kaltungo and Environs with a maximum electrode spread of AB/2 = 100m. This is an attempt to obtain useful information on the aquifer distribution within the area and hence delineate possible areas for groundwater development. Based on Iso-resistivity maps, geo-electric section, Longitudinal Unit conductance parameters for aquifer characteristics shows the southeastern part of the study area as favorable area for Groundwater exploration. The groundwater potential zone has been identified based on geo-electrical, iso-resistivity and Longitudinal Unit Conductance. Based on these studies the average resistivities of all the layers are ρ1 = 67.1, ρ2 = 20, ρ3 = 99.1, and ρ4 = 235.8 ohm and an average thicknesses of h1 = 0.9, h1 = 15.4, and h1 = 52.9m respectively. The Dar Zarrouk parameters for aquifer characteristics also shows an average Longitudinal conductance as L1 = 0.09, L2 = 0.52, and L3 = 0.422 Siemens and Transverse Resistance of S1 = 128, S2 = 1215.7, and S3 = 2236.8 ohm-m. The vertical geo-electrical section and spatial distribution of secondary parameters are constructed. The areas with ˂ 0.4 Siemens anisotropy are considered to be areas of high Porosity/Permeability and areas with ˃0.5 ˂ 0.65 Siemens are considered areas with intermediate Porosity/Permeability while areas with ˃0.65 Siemens are considered as Low Porosity/Permeability.
Key Words: Aquifer, Dar Zarrouk, Groundwater, Longitudinal Conductance, Permeability, Porosity.

[[1]. Carter, J. D., Barber, W., Tait, E. A (1963); The Geology of parts of Adamawa, Bauchi and Borno provinces in Northern Nigeria. No 30.
[2]. Oyawoye (1972): The Basement Complex of Nigeria. In Dessauvagie TFY, whiteman AJ(eds) African geology, Ibadan University press, pp66-102.
[3]. McCurry, p(1976): The Geology of the Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic Rocks of North Nigeria – A Review in : Kogbe CA (ed) Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan publisher, Lagos, pp 15-39.
[4]. Falconer, J. D., 1911. The Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria. London Macmillan, pp. 135-136.
[5]. Wilson and Basic (1928). The sedimentary and stratigraphic aspect of Benue trough (Nigeria

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Quaternary Volcanism of the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF), Jos Plateau, North Central Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Mohammed S. Tsalha, U. A. Lar, T. A Yakubu, Jon Blundy, H.W Bart
	:	10.9790/0990-0235163

Abstract: Thirty lava flows of alkaline olivine volcanic rocks of Quaternary age occurrence in the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF), north central, Nigeria. Basalts contain phenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides (ilmanite) and abundant microlites of plagioclase forming the groundmass. There is a large compositional gap between basaltic and felsic lavas discovered in the basaltic rock of this area. Despite this gap, major- and trace-element distributions are in favour of a co-magmatic origin for the basaltic lavas in this area. The Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) basalts are similar in their chemical features to the basalts from other parts of the Jos, Biu Plateaux and Cameroun Volcanic Line (CVL). It is believed that the KVF basaltic magmas originate from an intra-lithospheric homogeneity reservoir. The previous isotopic studies suggested that they are related to mantle-derived magmas and they are resulted from the mixing at shallow crustal levels of a large fraction of basaltic magma with a minor amount of trachytic magma. Major element modelling of the basalt-trachyte evolution supports an evolution through fractional crystallization. The fluids have played a significant role in the mafic lavas genesis, as attested by the occurrence of Fe-rich minerals. An origin of the Kassa volcanic magmas by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived primitive magmas of basaltic composition, accompanied by volatile, halogen-rich fluid phases, may probably be the preferred hypothesis for the genesis of these lavas. The striking feature of the analytical results from the radiometric dating is an age convergence around 1.3 Ma. One sample from cone three (CN3) give slightly different value of 2.5Ma despite this, it cannot be considered to be significantly different and the samples from this cone presents more olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts. The assumed instantaneous cooling of the rocks, the freshness of the samples and the aforementioned age convergence lead us to regard the 1.3Ma age as mirroring the emplacement of the volcanic rocks. Moreover, the age range suggests a rather partial progression that decreases from the northern extremity to the southern portion of KVF (1.97 Ma-1.66 Ma- 1.38 Ma and 1.34 Ma).
Keywords: Geochronology, Petrology, Quaternary volcanism, Kassa Volcanic Field, Ar-Ar dating, Jos Plateau.

[1]. Grant, N. K., Rex, D. C. and Freeth, S. J. (1972): Potassium-Argon ages and Strontium Isotope Ratio Measurements from Volcanic rocks in Northern Nigeria. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. Vol. 35, pp 277 - 292
[2]. Lar, U.A. and Tsalha, M.S. (2004): Geochemical Characteristics of the Jos Plateau Basalts, North central Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences. 3 (2): 187-193.
[3]. Lee, J.-Y., Marti, K., Severinghaus, J.P., Kawamura, K., Yoo, H.-S., Lee, J.B., Kim, J.S., A, 2006: Redetermination of the Isotopic Abundances of Atmospheric Ar, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, V70, 4507 – 4512.
[4]. Macleod, W. N. Turner, D.C. and Wright, E. P. (1971): The Geology of Jos-Plateau, Vo.1 General Geology. Geol. Surv. Of Nigeria. Bull N0. 32.
[5]. McDougall, I. and T.M. Harrison, 1999: Geochronology and Thermo chronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics no. 9, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 269pp.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the Brage Fault Zone, Norwegian North Sea
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Adiotomre E. E.
	:	10.9790/0990-0236473

Abstract: This study investigates the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Brage fault zone and suggests the fault is initially composed of six geometric segments that exert primary control on the general architecture of synrift stratigraphy.The hard linkage of these segments during Draupne times resulted in the obvious bend or jog that characterize the Brage fault trace. Isochron maps show isolated depocentres that are fault-parallel and in the hanging-wall of the Brage fault and other intrabasinal faults (Brage East and Brage Far West faults). The development of a major through-going Brage fault zone in Early Kimmeridgian-Ryazanian times resulted in a more open and continuous hanging-wall depocentre as accommodation creation became more uniform along fault strike. The Brage East and the Far West faults were intermittently active in the rift event and exhibits alternating activity with the Brage fault. The pronounced thickening of the lower Heather and upper Heather seismic stratigraphic units towards the Brage fault shows that the Brage fault was more active than the other intrabasinal faults. A pronounced fault parallel wedge-like geometry characterizes these units and is the result of a decrease in displacement along strike from the centre towards the tips of the fault. The findings of this study are consistent with those of other workers in the Norwegian North Sea and suggest that progressive linkage of initially isolated segments characterize the fault growth. The activity that alternates between the Brage fault and the Brage East fault also suggests that stress feedback between ruptures was probably an important mechanism controlling fault growth.
Keywords: Brage fault, fault growth, geoframe, Norwegian North Sea, synrift

[1] Faerseth, R. B. (1996). Interaction of Permo-Triassic and Jurassic extensional fault-blocks during the development of the northern North Sea. Geological Society of London, vol. 153, pp. 931-944.
[2] Steel, R. J., and Ryseth, A. (1990). The Triassic-early Jurassic succession in the northern North Sea: Megasequence stratigraphy and intra-Triassic tectonics. In R. P. F. Hardman, and J. Brooks (Eds.), Tectonic events responsible for Britain's oil and gas reserves. Geological Society Special Publication, vol. 55, pp. 139-168.
[3] Steel, R. J. (1993). Triassic-Jurassic megasequence stratigraphy in the Northern North Sea: rift to post-rift evolution. In J. R. Parker (Ed.), Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe, Proceedings of the 4th Conference.Geological Society London, pp. 299-315.
[4] Roberts, A. M., Yielding, G., Kusznir, N. J., Walker, I. M., and DornLopez, D. (1995). Quantitative analysis of Triassic extension in the northern Viking Graben. Geological Society of London, vol. 152, pp. 15-26.
[5] Morley, C. K. (1999). Patterns of displacement along large normal faults: implications for basin evolution and fault propagation, based on examples from East Africa. America. Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 83, pp. 613-634.
[6] Gawthorpe, R. L., and Leeder, M. R. (2000). Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins. Basin Research, vol. 12, pp. 195-218.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Review of the Correlation between Geology and Geothermal Energy in North-Eastern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	B. U. Abdullahi, J. K. Rai, O. M. Olaitan, Y. A. Musa
	:	10.9790/0990-0237483

Abstract: Nigeria as a country is suffering from acute shortage of power supply for both industrial and domestic use. Most of the renewable energy sources are underutilized including geothermal sources. The wide range of geologic formations in the north-eastern Nigeria provides an avenue for exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy. Therefore this paper focuses on finding the possible geothermal reservoirs existing in Nigeria in order to help in solving the Nigeria's energy crisis. Geology and mineral maps were utilised using overlay method. Two volcanic points and one fumarole were identified and they were recommended to be suitable for geothermal energy generation.
Keywords: Geology; Geothermal; Energy; Chad Basin; Fumarole; Earth

[1]. Barber, W. (1965).Pressure Water in the Chad Formation of Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, North- Eastern Nigeria.Geol, Surv.Nigeria Bull.No. 35, 138.
[2]. Barber, W.,& Jones, D.G. (1960). The Geology and Hydrology of Maiduguri, Bornu Provinces. Geol, surv. Nigeria 1958, p. 5-20.
[3]. Benkhelil, J. C. (1985). Structural interpretation of the Benue trough and Borno Basin. Geological interpretation of Gravity and Aeromagnetic data. Elf Nigeria Ltd, Exploration Department, p.59.
[4]. Bertani, R. (2010). "Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2005–2010 Update Report‟, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April 2010.
[5]. Bertania & Ruggero. (2009)."Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential", Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use, Slovakia.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Geochemical Evaluation of Campanian Sirte Shale Source Rock, Arshad Area, Sirt Basin, Libya
Country	:	Libya
Authors	:	KhaledK. ,Darwish M., Abu Khadra A. , Burki M
	:	10.9790/0990-02384101

Abstract: The present geochemical study deals with evaluation of Sirte Shale (Campanian) source rock in Arshad area which is located in the central Sirt Basin in north central Libya. Sirte Formation is composed mainly of shale, sandy shale, being partially sandy and calcareous facies indicating presence of possible source rocks. It contains enough amount of organic matter (>0.5 wt. %) to generate and expel hydrocarbons under suitable thermal maturity level in the area. The recorded kerogens belong to types III and IV. The pyrolysis results indicate deficient of hydrogen content and poor potential source rocks in all samples. The HI values of the analyzed samples prove predominance of type III (gas-prone) and type IV (non-hydrocarbon potential) kerogens. In general, pyrolysis results and derived parameters indicate poor generating potential for the Sirte Formation (Campanian) in the area and mature kerogen in the oil-window zone. The thermal burial history curves of selected wells in Arshad area indicate that Sirte Shale had been buried in the top peak oil generation or oil window (Late maturity, Ro: 0.9-1.35%) since 4 to 13.5 M. Y. ago at depth range 9100'-9600'. Time of hydrocarbon expulsion has started in the area since 15 M. Y. nearly during the Middle Miocene time (Serravallian age). In Sirt Basin, oil has migrated from the Campanian Sirte Shale source rock which has reached the oil-window at western flank of the South Ajdabiya Trough to the Mesozoic and Paleozoic reservoirs in Zaltan Platform and to the Upper Cretaceous Arshad sandstone reservoir in Arshad oil field as well. The migrated hydrocarbons most likely are entrapped in the structural closures of the different structural traps (folds and fault-blocks) in Zaltan Platform. Likewise, westward up-dip direction of gas migration took place from the Campanian Sirte Shale source rock as buried in the gas-window in the deep Wadayet (NW Ajdabiya Trough) to the Mesozoic and Paleozoic reservoirs in Zaltan Platform
Keywords: Geochemical evaluation, source rock, Sirte Shale, Arshad oil field, Sirt Basin, Libya.

[1]. Ahlbrandt, T. S., 2001. The Sirt Basin province of Libya-Sirte-Zeltan total petroleum system. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., 2202-F, 1-29.
[2]. Baric, G., Spanic, D. and Maricic, M., 1996. Geochimical characterization of source rocks in NC-157 block (Zaltan Platform), Sirt Basin. In: M. J. Salem, A. S. El-Hawat and A. M. Sbeta (eds.): First Symposium on the Sedimentary Basins, Geol. of the Sirt Basin Elsevier, Amsterdam, II, 541-553.
[3]. Barr, F. T. and Weegar, A. A., 1972. Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Sirt Basin, Libya. Petroleum Exploration Society, Libya, 179 p.

[4]. Barid, D. W., Aburawi, R. M. and Bailey, N. J. L., 1996. Geohistory and petroleum in the central Sirt Basin. In: M. J. Salem, A. S. El-Hawat and A. M. Sbeta (eds.): First Symposium on the Sedimentary Basins, Geol. of the Sirt Basin Elsevier, Amsterdam, III, 3-56.
[5]. Bjorlykke, K., 2010. Petroleum migration. In: K. Bjolykke (ed.): Petroleum geosciences, from sedimentary environments to rock physics. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 349-360

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