IOSR-JAVS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-1 ~ SEP-OCT-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of field-aged pheromone lures in cotton field
Country	:	United Kindom
Authors	:	Ibrahim Salihu Koko, Prof. Alan Cork
	:	10.9790/2380-0110107

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the paper is to determine the longevity, half life and the release rates of Pheromone lures from three commercial companies in India for the Spodoptera litura. Pheromone lures was extracted and examine by the use of Gas chromatography (GC). The major component was detected as ZE-9, 12: 14Ac. Lures from Natural Resource Institute (NRI), Basarass, Agriland as well as PCI lure for the use on Spodoptera litura was aged in cotton field in India in various dispensers like polyethylene vials, rubber tubes, and rubber septum. The result of this research work shows that the standard NRI lures had their lure impregnated with 0.89mg as initial dose and 5.63% remaining life at the 6th week. Basarass pheromone company lure had 0.1mg as initial dose and 12.88% at the end of 6th week, PCI company lure had -0.01mg as initial dose and 7.84% remaining life at the end of the 6th week, Agriland company lure was impregnated with 0.05mg as initial dose and 48.02% remaining life at 6th week respectively. The conclusion that was drawn is that companies like Basarass and Agriland do not put enough milligram (mg) of the major component and the release rates fluctuates on the field due to impurities and this had given the cure some measure of longevity with adverse effect on the performance. Among the recommendations that have been made in this paper companies should endeavor to increase the amount of milligrams impregnated in the lure and find the means and ways of increasing longevity without compromising on the fast release of the major component.
Key words: Pheromone, lures, cotton

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Abstract : In the present study, rabies was confirmed by Nested RT-PCR on saliva of 24 animals suspected to be rabid. Amplification with first round primers (Rab N1 and Rab N5) yielded a 1477 bp product, while primers used for second round amplification (RabNfor and RabNrev) yielded a 762 bp product. By nested RT-PCR, viral RNA could be detected in 9/24 (36.0%) saliva samples. Confirmatory diagnosis by Immunofluorescence performed on brain sample revealed 17 true positive cases. Sensitivity of 68.0% was recorded by application of Nested RT-PCR on saliva samples. It was concluded that Nested RT-PCR applied on saliva of rabies suspected animal can help in intravitam diagnosis of rabies. Keywords: Immunofluorescence, Intravitam, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Saliva.

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Abstract : Milk sample was obtained from 17 lactating animals suspected to be rabid. An attempt was made by employing advanced molecular approach Nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR on milk samples with an aim to detect the presence of rabies viral RNA. Confirmatory diagnosis of rabies was made by applying conventional techniques; Immunofluorescence on brain tissue. This study depicts the presence of rabies viral RNA in 2/17 milk sample with a sensitivity of 54.54% by Nested RT-PCR and 4/17 milk samples with a sensitivity of (60%) by TaqMan real time PCR when compared with FAT applied on brain tissue. This study confirms the presence of rabies viral RNA in milk. Keywords: Immunofluorescence, Intravitam, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Saliva.

[1] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23
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[6] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[7] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[8] A. C. Hanlon, S. J. Smith and R. G. Anderson. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1999, 1444-1447.
[9] G. J. Hughes, J. S. Smith, C. A. Hanlon and C. E. Rupprecht. Evaluation of a Taq-Man PCR assay to detect rabies virus RNA: influence of sequence variation and application to quantification of viral loads. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 2004, 299–306.

Abstract : The present study was envisaged to compare the sensitivity of SYBR Green real time PCR with immunofluorescence PCR for diagnosis of rabies. SYBR Green real time PCR technique was applied on brain samples collected from 39 rabies suspected animals. Sensitivity of SYBR Green technique was compared in accordance with WHO recommended gold standard test viz. Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) applied on brain samples. SYBR Green real time PCR applied on brain samples had successfully confirmed rabies in 16/39 with a Sensitivity of 80% . It was concluded that SYBR Green real time PCR is a useful, specific, sensitive and better molecular approach for diagnosis of rabies from brain of rabid suspected cases and can be used as confirmatory test for rabies diagnosis. Keywords: Brain, Molecular, Rabies, Real time PCR, SYBR Green.

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[10] G. J. Hughes, J. S. Smith, C. A. Hanlon and C. E. Rupprecht. Evaluation of a Taq-Man PCR assay to detect rabies virus RNA: influence of sequence variation and application to quantification of viral loads. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 2004, 299–306.

Abstract : Agricultural activities are link with many other activities. Any sector of an economy cannot function in isolated manner. Rather how it integrates with other sectors determines its efficiency. In fact, we are very obsessed with systems concept. In a bigger system, every subsystem of it is not only interlinked but also interdependent. Agriculture is no exception. Agricultural productivity largely depends on irrigation system, communication network, power supply, marketing facilities, banking system and other infrastructural facilities. Ultimately outcome from agriculture would depend on how these elements are interlinked. Not only several factors but also their derivatives (linkage) also influence productivity. In this paper, we identify and explain different types of agricultural derivatives to enhance agricultural productivity of land i.e. effect of interlinkage on productivity.
Key Words: Interlinked, Agricultural Sector, Value Productivity, HIV Seeds, Derivatives, Respondent farmers, Dominant factors, Chemical Fertilizer Intensity, Cropping Intensity.

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Abstract : An experiment was carried out at Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India from July to August 2010 to assess the effect of feed on larval survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Three experiments viz. Artemia nauplii plus egg custard (E-1), Artemia nauplii only (E-2) and Egg custard only (E-3) were taken for the study each with two replicates. The experiment was conducted in fiber tanks with Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae at a density of 100 no/ lt of water. Highest average survival rate (42%) was found in E-1 and the lowest survival rate was obtained in E-3. The results obtains that there is a immense potentiality for increasing freshwater prawn seed production through closed water system by using Artemia nauplii plus egg custard as feed.
Key Words: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia nauplii, Egg custard, larval growth

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Abstract : Indian major carp Labeo rohita was induced breeding in eco-carp hatchery with 3 different inducing agents, viz. ovaprim, ovatide, Carp pituitary extract at fish breeding center at Amloh Distt. Fathegarh Sahib (Punjab) India. Total ten trial doses of ovaprim, ovatide and Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE) used for induced breeding in Labeo rohita. The fertilization was found 61.30% with ovaprim, 58.50% with ovatide and 55.96% with carp pituitary extract treatment. The percentage hatchling was 72.20% with ovaprim, 66.37 % with ovatide and 59.25% with carp pituitary extract treatment.A comparison was carried out for fecundity, fertilization, and hatching rate during the induced spawning of Labeo rohita administered single dose of ovaprim and ovatide while carp pituitary extract double dose to female brooder. Ovaprim performed much better than Ovatide and pituitary gland extract.
Key Words: Labeo rohita (Rohu); Induced breeding; ovatide; ovaprim; Carp pituitary extract.

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Abstract : In Vitro trial was conducted to evaluate the binding ability of commercial high grade bentonite (HGB), on aflatoxin (AF) in broiler diets at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Contaminated substrate containing AF was added to broilers chicken diets to get the desired level of 0.5 ppm. A high grade bentonite was added at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent levels to the contaminated diet and incubated for three hours. At 4.5 pH, 84.90, 88.47 and 92.90 per cent binding of AF was recorded at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent inclusion levels of HGB respectively (P<0.05). At 6.5 pH, 87.60, 91.47 and 96.80 per cent binding of AF was recorded at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent inclusion levels of HGB respectively (P<0.05). In the present trial it was evident that both at pH 4.5 and 6.5 the binding ability of HGB at the inclusion level of one percent was significantly higher.
Key words: Aflatoxin, High grade bentonite, pH, In Vitro binding.

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Abstract : This study was conducted in Timergara District Dir (Lower) Pakistan to estimate the cost of milk production. The methodology used for this study is mainly quantitative. Data was collected through questionnaire from a sample size of 80 farmers in the town of Timergara. The cubic cost function model was used to analyze the collected data. The study shows that average values of dry and milking buffaloes were 2 and 42 respectively while the average milk production per buffalo was 0.11 mounds (5.5 kg). The major cost components of milk production were green fodder, dry fodder, concentrates, medicines, management, equipment, building and other miscellaneous. The total fixed cost (TFC) and average variable cost (AVC) per farm was 39761 and 468.51 rupees respectively. The marginal cost (MC) was minimum at output level 680 and the average variable cost (AVC) was minimum at i.e. Rs.468. The optimal level of milk production was 1232 mounds (61600 kg). The results show that none of the sampled farmers operated at the optimum level of operation.
Keywords: Cost, Milk, Pakistan, Production, Return, Timergara,

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Abstract : The seeds of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc) cv. Dapoli Kulthi- 1 were subjected to gamma radiation (100, 200, 300 and 400Gy), EMS (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 %) and combination treatments. The mutations affecting gross morphological changes in plant habit, leaf and pod morphology, and maturity were scored as viable mutations. These mutants were characterized and named on the basis of specific characters constantly observed in them throughout the course of investigation. Effect of mutagens on the frequency and spectrum of different types of viable mutations in M2 generation were recorded. The high frequency of mutations in terms of mutants per 1000 M2 plant population was observed in low doses of EMS (0.2%), gamma radiation (100Gy) as well as in their combination (400Gy +0.4% EMS). The range of viable mutations in gamma radiation, EMS and their combinations was 0.61 to 2.16%, 0.62 to 2.98% and 0.21 to 1.81% respectively. Spectrum of viable mutations included desirable characters like early maturity, tall and dwarf habit, profuse branching, increased leaf area, higher number of pods, grains and grain weight were used to select desirable mutants.
Key words: Horsegram, EMS, Gamma radiation, frequency, viable mutations.

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