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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Trends in Growth of Higher Education in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Uma Pujar
	:	10.9790/5933-0260104

Abstract: Higher Education is a very important sector for short and long term economic growth and development of human resource which can take responsibility for social, economic and scientific development of the country. India is currently at the stage of demographic transition where population growth is slowing down but, the population of young people entering the labor force continues to expand. This young and large population should be educated for the betterment of the nation. The Government has given the required thrust to the higher education sector by initiating various plans and committees. Government of India aimed to increase Gross enrolment ratio (GER) to 21% during its Eleventh five year plan (2007-12). To achieve this, the enrolments need to be substantially raised in Universities/Colleges to reach the target by 2011-12.
Key words: Higher education, enrolment.

[1] P. K. Manoharan Higher Education: A. P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi,
[2] SanatKaulHigher Education in India: Seizing the Opportunity, 2006.
[3] AbhayPethe, Higher Education: Governance is the key!
[4] Indian Higher Education - The defining years,KPMG-Edge forum report, 2012
[5] Report on HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA Strategies and Schemes during Eleventh Plan Period(2007-2012) for Universities and Colleges.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rural Infrastructure and Cropping Intensity in Odisha
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chittaranjan Nayak
	:	10.9790/5933-0260509

Abstract: Cropping intensity is important at least on two grounds. One; it ensures adequate food availability for the growing population and two; it results in higher earnings for farmers, given their size of land holdings. Now question arises that how can we enhance cropping intensity? There are some possible answers, viz. land consolidation, tenancy reforms, irrigation, credit, etc. The present study intends to verify the role of rural infrastructure in raising cropping intensity. The investigation has been done with help of district level secondary data from the state of Odisha by incorporating eleven items under infrastructure. These items are sub-grouped into physical, social and financial infrastructure. A composite index namely Rural Infrastructure Index (RII) has been prepared by using the method of Principal Components Analysis and simple regression technique is used to examine the impact of infrastructure on cropping intensity. The study observes that there exists regional disparity in the stock of rural infrastructure in all the three forms. The coastal region of the state is ahead in all the three categories of infrastructure, albeit with some exceptions. The southern Odisha, mostly comprising the underdeveloped Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput (KBK) is still the most backward region of the state. However, as regards cropping intensity, the story is not the same.
Keywords: cropping intensity, Odisha, principal component analysis, rural infrastructure index, backward regression.

[1] Chittaranjan Nayak, Physical infrastructure and land productivity: a district level analysis of rural Orissa, ICFAI Journal of Infrastructure, Icfai University Press, Hyderabad, 6(3), 2008, 7-21.
[2] International Fund for Agricultural Development, Making a difference in Asia and pacific, News Letter, Issue 20, March-April 2008, Bangladesh
[3] Asian Development Bank, "Vietnam: Rural Infrastructure Sector Project" , Reference Number, Project Number: 29529. September 2010.
[4] National Council of Applied Economic Research, India Rural Infrastructure Report, New Delhi, 2003.
[5] S S Sangwan, Infrastructure for Agricultural Development, Occasional Paper, no. 53, Department of Economic Analysis Research, NABARD, Mumbai, 2010

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determinants of Foreign Exchange Markets
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Yasir Yasin Raja \|\| Mr. Naeem-Ullah
	:	10.9790/5933-0261016

Abstract: Panel data analysis consisting of four countries was conducted. The study concluded with significant coefficients for relative interest rate, trade balance, terms of trade and net capital inflow. The results indicate that increase in interest rates and adverse trade balance has a negative significant impact on exchange rate while terms of trade and increase in net capital inflow results in favorable exchange rate for the home country.
Keywords: Exchange Rate, Relative Interest Rate, Relative Inflation Level, Terms of Trade, Trade Ratio.

[1]. Hota.L.K, (1993). "The Effect of Additive Outliers on The Estimates from Aggregated and Disaggregated ARIMA Models", International Journal of Forecasting Vol 9, pp. 85-93.
[2]. Ledolter.J, (1989). "The Effect of Additive Outliers on The Forecasts From ARIMA Models", International Journal of Forecasting, Vol 5, pp. 231-240.
[3]. Brooks.C, (1997). "Linear and Non Linear Non-Forecastability of High Frequency Exchange Rates", Journal Of Forecasting, 16, pp. 125-145.
[4]. Kuan.C.M and Liu.H, (1995). "Forecasting Exchange Rate Using Feed Forward and Recurrent Neural Networks", Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol 10, pp. 347-364.
[5]. Meese. R.A, Rogoff. K, (1991). "An Empirical Assessment of Nonlinearities of Models of Exchange Rage Determination", Review of Economic Studies, Vol 58, pp. 603-618.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The effects of corporate social responsibility activity disclosure on corporate profitability: Empirical evidence from Nigerian commercial banks
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ajide, Folorunsho Monsuru \|\| Aderemi, Adetunji Abdulazeez
	:	10.9790/5933-0261725

Abstract: The study examined the effects of corporate social responsibility activity(CSR) disclosure on bank profitability in Nigeria. Data were sourced from annual report and accounts of twelve sampled commercial banks in Nigeria for the year 2012 only. Variables such as CSR disclosure scores, banks' size and owners' equity serve as independent variables and banks' profitability proxy by returns on equity(ROE) as dependent variable were incorporated into the model. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis of Ordinary Least Square(OLS). The results showed that banks' size and CSR disclosure score have a positive relationship with bank profitability while owners 'equity has negative association with bank profitability. It was therefore concluded that banks should increase their level of CSR disclosure as itexhibits greater concern to improve on good corporate image and as a way of showing a greater commitment to impact and improve people's lives which in return capable of improving banks' patronage and profitability.
Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, bank's size, profitability, regression analysis.

[1] Akinpelu,Y.A. ,Ogunbi ,O.J.,Olaniran,Y.A. &Ogunseye, T.O. (2013). Corporate social responsibility activities disclosure by commercial banks In Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management. 5(7),173-185.
[2] Amole, B. B., Adebiyi, S. O. &Awolaja, A. M. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and profitability of Nigeria banks – A casual relationship. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(1),6-17.
[3] Aly, D., Simon, J. &Hussainey, K. (2010). Determinants of corporate internet reporting evidence from Egypt. Managerial Auditing Journal, 25 ( 2), 182-202.
[4] Babalola, Y.A.(2012). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firms‟ profitability in Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 45(2012),41-50.
[5] Bessong, P.K. &Tapang, A.T.(2012).Social responsibility cost and its influence on the profitability of Nigerian banks. International Journal of Financial Research,3(4),1-5.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Audit pricing in Nigerian banking industry: A panel analysis (2008-2012)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	AJIDE, Folorunsho Monsuru
	:	10.9790/5933-0262634

Abstract: This paper examined the determinants of audit pricing in Nigerian commercial banking industry. Panel data analysis had been carried out to find out the determinants of audit fees with variables such as banks' complexity, risk and operating performances as the explanatory variables and audit fees as the explained variable. Fourteen (14) commercial banks were selected out of twenty-two which made up the population. Data were sourced from the annual reports and accounts of the selected banks for the year 2008 to year 2012 period. The Fixed effect firm model estimations revealed that there is a positive association of complexity, risk, but negative association between operating performances and audit fees.It was concluded that there is high influenced and significant relationship between the audit fees and the explanatory variables in the study.
Keywords: audit market, panel analysis, audit fees, bank complexity.

[1] Akinpelu, Y. A. O., Omojola, S.O., Ogunseye, T. O.&Bada O. T. (2013).The pricing of audit services in Nigeria commercial banks. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting 4(3),74-80.
[2] Ali,B. C. & Amiens C. &Lesage, C. (2011). Ownership concentration and audit fees: do auditors matter most when investors are protected least? Paris, France: HEC School of Management (GREGHEC).
[3] American Accounting Association (AAA, 1973). Committee on basic auditing concepts,a statement of basic auditing concepts. Florida, Sarasota.
[4] Ball, R. (2001). Infrastructure requirements for an economically enceinte system of publicfinancial reporting and disclosure. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services no.1,127-169.
[5] Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act ( BOFIA, 1991)-Central Bank of Nigeria. Available online at www.cenbank.org/..../1991/BOFIA.PDF. Accessed on 23th September, 2013.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exchange rate regime in India & role of central bank in exchange rate management
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shivali Dhameja \|\| Namita Jain
	:	10.9790/5933-0263537

Abstract: This paper studies exchange rate regimes pursued in Indian economy since past decades. The paper has attempted to study transformation from fixed regime to floating or pegged arrangements in India & also the challenges associated with these reforms as brought in 1992. Further , several authors have identified variables to assess the presence of central bank intervention even under the system of floating exchange rate & efficiency of their efforts in targeting the real exchange rate. Finally, it has identified that as per impossible trinity , given the open capital account , a bipolar view seems appropriate in India.
Keywords: Exchange rate, de facto regimes, monetary policy.

[1]. Annina Kalten brunner and Machiko Nissanke. 2009. The Case for an Intermediate "Exchange Rate Regime with Endogenizing Market Structures and Capital Mobility".
[2]. Andrea Bubula and Inciotker- robe .2002 . "The evolution of exchange rate regime since 1990: Evidence from de facto policies". IMF working paper
[3]. Golaka C Nath & Dr. Y V Reddy. 2003 "Long Memory in Rupee-Dollar Exchange Rate – An Empirical Study"
[4]. Renu kohli.2002. "Real exchange rate stabilisation and managed floating: exchange rate policy in India, 1993–2001". Journal of Asian Economics 14 (2003) 369–387.
[5]. S K Verghese.1979. "Exchange rate of Indian rupee since its basket link". Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 28 (Jul. 14, 1979), pp. 1160-1165.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study on Commodity Derivative Market of Selected Non-Agricultural Products (Gold, Crude Oil, Copper) in the Chennai Market- An Analysis
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. P.Periasamy, Dr. R. Satish
	:	10.9790/5933-0263844

Abstract: This is a new Endeavour to find out how selective non- agricultural commodities are selected by the players in the market for trading and speculative investment and analyzed the influencing factors with the tools like Simple Moving Average (SMA),Relativity Strength Index (RSI),Moving Average Convergence and Divergence (MACD), Exponential Moving Average (EMA),Rate of Change (ROC) that they could consider before investing their money into non agricultural commodities like gold, Crude Oil, Copper in India for the past Four years right from 2009 to 2012.

Key terms: Non-Agricultural commodities, Simple Moving Average (SMA),Relativity Strength Index (RSI),Moving Average Convergence and Divergence (MACD), Exponential Moving Average (EMA),Rate of change (ROC)

[1]. Calvo, Guillermo (2008), "Exploding commodity prices, lax monetary policy, and sovereign wealth funds", 20 June (available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/1244).
[2]. Cashin, Paul and C. John McDermott (2001), The Long-Run Behavior of Commodity Prices: Small Trends and Big Variability, IMF Working Paper WP/01/68, May.
[3]. CESR-CEBS (2008), "CESR/CEBS' technical advice to the European Commission on the review of commodities business", 15 October. CESR-ERGEG (2008), "CESR and ERGEG advice to the European Commission in the context of the Third Energy Package, Response to Question F.20 – Market Abuse", October.
[4]. Chalmin, Philippe (ed.) (2006), Les marchésmondiaux, Paris: Economica. Clark, Ephrain, Jean-Baptiste Lesourd and René Thiéblemont (2001), International Commodity Trading: Physical and Derivative Markets, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (2008), Staff Report on Commodity Swap Dealers &Index Traders with Commission Recommendations, September. Commodity Research Bureau (2008), The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2008, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Productivity Analysis of Punjab State Warehousing Corporation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rashpaljeet Kaur, Dr. Rajinder Kaur
	:	10.9790/5933-0264552

Abstract: This paper examines the productivity analysis of Punjab State Warehousing Corporation (PSWC). The data from 2000-01 to 2012-13 has been collected from secondary sources for the study. The data has been analyzed with the help of mean, compound growth rate and productivity ratios. The productivity analysis of PSWC has been studied on the basis of warehouse productivity and employee productivity. The reveals that the PSWC earned more income than expenses per warehouse and per employee in 2000-01, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 which showed that each warehouse and employee of the Corporation was efficient in controlling its expenses but after 2005-06, income per warehouse and per employee was less than expenses per warehouse and per employee which indicated the inefficiency of the Corporation's warehouses and employees in controlling the expenses.

Key words: - Warehouse, Employee, Productivity, Metric Tonne, Storage capacity.

[1] Annual reports of PSWC from 2000-01 to 2009-10.
[2] Atmanand (1997), Productivity and Management of State Level Public Enterprises, Part- 2, Mittal Publications, New Delhi.
[3] Grewal, Ramanjeet Kaur (1990), Organization and Working of the Haryana Warehousing Corporation, PhD thesis submitted to Punjab University, Chandigarh.
[4] Kumari, Harish (2003), Productivity of Banks:- A Comparison of Public Sector and Private Sector Banks in India, PhD thesis submitted to Punjabi University, Patiala.
[5] Kaur, Manvir (2011), Performance Appraisal of Milk Cooperatives: A Comparative Study of MILKFED and HDDCF, M.Phil dissertation submitted to Punjabi University, Patiala.
[6] Kainth, G.S. (1982), Food grain Procurement Policy in Punjab, Margin, Vol.14, No.3, April.
[7] Madalgi, S.S. (1961), Warehousing Development in India, The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economy, pp. 57-62.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Stock Indices of BRIC economies: Explored for Non Linear Dynamics and Volatility
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mrs. Muskan Karamchandani, Ms. Shubhra Mohadikar, Ms. Savera Jain
	:	10.9790/5933-0265365

Abstract: The current global scenario is a vulnerable one with crisis affecting the global markets. The speed, the magnitude and the frequency of changes has made markets more volatile than ever before. The reports of ECRI (Economic Cycle Research Institute) "We are in an era of frequent recession" ring true to ears.

[1] E. Fama, Efficient capital market: a review of theory and empirical work, Journal of Finance, 25, 1970, 383–417.
[2] José A.O. Matos, Sílvio M.A. Gama, Heather J. Ruskin, Adel Al Sharkasi and Martin Crane, Time and scale Hurst exponent analysis for financial markets, 2007.
[3] C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, The Bell Technical Journal, 27(4), 1948, 379-423.
[4] E. Peters, Chaos and Order in the Capital Markets: A new view of cycles, prices, and market volatility, 1991, New York: Wiley.
[5] L. Glenn, On Randomness and the NASDAQ Composite, 2007, Available at SSRN 1124991.
[6] M. Karamchandani and S. Jain, Indian forex market: Revisited through Hurst exponent and Technical analysis. International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management (IJCBM), Vol. 2, No.4, 2013.
[7] M. Corazza, & A. G. Malliaris, Multifractality in foreign currency markets, Multinational Finance Journal, 6, 2003, 387-401.
[8] D. Grech and Z. Mazur, Can One Make Any Crash Prediction in Finance Using the Local Hurst Exponent Idea? Physica A, 336, 2003, 133.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Internal Control As A Potential Instrument For Corporate Governance
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Atu, Oghogho Gina; Dr. Raph Adeghe; Atu,Omimi-Ejoor Osaretin Kingsley
	:	10.9790/5933-0266670

Abstract: Recent scandals in the business world have pushed the concept of corporate governance to the limelight. Internal audit with a clear mandate from the institute of internal auditors has a crucial role to play in organization's corporate governance. To succeed, an organization's governance needs to rest on four pillars represented by the board of directors, management, internal audit and external audit. Each pillar must be effective and work well together to support the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Out of the pillars listed above three of which has being dealt with in this research with more emphasis on internal audit and board of directors contribution to corporate governance. Via an extended literature review, the results indicate that internal auditing plays a vital role in effective corporate governance.

Key words: internal audit, board of directors, corporate governance

[1]. Adamec, B. A., Leinicke, L. M., Ostrosky, J. A. & Rexford, W. M. (2005), Getting a Leg Up. Internal Auditor, 62 (3)
[2]. ASX (2003), Principles of Good Corporate Governance and Best Practice Recommendations, Australian Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Council, Sydney.
[3]. Bou-Raad, G. (2000), Internal Auditors and a Value-added Approach: The New Business Regime", Managerial Auditing Journal, 15 (4).
[4]. Cai, Chun (1997), On the Functions and Objectives of Internal Audit and their Underlying Conditions. Managerial Auditing Journal, 12 (4).
[5]. Carmichael, D. R., Willingham, J. J., and Schaller C. A. (1996), Auditing ConceptsAnd Methods. A Guide to Current Theory and Practice (6th ed). McGraw-Hill.
[6]. Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G. and Wright, A. (2002), Corporate Governance and the Audit Process. Contemporary Accounting Research, 19 (4)
[7]. Colbert, J. (2002), Corporate Governance: Communications from Internal and External Auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 17 (3).

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