IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2017

Abstract: The private sector remains the major supplier of housing in Nigeria as with some other developing countries. However, productivity in Nigeria is hampered by many factors, including high cost of building materials, difficulty in obtaining title to land, a weak mortgage financing sector, and delay in obtaining building permit. Therefore, the objectives of the research were to (1) Ascertain Private Developers' Perceived Challenges Regarding Private Housing Production (2) Ascertain Bottlenecks to Private Residential Estate Housing Delivery. This study was undertaken as a cross-sectional survey of all individuals or corporate firms who have supplied at least 4 building units and more constructed between 1978 and 2014 in Greater Port Harcourt City (GPHC)...........

KeyWords: Private Estate, Private Developers, Perceived Challenges, Housing Production

[1]. Ajanlekoko J. S. (2001). Sustainable Housing Development in Nigeria- The Financial and Infrastructural Implication, International Conference on spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya.16 September
[2]. Ede, P., Owei, O. B. & Akarolo, C.(2011). Does the Greater Port Harcourt 2008 meet aspirations for liveable city? A Paper presented at the 47th Congress of the International Society of City and Regional Planners. Liveable Cities: Urbanizing World, Meeting the Challenge. Wuhan.http://www.isocarp.net/ Data/case_studies/1859.pdf. Accessed (October 4th, 2014)
[3]. Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority (2009). http/www.GPHCDA/ (Accessed on: September 29, 2013).
[4]. Gobo, A.E; Amangabara, G.T and Agobie O,I (2014). Impacts of Urban Land use changes on flood events in Warri, Delta State Nigeria. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.48-60

Abstract: Here we have investigated the influence of the Iron (Fe2+) ion concentration, and the temperature on the rheological properties, storage (G') and loss (G'') shear modulus of low methoxyl pectin solutions and gels, in the presence of Fe2+ ion. Upon lowering the temperature in the presence of Fe2+, G'and G''increase immediately followed by a further slow logarithmic increase with time. It was observed that, the storage modulus (G') was increasing with increasing cation concentration initially, further increasing in cation concentration lowering the storage modulus. From the frequency sweep curves, Pectin-Fe2+ samples exhibiting well structure behaviour at lower Fe2+ concentration and showing viscous behaviour at higher Fe2+ concentrations.

KeyWords: Pectin, Rheology, Rheometer, Pectin Gelation, Temperature sweep curve, frequency sweep curve, Storage modulus, Loss modulus.

[1]. Christensen, S. H. (1986). Pectins. In M. Glicksman (Ed.). Food hydrocolloids (Vol. III, pp. 205–230). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
[2]. May, C. D. (1990). Industrial pectins: Sources, production and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 12, 79–99.
[3]. Rolin, C. (1993). Pectin. In R. L. Whistler & J. N. Be Miller (Eds.), Industrial gums: Polysaccharides and their derivatives (3rd ed., pp. 257–293). San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
[4]. Thakur B.R., Singh R.K., Handa A.K., Crit.Revs. Food Sci. Nutr.,37, 47, (1997)
[5]. Voragen, A. G. J., Schols, H. A., & Visser, R. G. F. (2003). Advances in pectin andpectinase research. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Abstract: As the economic development takes place in a country the generation of the municipal solid waste also increases. Not only this but the characteristics of the municipal solid waste also changes.This research has been conducted for the evaluation of the status of the municipal solid waste of the Allahabad city. A questioner has been prepared to find out the general perception of the citizen of the city of Allahabad about the different aspects of the municipal solid waste and its consequences and management in the city...........

KeyWords: Municipal solid waste, questioners, waste collection, secondary storage, dustbins, citizen audit.

[1]. Ciuta Simona et al., Urban and Rural MSW Stream Characterization for Separate Collection Improvement, Sustainability, 7, 2015, 916-931.
[2]. Idris A., Inane B. and Hassan M. N., Overview of waste disposal and landfills/dumps in Asian countries, Material cycles and waste management, 16, 2004, 104-110,.
[3]. Metin E. et al., Solid waste management practices and review of recovery and recycling operations in Turkey, Waste Management, 23, 2003, 425–432.
[4]. Mizpah Asase et al., Comparison of municipal solid waste management systems in Canada and Ghana: A case study of the cities of London, Ontario, and Kumasi, Ghana. Waste Management, 29, 2009, 2779–2786.
[5]. Read Adam D., Making waste work: making UK national solid waste strategy work at the local scale, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 26, 1999, 259-285.

Abstract: Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high selectivity and binding capacity for the template Gallic acid (GA) was used as an adsorbent for the binding of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) for wastewater remediation. Computational modeling was used to probe the nature of interaction between the functional monomer acrylamide and the template analogue 2, 4-DCP. The morphological characterization of MIPs synthesized by the reverse microemulsion polymerization was done using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area characterization and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)............

KeyWords: Template analogue imprinting strategy; Molecularly imprinted polymer, 2, 4-dichlorophenol, Reverse microemulsion polymerization; Microspheres

[1]. S. Pardeshi, R. Dhodapkar, A. Kumar, Quantum chemical density functional theory studies on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of Gallic acid imprinted polymers Spectro. Chim. Acta. Mol. Biomol. 116, 2013, 562-573. [2]. Z. Lin, W. Cheng, Y. Li, Z. Liu, X. Chen, C. Haung, A novel superparamagnetic surface molecularly imprinted nanoparticle adopting dummy template: An efficient solid-phase extraction adsorbent for bisphenol A, Anal. Chim. Acta. 720, 2012, 71-76.
[3]. H.T. Zhang, T. Song, W. Zhang, W. Hua, C. P. Pan, Retention behavior of phenoxyacetic herbicides on a molecularly imprinted polymer with phenoxyacetic acid as a dummy template molecule Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15, 2007, 6089-6095.
[4]. J. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, H. Tong, Y. Xu, S. Liu, Preparation of hollow porous molecularly imprinted polymer using tetrabromobisphenol A as a dummy template and its application as SPE sorbent for determination of Bisphenol A in tapwater, Talanta, 117, 2013, 281-287.
[5]. J. Pan, L. Xu, J. Dai, X. Li, H. Hang, P. Huo, C. Li, Y. Yan, Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on attapulgite/Fe3O4 particles for the selective recognition of 2,4-dichloropheno Chem. Eng. J. 174, 2011, 68-75.

Abstract: This work is aimed at quantifying the dispersion strength and environmental impacts of gaseous pollutants such as Carbon (II) oxide, Sulphur (IV) oxide and Hydrogen sulphide emitted from 12 hp Diesel powered water- cooled engine at some selected sites in North central Nigeria. A real time analysis was adopted in monitoring these sources by the use of ALTAIR Multi- gas detector. The estimated emission rates of 139.04mg/s, 4.227mg/s and 2.335mg/s were obtained for CO, SO2 and H2S respectively............

KeyWords: Diesel, emissions, pollutants, concentration, Gaussian, gaseous and Dispersion.

[1]. Adel A. Abdel-rahman, (2008). On the Atmospheric Dispersion and Gaussian Plume Model. 2nd International Conference on Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor Climate (WWAI'08) Corfu, Greece, October 26-28, 2008, Pp. 31-39
[2]. Anno (2013): Methodologies for the evaluation of spatial representativeness of air quality monitoring stations in Italy. Pubblicazioni / Energia Ambiente e Innovazione / Anno 2013 / n. 1-2 gennaio-aprile 2013.
[3]. Antonacci Gianluca (2005): Air pollution modeling over complex topography. Doctoral Thesis in Environmental Engineering (XV1 cycle). Faculty of Engineering, University of Trento. Pg. 88-99.
[4]. Antonio Piersanti, Gaia Righini, Felicita Russo, Guiseppe Gemona, Lina Vitali, Luisella Ciancerella (2013). Spatial Representativeness of Air Quality Monitoring Stalations in Italy, (Intalian Ministry). Air Quality Laboratory, National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
[5]. Akpinar E.K and Akpinar S., An assessment on seasonal analysis of wind energy characteristics and wind turbine characteristics. Energy Convers Manage, 46 (2005):1848–67.

Abstract: Foods that have a greater effect on blood glucose levels, therefore the research of food sources that have a low potential glycemic very important example tiwai plant extract, bananas (hump), striatus fish, and sweet potatoes. The research was conducted on the test phytochemicals, nutritional composition, making food products cereal and test on human subjects to determine the blood glucose response. Phytochemical test results showed that steroids are not on lai, tiwai, banana weevil, catfish and sweet potato. Saponins found only in lai and banana weevil. Flavonoids are not detected in striatus fish, alkaloids were not detected in striatus fish and sweet potato.............

KeyWords: Nutrition, blood glucose response, cereal, local flour

[1]. B. Saragih, M.Pasiakan , Saraheni, and D. Wahyudi, Effect of herbal drink plants tiwai (Eleutherine americana Merr) on lipid Profile of hypercholesterolemia patients, International Food Research Journal 21(3), 2014, 1163-1167
[2]. A. Drewnowski and C.D.Rehm , Consumption of added sugars among US children and adults by food purchase location and food source. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 2014, 901-907; doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.089458
[3]. B. Saragih, Analisys of quality banana weevil flour from various and difference age, Jurnal TIBBS Teknologi Industri Boga dan Busana. 9 (1), 2013, 22-29.
[4]. B. Saragih, Marwati, B. Saragih, H. Suprapto, and M. Rachmawati, Effect of various types of herbs on sensory properties and blood glucose response Adan instant black rice. International Journal of Science and Engineering (IJSE), 5 (1), 2013, :42-48
[5]. SV. Gupta , N.Yamada , TV. Fungwe and P. Khosla, Replacing 40% of dietary animal fat with vegetable oli in associated with lower HDL cholesterol and higher cholesterol ester transfer protein in Monkeys Fed sufficient linoleic acids, J Nutr 133, 2003, 2600-2606

Abstract: Two main aims are focused in the carried out article: 1) to clear out changable model of rainfall on the Earth by approaching with new form; 2) to work out rainfall forecast model. In relation with the first issue the results got from general circulation of atmosphere were analysed. Thus, influencing forces to atmosphere, in changing its rotary motion with regard to the Earth and the leading role of baric gradient force are explained. In the second issue, rainfall data line is expressed by harmonic function, periodic part is separated from the chance part and calculation are carried out on the base of analitic expression.

KeyWords: Rainfall, synoptic processes, harmonic analysis, solar activity, coriolis forces, friction force.

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Abstract: The study examines protected area management changes in Ethiopia under different regimes. Being known by its oldest record of formalized conservation effort in Africa, protected area management, development and utilization policy and practice in Ethiopia has been subject to a series of paradigm changes since the establishment of Ethiopian Wild Life Organization in 1965. Drawing on a documentary analysis of legislation, published policy statements, commentaries and scholarly critiques, this paper argues that Ethiopian protected area management has undergone three significant paradigm shifts.............

KeyWords: Ethiopia, Protected Area Management, participatory approach, people out approach

[1]. Adams, W.M., &Hutton, J. (2007). People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation. Conservation and Society 5 (2), 147–183.
[2]. Agence française de développement (2014). Protected areas for biodiversity conservation and development
[3]. Agrawal,. A. and Redford, K.(2009). Conservation and Displacement: An Overview. Conservation and society, 7(1), 1-10
[4]. Andrade, G. S. M., and J. R. Rhodes. (2012. Protected areas and local communities: an inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies? Ecology and Society, 17(4):14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05216-170414
[5]. Ashenafi, Z. T., and N. Leader-Williams. (2005). Indigenous common property resource management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Hum. Ecol, 33(4):539–563

Abstract: Black soybean has drawn the attention of researchers and consumers because of health issues. The reason is the presence of the well-known antioxidants compounds called anthocyanins, besides isoflavones. However, further technical and scientific information are needed about the characteristics and possibilities of utilization of black soybean to produce some of the most consumed soy foods in the West, such as soymilk and soy beverages. In the present work, five methods of obtaining soymilk from black soybeans were evaluated by checking the profile and total anthocyanins content in the final product.............

KeyWords: Black soymilk, processing, anthocyanins

[1]. B. Xu, and S. K. Chang, Antioxidant capacity of seed coat, dehulled bean, and whole black soybeans in relation to their distributions of total phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. J Agric Food Chem, 56(18), 2008a, 8365-8373.
[2]. T. J. Ha, J. H. Lee, S.-O. Shin, S.-H. Shin, S.-I. Han, H.-T. Kim, J.-M. Ko, M.-H. Lee, and K.-Y. Park, Changes in anthocyanin and isoflavone concentrations in black seed-coated soybean at different planting locations. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 12(2), 2009, 79-86.
[3]. Y. Kanamoto, Y. Yamashita, F. Nanba, T. Yoshida, T. Tsuda, I. Fukuda, S. Nakamura-Tsuruta, and H. Ashida, A black soybean seed coat extract prevents obesity and glucose intolerance by up-regulating uncoupling proteins and down-regulating inflammatory cytokines in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Agric Food Chem, 59(16), 2011, 8985-8993.
[4]. K. Kim, K.-M. Lim, C.-W. Kim, H.-J. Shin, D.-B. Seo, S.-J. Lee, J.-Y. Noh, O.-N. Bae, S. Shin, and J.-H. Chung, Black soybean extract can attenuate thrombosis through inhibition of collagen-induced platelet activation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(10), 2011, 964-970.

Abstract: Housing types, construction expertise, human activities, environment, poverty and malaria are intricately connected. The major thrust of malaria vector control is in the use of Long‐Lasting Insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) which are both home based. Human habitation (homes, hotels, hospitals) is the battle ground and most vulnerable place of attack on humans by malaria vectors. Poorly designed and constructed houses have a high propensity for accommodating anthropophagic and endophilic mosquitoes. There is no better time to bring to the front burner a key control strategy than now that history has given us a second chance at malaria eradication.............

KeyWords: Mosquitoes, Anopheles, Malaria, housing

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Abstract: The study aimed at understanding the phenomenon of filling up ponds in Pabna district and to find out the causes for pond filling. It also recommends policies to conserve ponds in Pabna district. This study makes an attempt to find out how urbanization leads to filling up the ponds and analyze the trends of pond fill during past 30 years. In 1986 total pond area in this district was 750.06 hectares- about 0.32% of the total land area. But in 2016, it was reduced to 562.03 hectares (about 0.24% of total land area)..............

KeyWords: Pabna, Pond Filling, Urbanization, Causes

[1] L. De Meester, S. Declerck, R. Stoks, G. Louette, F. Van deMeutter, T. De Bie, E. Michels and L. Brendonck, Ponds and pools as model systems in conservation biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15(6), 2005, 715–726.

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[3] Paul A. Keddy, Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (Cambridge University Press, 2010). ISBN 0521739675

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Abstract: In the recent time Himalayan state Uttarakhand is facing so many natural problems like cloud- burst, landslide, extreme rainfall. Changing climatic condition is expected to affect farming and non farming activities both as this could lead to extreme weather conditions. Climate change is expected to have serious environmental, economic, and social impacts on Himalayan state uttarakhand, where livelihood depend on the use of natural resource particularly in the rural areas. Uttarakhand being the most densely populated Himalayan state have high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change..............

KeyWords: Climate Change, Population Drift, Violent Conflict, Temperature

[1]. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-geologist-blames-encroachment-on-dried-river-for-uttarakhand-tragedy-2050371
[2]. http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchalphysical.htm
[3]. http://uttarakhand.org/library/maps/
[4]. http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/present-scenario-agriculture-uttarakhand
[5]. http://neespi.org/web-content/meetings/Bishkek_2009/Sati.pdf

Abstract: Plastic waste is found in all types and forms (mixed plastic) mostly from packaging material for commercial product, thus resulting in its abundance in municipal solid waste. In the developed and developing countries high quantities of mixed plastic waste are generated but in the developed countries extensive recycling and reuse strategies have been implemented toward minimizing its quantity in waste flow and that which requires final disposal. In the developing countries where the concept of recycling is just coming up or waste collection from generation sources is a major problem, thus recycling is found only informally and carried out by scavengers.............

KeyWords: Mixed Plastic, Waste, Management, Abuja, Nigeria

[1]. Abdul Jalil, Nannu Mian and Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (2013). Using Plastic Bags and Its Damaging Impact on Environment and Agriculture:An Alternative Proposal. International Journal of Learning & Development, 3(4).
[2]. Abuja-Citiserve. (2004). Estimates of Waste Generation Volumes and Income Potential in Abuja. Population Abuja (English Edition), 805:1-29. http://www.slgpnigeria.org/uploads/File/805.pdf. Acessed. 16th April 2012
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[5]. Deguchi, T., Y. Kiitaoka, M. Kakzawa and T. Nishida (1997). Nylon biodegradation by lignin degrading fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(1): 329-331.

Abstract: Environmental sustainability is a global issue that has received a lot of attention in developed countries. Its importance and relevance cannot be over emphasized, but yet it hasn't received the attention required in developing countries and seems menial compared to other problems facing the populace. It seems an issue far from the everyday person on the street, but in reality it's a ticking time bomb just waiting to explode. Municipal solid waste is generated daily with an average of 0.5-1.5 kg/daily per household. Municipal solid waste management has become a health hazard in Nigeria..............

[1] Abeynayaka, A. & Werellagama, D.R.I.B. Efficiency Improvement of Solid waste management Systems with Load Reduction : A Case Study in Kandy City, Sri Lanka, September 2007. pp.126-133.

[2] Abou Najm, M., & El-Fadel, M. (2004). Computer-Based Interface for an Integrated Solid Waste Optimization Model. Environmental Modelling and Software, 19:1151-1164.
[3] Aboyade, A. Potential for Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria Solid waste Disposal Sector: A Case Study from Lagos, 2004.
[4] Abuja-Citiserve. (2004). Estimates of Waste Generation Volumes and Income Potential in Abuja. Population Abuja (English Edition), 805:1-29. http://www.slgpnigeria.org/uploads/File/805.pdf. Acessed. 16th April 2012
[5] Abulude, F. O., Obidiran, G. O. & Orungbemi, S. (2007). Determination of Physio-chemical parameter and Trace metal contents of drink water sample in Akure Nigeria.Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 6(8):2298-2299.

Abstract: Medical wastes are highly infectious and hazardous. It may carry the germs of dreadful diseases like hepatitis B and C (jaundice), and HIV/AIDS. It contains toxic chemicals and hazardous materials from several diagnostic and treatment processes. The improper disposal of Medical waste in the CMCH poses a high health risk to humans as well as the environment. This study was carried out from July 2014 to September 2014 to know the characteristics of Medical waste and present disposal system in CMCH. Categorization of medical wastes included sharps, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste and chemical waste. Sharps were counted in number and pathological wastes were assessed in weight (kg)...............

KeyWords: CMCH, Sharps, Pathology, Disposal, Bacterial Load

[1]. Rashid, S. (1996), Medical waste disposal in Dhaka city: A survey. North-South University. Bangladesh, Dhaka.
[2]. Kazi, N.M. 1997. Waste Management in Dhaka. Bangladesh Environmental Newsletter, vol.8, No.4. Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[3]. Akter, N., N. M. Kazi, A. M. R. Chowdhury (1999). Environmental Investigation of Medical Waste Management System in Bangldesh With Special Reference to Dhaka City. BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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[5]. Lawson A. 2010. UN tackles Dhaka's medical waste

Abstract: Pollution of environment is one of the most horrible ecological crisis to which we are subjected today. One of the main sources of pollution in the environments is metallic compounds. Metals and metalloids have long been mined and used in numerous applications. This has led to a significant increase of metal pollutions. Metals can accumulate in all environmental matrices at either high or trace levels of concentration. Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density. Therefore amount of various kinds of metals are present in soil, plants, air, lakes, animals, oceanic regions, even in foodstuffs and human beings. Their widespread distribution, especially heavy metals, became serious problems because of their toxicities for animals, human health and the environment. Their toxicity of heavy metals depends on several factors including...........

KeyWords: heavy metals, huma health, Environmental, toxicity, carcinogenicity

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