IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-1 ~ Issue-3 ~ Sep–Oct 2012

Abstract: Curcumin due to its various medicinal, biological, pharmacological activities is high on demand and has high market potential, high cost. Since curcumin has variety of uses, extracting it in a less expensive method other Super Critical Fluid Extraction is the main aim or objective of this work. Usage of food grade solvents is a main prerequisite of this work and optimization of the parameters in order to find an effective means of extraction sum ups the cause of this project work. Besides working on the extraction of curcumin, other properties such as curcumin's antioxidant, antimicrobial properties are to be envisaged upon. This project work mainly deals with the topic on 'extraction of curcumin' from its common source turmeric, using an effective low cost method of solvent extraction. Different solvents are used either in their pure form or being mixed in definite ratio's, while taking into consideration of other parameters such as particle size, time, temperature, solid: solvent ratio. The qualitative analysis of its antimicrobial property is also done along with the product development of Cake
Keywords:Antiflatulent, Antifibrotic, Antimutagenic, Carcinogenesis, Ulcerogenic

[1] Aggarwal B. B., Indra D, Bhatt B. B., Ichikawa H., Ahn K. S., Sethi G., Sandur S. K., Natarajan C., Seeram N., and Shishodia S.
Curcumin — Biological and Medicinal Properties 7034_book.fm Page 297, 2006
[2] Chattopadhyay I., Biswas K., Bandyopadhyay U., and Banerjee R. K., Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal
applications. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 2004.
[3] Masuda, T., Maekawa, T., Hidaka, K., Bando, H., Takeda Y. and Yamaguchi, H., Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanisms of
curcumin: analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumin and linoleate. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49,
2539–2547, 2001.
[4] Sogi S. D. , Sharma S., Oberoi S. P. D., and Wani A. I.. Effect of extraction parameters on curcumin yield from turmeric. Journal
of Food Science and Technology Volume 47, Number 3, 300-304, 2009.

Abstract: With the vital need to extend services or enable uninterrupted productivity, several millions had to work in shifts varying in length of time for a greater part of their age. Interest in the effects of shift work on people has developed because many experts have blamed rotating shifts for human error connected to a number of accidents and catastrophes. Together with the alarming relationship of shift work to fatigue, performance, accidents and chronic heart disease, there is reason to believe that shift work may become a major challenge for the employer, employee and occupational health professionals. Thus, work schedules and work load factors need to be examined in combination to obtain a realistic picture of the effects of shift work on fatigue
Keywords: Shift work, Stress Fatigue Biological rhythm, Circadian Clock.

[1] Knutsson A1989Shift work and coronary heart disease. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 44:1-36
[2] Tepas DI, Duchon JC, Gersten AH 1993 Shift work and the older worker. Experimental Aging Research 19:295-320
[3] Gupta S, Pati AK, Levi F. 1997Pattern of shift rota modulates oral temperature rhythm and sleep wakefulness profiles in shift
workers. Journal of Biosciences 22:477-488
[4] Chandrawanshi A and Pati A K. 2000 Could Externally desynchronized Circadian Rhythm be resynchronized in Shift Workers?
Biological Rhythm Research, 2000, Vol 31, No. 2, PP: 160 176
[5] Pheasant, S.T. 1991Work and Health, Mac Millan Press, London, Ergonomics, pp.3-4, 156-157, 171-172, 185-188
[6] Fugiwara,S1992 Studies on fatigue and shift work in nurses. Sangyo-Igaku, 34:225-235
[7] Gold, D.R. Rogacz, D, Bock, Tosteson, T.D, Baum, T.M. Soeuzer, F.E. and Czeisler D.A. 1992 Rotating shift work, sleep
and accidents related to sleepiness in hospital nurses.Ann.J.Public Health, 82:1011-1014
[8] Mohren DCL, Swaen GMH, Kant IJ, Borm PJA, Galama JMD2002 Associations between common infections and fatigue in a
Dutch working population: results of the Maastricht Cohort Study on Fatigue at work. Eur J Epidemiol. In press
[9] Madide S 2003 Effects of Night Shift Schedules on Nurses Working in a Private Hospital in South Africa
[10] Rosa, R.R 2000 Examining work schedules for fatigue: It's not just hours of work. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA, eds. Stress,
workload and fatigue. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000:513-28

Abstract:Green Leafy Vegetables (GLV) plays a vital role in the food culture of Nigerians and Africans as a whole. In this study, eleven green leafy vegetables not commonly consumed from south west Nigeria were analysed for proximate composition, mineral compositions and phytochemicals composition (Tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids). The green leafy vegetables analysed with corresponding local names were Launea taraxacifolia "Yanrin", Struchium sparaganophora "Ewuro Odo", Cnidoscolus aconitifolina "Iyan Ipaja", Vernonia amygdalina "Ewuro", Solanum nigrum "Odu", Crassocephalum crepidioides "Ebolo", Ocimum gratissimum "Efirin", Manihot esculenta "Ewe ege", Colocassia esulenta "Ewe koko", Cerathoteca sesamoides "Ekuku" and Bidens pinnata "Abere oloko". There was a significant difference (P<0.05) among the samples in chemical and phytochemical composition. The percentage moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fibre, and carbohydrate content range from 78.60 to 88.47%, 1.76 to 3.36%, 0.20 to 2.93%, 1.73 to 4.43%, 2.56 to 3.73% and 2.93 to 12.33% respectively. The calcium, Iron, magnesium and phosphate also range from 87.67 to 187.33mg/kg, 2.50 to 7.50mg/kg, 2.33 to 5.23mg/kg and 33.66 to 115.67mg/kg respectively. The phytochemicals determined are: Tannin, total alkaloid and flavonoid with values 8.33 to 39.00mg/kg, 6.50 to 13.83mg/kg and 12.53 to 35.33mg/kg respectively. The data suggests that the eleven leafy vegetables analysed have both nutritional and phytochemical potentials.
Key-words: Leafy vegetables, phytochemicals, chemical, composition, Nigeria.

[1] O.A. Edema, Production of some common vegetables. (Horticultural Research Institute Ibadan, 1987).
[2] J.K. Mensah, R.I. Okoli and J.O. Obaju-Obodo, Phytochemical, medicinal and nutritional properties of some green leafy vegetables.
Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2512 (12): 2008, 758.
[3] N.A. Mnzava, Comparing nutritional values of exotic and indigenous vegetables. In: Processing of a workshop on indigenous
vegetable. Limbe Cameroon, January 1997. R.R. Schippers, L. Budd, (eds) (Chattam. U.K; NRI/IPGR/CPRO workshop, 1997).
[4] A.O. Fasuyi, Nutritional potential of some tropical vegetable leaf meals. Chemical characteristics and functional properties. Afri. J.
Biotechnol. 5 (1): 2006, 49 – 53.
[5] J.C. Okafor, Horticulturally promising indigenous wild plants species of the Nigerian Forest Zone Acts Horticulture. 123: 1983, 165
– 177.
[6] M.V.A. Alta and O.A. Adeogun, Nutrient components of some tropical leafy vegetables. J. Food Chem. 53: 1995, 375-379.
[7] G. Williamson, M.S. Dupont, R.K. Heaney, G. Roger and M.J. Rhodes, Induction of slutathione S transferase activity in hepG2
cells by extracts of fruits and vegetables. J. Food Chem. 2: 1997, 157-160.
[8] R.H. Liu, Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 134: 2004, 34795-34855.
[9] AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official method of Analysis (18th edition). (AOAC Intl., USA. 2006).
[10] P.O. Fayemi, Nigerian Vegetables. (Heins educational book, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1999).

Abstract:Traditionally, separation behavior in Iran has included mainly the removal of dry bread and textiles from wet waste. Two thousand tons of recyclable materials were collected in selected areas of Tehran in 2012 by 3,682 households trained in this collection sampling. Waste separation comprises about 299 kg of recyclable materials per capita collected from these households per year. The sample size obtained for the Cochran formula was 380. After sampling and questionnaires were distributed, it was found that only 260 households had carried out any waste separation, so the hypothesis testing was based on the answers of these householders. Simple random sampling was used, i.e., two-dimensional Chi-square test for determining the relationship between the indicators used. The result obtained showed that encouraging children to separate waste was very low, and the main reason that the majority of respondents chose for collecting and separating waste from buyback centers was to earn money from it and because of the proximity of these centers to their houses. Most respondents also tended to spend less than five minutes reaching the waste disposal location, so the householders mostly preferred bins at the curbside. Also, the majority of respondents in eight-unit residential complexes the extent of separation was low, and of those living in nine-unit complexes or larger, was very low.
Key-words:Source separation, Separation behavior; Public participation

[1] Lund, H.F., 2001. Recycling Handbook (second ed. McGraw-Hill, Washington,DC).
[2] Shaw Peter J (2007) Nearest neighbour effects in kerbside household waste recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52: 775-784. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.11.004.
[3] Thøgersen John (2002) A model of recycling behaviour, with evidence from Danish source separation programmes. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 11: 145-163.
[4] Chung Shan-shan , Poon Chi-sun (1999) The attitudes of Guangzhou citizens on waste reduction and environmental issues. Resources, Conserv. Recycling, 25: 35-59.
[5] González-Torre Pilar L, B Adenso-Dı́az, Alex Ruiz-Torres. (2003) Some comparative factors regarding recycling collection systems in regions of the USA and Europe. Journal of Environmental Management, 69: 129-138.
[6] González-Torre Pilar L, B. Adenso-Díaz. (2005) Influence of distance on the motivation and frequency of household recycling. Waste management, 25: 15-23.
[7] Martin M , I.D. Williams, M. Clark. (2006) Social, cultural and structural influences on household waste recycling: A case study. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling: 48.
[8] Refsgaard Karen, Kristin Magnussen. (2008) Household behavior and attitudes with respect to recycling food waste – experiences from focus groups. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 760-771.
[9] Schultz P.Wesley , Stuart Oskamp, Tina Mainieri. (2004) Who recycles and when? A review of personal and situational factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15: 105-121.
[10] Hornik Jacob, Joseph Cherian, Michelle Madansky, Chem Narayana. (2002) Determinants of recycling behavior: A synthesis of research results. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 24: 105-127.

Abstract:Selection of eleven (11) different local dishes frequently consumed in Minna, North central part of Nigeria, was based on the food consumption survey carried out in form of questionnaire. The quantity of magnesium and iron was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) while phosphorus was obtained using colorimetric method involving Phospho Vanado Molybdate Complex, after wet ashing method. The result showed iron, magnesium and phosphorus load (mg/100g) ranged from 4.35±0.07 to 10.62±0.04, 131.30±0.09 to 322.40±0.08, 131.30±0.01 to 165.00 ±0.02, respectively. The three mineral loads observed were capable of meeting the required dietary allowance in WHO and FAO standard. Therefore, careful choice among the studied local food will exhibit inherent natural remedy capability for the malnutrition of Iron, magnesium and Phosphorus mineral.
Key-words: Local dishes, Minna, Iron, magnesium, Phosphorus, natural remedy, mineral malnutrition

[1] H. C. Brittin (2010).The food and culture around the world Hand book (Prentice Hall.2010) ISBN-13: 978-0-13-507481-7, ISBN: 0-13-507481-9
[2] UNICEF.Vitamins and minerals Deficiency.A global damage assessment report. : Micronutrient Initiative M.I, New York.2005
[3] Food and Agricultural Organization, The state of food insecurity in the world, FAO, Rome, 2005
[4] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States, New York,.CDC MMWR New York ,1998, Recomm Rep;47:1-29
[5] R. J.Stoltzfus, Iron-deficiency anaemia: re-examininig the nature and magnititude of the public health problem. Summary: Implication for research and programs. Journal of Nutrition, 131,2001, S697-700
[6] B. M. Altura, ,Basic biochemistry and physiology of Magnesium, A brief review. Magnesium and trace Element, 1991,10:167-171. 2 [7] Ryan M.F., The role of magnesium in clinical biochemistry: an overview. Ann Clin Biochem.1991, 28:19–26
[8] C. Feillet-Coudray, C. Coudray, J. C. Tressol, D. Pepin, A. Mazur, S. A. Abrams, Exchangeable magnesium pool masses in healthy women: effects of magnesium supplementation. America Journal Clinical Nutrition, 2002,75:72-8.
[9] E. B. Lexikon , Dritter Band, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg/Berlin 2002, S.116 Phosphate, S. 118 Phosphorus
[10] Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Us dept. of Health and Human Services and US dept. of Agriculture, Rock Ville MD, 2005

Abstract:This study examined the Socio-Economic implication of Tourists' appraisal of the Obudu Mountain Resort in Cross River state, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire survey, interviews, field inventory and participatory rural appraisal methods. It was observed that the people preferred the international tourists' to the domestic tourists' based on their willingness to pay more for goods and services while the domestic tourists' were preferred to the international tourists' based on their level of friendliness and association and that despite the high rate of tourists' patronage in the study area, the people are yet to enjoy the benefits of tourism in terms of development and improvement in their standard of living. Based on these findings, it is recommended that adequate steps and measures be adopted to improve the standard of living of the people through the provision of training, capacity building, credit facilities and provision of basic social amenities to reach the entire community.
Key-words:Tourism, Appraisal, Destination, Development, Travel.

[1] Aniah, E. J., Eja, E. I., Otu, J. E. & Ushie, M. A. (2009). Patronage of ecotourism potentials as a strategy for sustainable tourism development in Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 1 (2), 20-27.
[2] Aref, F., Gill, S. & Aref, F. (2011). Tourism development in local communities: As a community development approach. Journal of American Science, 6 (2), 155-161.
[3] Ashe, J. W. (2005). Tourism investment as a tool for development and poverty reduction: The experience in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Barbados. Paper presented at the Commonwealth Finance Ministers meeting, New York, September 17.
[4] Ashley, C. (2000). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihood: Namibia‟s experience. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London Working Paper, 128, 5-31.
[5] Bola Olusola Adeleke, "Peace and Tourism in Nigeria." Paper commissioned for 2008 Travelers‟
[6] Philanthropy Conference, Arusha, Tanzania. Available from the Center for Responsible Travel (www.responsibletravel.org).
[7] Cole, S. (2006). Cultural tourism: Community participation and empowerment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
[8] Cross River State Tourism Bureau (2010). Tourism in Cross River, the journey so far. Calabar: Tempo Project report.
[9] Development In Nigeria, (2010). Can tourism help reduce poverty in Nigeria? Overseas Development Institute Briefing Paper, 4, 12-24.
[10] Goodwin, H. (2008). Tourism, local economic development and poverty reduction. Applied Research in Economic Development, 5 (3), 55-64.

Abstract:This paper explores the idea of revitalizing communal role and participation in managing the environment for sustainable national development and what this type of development can do to improve the quality of life within communities. The paper examines what sustainable development entails and provides examples of the threats to quality of life that traditional approaches to development can generate. In doing this, the paper examines the environmental management problems with its attendant implication for human health. The problems facing the urban and rural environment in Nigeria are complex that they have exceeded the capacity of government to handle alone. A critical look at the environment reveals the existence of sums/ghettos, unplanned and neglected environment which has resulted in the spread of diseases, social disorder, poor human development and low productivity. Community approach to managing the environment is considered pertinent because it is now widely realized that cooperation of all actors: the private sector, NGOs, communities and government is required to build the neglected and dilapidated environment. Sustainable development is vital to the health of communities and especially important to rural communities now under pressure from high energy and infrastructure costs. The study is based on secondary source of data. It recommended among others the adoption of community-based approach for effective management of the environment because it engenders high level of citizens' response to their commonly perceived problem of environmental decay.
Key-words:Community, Economic Development. Environmental-Management, Public-health, Waste

Journal Papers:
[1] Achor, J., The Human Costs of Slum Habitation in Lagos in Health Update, Shelter Rights Initiative, Vol. (3) June – December,
2001.
[2] Arotiba, Slum Settlement and Waste Management in Lagos State in Health Update by Shelter Rights Initiative, Vol. 1 (3) 2001.
[3] Gaye, M and Diallo, F., Community Participation in the Management of Urban Environment in Rusfisque, Senegal – Sage Journal
of Environment and Urbanization, June Vol. 22 No. 1, 2010.
[4] George, C. K., The Growth of Lagos Metropolis and the resulting Challenges of Urban renewal. Shelter Right Initiative, Lagos,
Vol. 1, 2002.
[5] Mitlin, D and Thompson, Participatory Approach in Urban Areas: Strengthening Civil Society or Enforcing the Status Quo,
Environment and Urbanization Vol. 7 (1), 1995.
[6] Okoro, D, The Human Costs of Slum Habitation in Lagos. Shelter Right Initiative Vol. 1 (3) Lagos, 2001.
[7] Onyeagu, R., Housing Right Implication of Violation of Right to Adequate Housing. LASER Contact, Shelter Rights Initiative Vol.
5 (1) Jan-June, 2000.
[8] Shadden, T., Environmental Related Human Diseases indicators: Australian Journal of Environmental Health. June, 2000.
[9] Tong, S., Major Issues in the Environmental Health Decision Making Process: Journal, 2009.
[10] Thornton, P.D., How to Set Outcome Indicators: Journal of Environmental Health. March, 2000.
[11] Wang, H. and Tong, M., "Community Participation in Environmental Management of ecotourism" International Journal of
Business and Management. Vol. 4 No. 3, 2009.