IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-1 ~ Issue-5 ~ Nov–Dec 2012

Abstract: Due to the lack of proper knowledge on the quality of water, Indian farmers are facing huge problems these days as the industrial waste water enters into the rivers and are used for irrigation purpose by the farmers. There is scarcity of water as the water levels are decreasing day by day. As the population continues to increase, the shortage of water becomes eminent. Water quality is also an issue, since runoff from fields makes river water more saline because they carry soluble mineral salts as well as excess nutrients from fertilizer such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As a result the water may be too salty to use for irrigation further downstream, since most crops cannot cope with salty water. By making the farmers aware of quality usage of water we can help them to tackle the major problems related to water.
Keywords:Reduction of farmer's problem, water problem in agriculture, reclaimed water in agriculture

[1] Drechsel P., Graefe S., Sonou M. and Cofie, O. (2006) Informal irrigation in urban West Africa: an overview. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo. Research Report 102. www.iwmi.org [2] Keraita B., Drechsel P. and Amoah, P. (2003) Influence of urban wastewater on stream water quality and agriculture in and around Kumasi, Ghana. Environment and Urbanization 15(2): 171-178. [3] Asano, T., Burton, F.L., Leverenz, H.L., Tsuchihashi, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (2007) Water reuse: issues, technologies, and applications., New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. [4] Obuobie E., Keraita B., Danso G., Amoah P., Cofie O.O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks. IWMI: IWMI-RUAF-IDRC-CPWF, Accra, Ghana. http://www.cityfarmer.org/GhanaIrrigateVegis.html [5] Levine, Audrey D.; Takashi Asano (1 June 2004). "Peer Reviewed: Recovering Sustainable Water from Wastewater". Environmental Science & Technology 45: 203A. doi:10.1021/es040504n. Retrieved 20 March 2012.http://www.epa.gov/region09/water/recycling/ [6]  ^Space.com. (2009, May 20). Astronauts Drink Recycled Urine, and Celebrate. Retrieved November 29, 2009 from http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/090520-space-urine.html [7]  ^WaterSaver Technologies Aqus Uses Sink Greywater for Toilet. Treehugger.com. October 7, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2007.http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/10/watersaver_tech.php

Abstract: Effects of fortification of flaxseed at different levels were assessed on the nutritional and sensory quality of biscuit. Supplementation of wheat flour with flaxseed powder was done at different levels 0-43%. A novel fortified biscuit was successfully produced and it was observed as the concentration of flaxseed increased the moisture, fat, ash, protein showed gradual increase whereas dietary fibre showed a rapid increase and however, carbohydrate content was decreased. The antioxidant activity, phenolic concentration was linearly increased as the fortification was increased. Also the dark color intensity was increased with the increase in fortification. On the basis of nutritional and sensory quality, biscuit when fortified with blends of 10% flax seed resulted in better quality and nutritious biscuits (carbohydrate content 69.76%, protein content 10.59%, fat content 11.07%, ash content 2.48% and fibre content 7.77%).
Keywords:Biscuits, Wheat Flour, Flaxseed Powder.

[1] 2000 AOAC (2000) (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), Approved methods of the AOAC, William Horwitz.
[2] AACC (2000) Approved laboratory methods , American Association of Cereal Chemists, Minnesota,USA
[3] Ahmad AOCS press, Champaign, Washington. Calder, P.C., 1999. Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Nutr. Rev., 56:
S70-S83.
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World, 38, 10, pp. 753-759.
[6] Echendu CA, Onimawo IA, Somtochi A (2004). Production and Evaluation of Doughnuts and Biscuits from Maize- Pigeon pea
Flour Blends. Nig. Food J. (22): 147-153
[7] Gallagher, P.R. Flatt, G. Duffy, Y.H.A. Abdel-Wahab, 2003 The effects of traditional antidiabetic plants on in vitroglucose
diffusion, Nutrition Research 23 (2003) 413–424
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Faisalabad. 1997
[9] Joshua Lawrenz, Betty Herndon Dietary Flaxseed Oil Protects against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats,
Pulmonary Medicine, Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 457031
[10] L. C. Okpala and E. C. Okoli , 2001 Nutritional evaluation of cookies produced from pigeon pea, cocoyam and sorghum flour
blends, African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(3), pp. 433-438.

Abstract: Nutri bar is a popular food with blend of ingredients to provide nutrition to different age groups most widely recommended for consumption by women (who are pregnant, lactating or are attempting to become pregnant) in an amount that is effective for enhancing their nutrition. Despite the interesting nutritional properties, Nutri bar provides some medicinal properties as well, like demulcent, carminative, laxative, lactogenic, and rubefacient. In present research traditional ingredients, such as fenugreek, dry ginger, gum acacia, have been incorporated into Nutri bar to increase milk production of mothers along with some other ingredients like almonds, cashews, coconut, honey, makhana as nutrition supplement. These ingredients used were assessed at different levels to make a bar of better nutrition. Semolina (92.5g) when fortified with makhana (7.5g), coconut (6g), cashew (5g), almonds(5g), fenugreek(0.1g), ginger (0.1g), gum acacia (5g) and honey (42g) attained a good consistency, nutritional value and better organoleptic properties. Microbiological studies during storage under ambient temperature conditions were also studied.
Keywords:Nutribar, supplementation, sensory quality, semolina, makhana.

[1] A Hegazy and M I Ibrahium (2009).Evaluation of the nutritional protein quality of wheat based bar supplemented by fenugreek seed flour. World J. of dairy and food sciences 4 (2):129-135.

[2] AACC (1983). Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

[3] Abdel-Aal ESM, Sosulski FW, Youssef MM, Shehata AAY, 1993. Selected nutritional, physical and sensory characteristics of pan and flat breads prepared from composite flours containing fababean. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 51: 409–414.

[4] Ananthan Padmashree, Gopal Kumar Sharma, Kadaba Anantharaman Srihari (2010), Amarinder Singh Bawa .Effect of wheat starch in nutri bars;33(6):66-75.

[5] AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of analysis. Washington, DC: Association of analytical chemists.

[6] Jane Michnowski, 1985. Guar Gum Food Bar, USPA Publications.

[7] Leach, Robbin L. 1997, Nutrient Fortified Food Bar, USPA Publications.

[8] Paul B Maning, Jack H Schramm, James W McGrath JR., 2002 Food Bars Containing Nutritional Supplements and Anti - constipation and Regularity Maintaining Agents, USPA Publications, 424-439.

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[10] William E Bangs, Joseph D, Sandy Ko, MacNair, 2001. Prepacked Therapeutic Meal For Treatment of Diet ResponsiveConditions, USPA Publications.

Abstract: Flour prepared from dried potato peels were inoculated with pure strains of either Aspergillus niger or Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then left to ferment for seven days. Chemical analysis of the fermented peel mash revealed a significant (P< 0.05) increase in the crude protein content (13.62%) of the potato peel mash when compared with the unfermented potato peel (10.50%).The result also shows that fermentation increased significantly the crude protein, ash, lipid and fibre content of the fermented potato peel mash, while a decrease in carbohydrate was observed. Moisture concentration of 125%, temperature of 30OC and 25OC and a pH of 3.5 and 5.5 were found to be optimum for the growth of A. niger and S. cerevisiae on the mash. Increase in all mass resulting from the growth of the micro-fungi contributed to the resultant increase in the crude protein content of the fermented mash. The fermented peels could therefore be a good source of cheap protein enriched feed.
Keywords:Feed, Fermentation; Potato peels; Crude Protein; Microorganisms.

[1] A.A. Ogunjobi, B.C. Adebayo-Tayo, and A. A. Ogunshe, Microbiological, proximate analysis and sensory evaluation of processed
Irish potato fermented in brine solution, African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(12), 2005, 1409-1412.
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simulated cassava-vegetable diets. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 53(4), 1999, 369-380.
[6] S.C. Achinewhu, L.I. Barber, and I.O. Ijeoma, Physicochemical properties and garification (garri yield) of selected cassava cultivars
in Rivers State, Nigeria. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 52(2), 1998, 133-140.
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[8] O.A. Abu, Biochemical characteristics and utilization of processed sweet potato Legume batata (L) LAM for rabbit feeding,
doctoral diss., University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria, 1997.
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313-356.
[10] N. Okafor, and A.O. Ejiofor, Rapid detoxification of cassava mash by a yeast simultaneously producing linamarase and amylase.
Process Biochemistry, 25(3), 1990, 82–86.

Abstract: The polyethersulfone reverse osmosis hollow fiber module is used to desalination of brackish water. The driving force of separation is pressure difference; the non conventional source of energy, solar energy is used to create the driving force inside the hollow fiber module. To increases the life of the membranes, the brackish water first is passed to micron cartage filter and then to reverse osmosis modules of the membranes. It was found that increases in transmembrane pressure permeate flux increased and concentrated flux decreased, after few hours, it worked reversely, due to blockage of the pores of the membrane. Membrane technology is an energy saving process, Region which is come under the saline belt and problem of an electrical energy, desalination using solar membrane technology is an ecofriendly technique of separation.
Keywords:Polyethersulfone, reverse osmosis, solar energy, desalination.

[1] S.A. Shumway1999, Desalination and Water Reuse, 8(4) 27.

[2] L.J. Hauge1999, Desalination and Water Reuse, 9(1) 54.

[3] I.J. Moch 1999, Reverse Osmosis Technology Seminar, Malta.

[4] C.G. Harris, Proc., AWWA Membrane Technology Conference, 1995Ahmad G., and Schmidt J., 2002,

[5] Study of brackish water desalination in the Egyptian deserts and rural regions using PV systems. Energy Conversion and Management. 43: 2641-2649.

[6] Bier C., and Plantikow U., 1995, Solar powered desalination by membrane distillation, IDA Word Congress on Desalination and Water Science, Abu Dhabi, pp. 397-410.

[7] Koschikowski J., Wieghaus M. and Rommel M., 2003, Solar thermal-driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation, Desalination, 156: 295- 304.

[8] Thomson M., Miranda M., and Infield D., 2002, A small-scale seawater reverse-osmosis system with excellent efficiency over a wide operating range. Desalination. 153: 229-236.

[9] Richards B., and Schafer A., 2003, Photovoltaic-powered desalination system for remote Australian communities. Renewable Energy. 28: 2013–2022.

Abstract: Water sources are particularly at risk to contamination by pesticides because of the accumulation and distribution of contaminating substances in sediments of rivers, lakes, and ponds. Potential sources of this impact in water bodies include municipal sewage and agricultural runoff (pesticides and herbicides). The enzyme and hormone disrupting capabilities of pesticides and related chemicals are suspected to be some of the factors contributing to the decline of fish, amphibian and reptile populations of water bodies. In most cases the cause are assumed to result from man-made pollutants in the aquatic environment. The lake Anasagar is a perennial, shallow fresh wetland situated in the heart of Ajmer city. It is degraded because of anthropogenic activities including input of detergents, pesticides and other chemicals due to agricultural activities, sewage disposal and human settlement around the lake. A large area of the catchment of Lake Anasagar is being used for agriculture particularly Trapa bispinosa as the primary cash crop and vegetable crops such as Cauliflower, Tomato, Cabbage, Brinjal, Okra etc leading to input of organo chlorine pesticides in the lake. It was found that water of Anasagar is highly contaminated with these synthetic pesticides. The concentration of organo chlorine was higher in summers than in the rainy season. It has been indicated that many pesticides in the aquatic environment are capable of disrupting the endocrine systems of aqua life. Some pesticides and related chemicals are persistent in the environment and are accumulated in the fatty tissue of organisms and increase in concentration as they move up through the food web. These chemicals are substances that can cause adverse effects by interfering in some way with the body's hormones or chemical messengers and even disrupting the sexual development of aqua population even at extremely low doses, reducing the cholinesterase activity of amphibians and reptiles, causing disease and reproductive failure in fish populations. Concern over the decline of amphibians globally has highlighted the importance of using this group as a bio indicator of environmental contamination and climate change.
Keywords:pesticides, herbicides, wetlands, bio-indicators.

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Abstract: Surface and ground water samples from gas flared area of Irri town and environs where gas flaring activities take place were analyzed for their heavy metals and trace element constituents and some physical characteristics. The results were evaluated with a view to determine and compare the quality and portability of the water from areas of high gas flaring activities with samples from areas of minimal gas flaring. The range of concentration of heavy metals were lead (0.181 – 0.245 mg/l), copper (0.000 to 0.007 mg/l) Zinc (0.001 to 019gm/l), Nickel (0.1-0.13mg/l),iron (0.02 – 1.42mg/l) manganese (0.008 – 0.032 mg/l) cadmium (0.000). Some of these concentration levels are above World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible limits, the general results showed that water in the study area had acceptable quality for household utilization except the ones that contain excess lead and iron which may require treatment.
Keywords:WHO,Gas Flaring, Surface Water, Groundwater, Niger-Delta

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Abstract: Pasta is a popular carbohydrate based food because of its low glycaemic index (GI) and ease of preparation, its low GI can be attributed to its specific structure. Effects of fortification of pasta with the combination of chickpea flourand defatted soy flour at different levels were assessed on the nutritional, sensory and cooking quality of the pasta. The fortification of durum wheat semolina was done by the combination of chickpea flour and defatted soy flour at levels (0,0)% containing only semolina as control, (10,6)%, (14,10)%, (18,14)% respectively. A novel legume fortified pasta product was successfully produced and it was observed as the concentration of legumes was increased the cooking time also increased. The cooking quality of the pasta was enhanced by steaming. On the basis of cooking and sensory quality, pasta containing 14% chickpea flour and 10% defatted soy flour resulted in better quality and nutritious pasta.
Keywords: Pasta, Cooking quality, Sensory quality, Protein supplementation

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Abstract: Aloe Vera has gained more attention over the last decade due to its reputable, medicinal, and pharmaceutical and food properties. In present research, firstly the different concentrations of pectin and gum acacia were augmented with aloevera gel and the products so prepared were assessed for texture and stickiness. The selected preparation was then supplemented with orange flavour at different levels. The samples were again analysed for taste, color and stickiness and the final product so prepared was subjected to various nutritional, organoleptic and microbial analysis. On the basis of sensory characteristics and nutritional value, Aloe vera gel when added with 1.5% pectin,9% gum acacia and 15g orange flavour resulted in better quality gel with smooth texture, acceptable appearance and aroma and attractive colour and good nutritional value (protein content 4%,carbohydrate content 18.6%, TSS 41.7 0B,fibre content 2.83% and mineral content1.29%).
Keywords:Aloe vera gel, flavour, pectin, gum acacia.

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Abstract: Monitoring of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) male moths through pheromone traps was carried out in chickpea crop field at village Kapren, dist. Bundi during 2011-12. Maximum number of male moths trapped were 105.66/trap/week, while maximum number of larvae was 30.0/10 plants recorded during 12th standard week (19 March -25 March). Abiotic factors like maximum temperature and minimum temperature had positive correlation with male moth catches and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera while, relative humidity had negative correlation with male moth catches and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera.
Keywords: Pheromone trap, Helicoverpa armigera ,Integrated Pest Management, Abiotic factors.

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Abstract: This paper examined the effect of desertification on population dynamics and local response to the menace in Nigeria. Data on population changes, type of energy use, house hold size, farm practices and tree plantings were collected through questionnaires from eighteen development areas as well as government agencies in Yobe State of Nigeria. The objective was to examine how desertification has resulted in diverse population changes and responses. Factor analysis was used to analyze the trends in selected environmental and population change variables. A combination of climatic factors, general increase in population and livestock pressure on land and vegetation has been identified as the chief causes of desertification. Change in population as a result of in and out migration have been dramatic coupled with diverse adjustment responses demonstrated in the development of indigenous adaptation strategies such as woven stick construction around homes, mulching and indigenous tree plantings. Environmental changes have been momentous particularly in the case of reduced water body, disappearance of vegetation cover, shifting sand dunes, increasing bare grounds and loss of biodiversity. The paper recommends the incorporation of indigenous desert environmental knowledge into government environmental conservation Programs and the need for massive tree plantings in desert prone areas and Nigeria in general. Moreover, the Federal and State departments of forestry have to be empowered with adequate revenue for massive reforestation all over the nation. Discourage dependence on wood for local energy and alternatives such as kerosene be economically provided. List of suggested anti desertification tree species has been provided since sustainable environment is concomitant with stable population..
Keywords: Desertification, Population Dynamics, Population Response.

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[10] UNEP (1991) Status of Desertification and Implementation of UN Plan of Action to Combat Desertification UNEP Nairobi