IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6 ~ Jan–Feb 2013

Abstract: This paper examines the sanitary-risk factors in relation to some hand-dug wells in Zaria city of Kaduna State. Ten (10) wells were randomly selected from city-wards and field inspections of the wells were conducted in each selected ward. The simple percentage was carried out for analysis of data. The results indicated that 80 percent of the wells were within 10m of latrines, while 70 percent of the wells were very close to a source of pollution at about 10m radius. The study recommended that vigorous environmental education programmes should be embarked upon to public on a proper ethics of citing wells. There should be sanitary inspection of the source of water as a routine activity.
Keywords: Assessment, Hand-dug wells, Sanitary-risk factors

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Abstract: Effect of urban air pollution on roadside tree species Pongamia pinnata(L.) Merr. has been studied with special reference to epidermal characteristics of leaves. The light microscopic studies of this plant indicated marked alteration in epidermal traits, with increased number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit area in leaf samples collected from polluted sites than those from control site. Results revealed that, as compared to the leaves from control, the length and width of guard and epidermal cells reduced considerably in leaves of polluted sites. These changes in epidermal traits could be as indicator of environmental stress and can be recommended in high traffic density area for the early detection of urban air pollution.
Keywords: Urban air pollution, epidermal cells, stomata.

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Abstract: Pesticides have an innate capacity to cause damage to biological system. Considering above fact the present study deals with the effect of the insecticide malathion on histological and biochemical study on cardiac muscle tissue in Channa punctatus. In present study effect of sub lethal concentration (0.8 ppm) of malathion on protein, lipid and glycogen content and histopathological changes in heart tissue of fresh water fish Channa punctatus during 96 hours was studied. Structural variations like congestion, atrophy were observed in cardiac muscle of Channa puncctatus during 96 hours sub lethal treatment of malathion. Total protein, lipid and glycogen showed decrement in cardiac muscle of Channa punctatus
Keywords: Malathion, sub lethal, cardiac muscle, Channa punctatus

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Abstract: The word Arsenic is always alarming to us. It is nothing but a prejudiced view. If we take arsenic through drinking water or in other forms, it is not always injurious to health. It is a matter of lookout weather its intake is within or beyond the danger level. All of us should be aware of the value of danger level. The present study deals with to create consciousness among the people in respect of danger level of arsenic in drinking water. The sample consist of 50(N=50) Tube Wells of different families gathered by Situational Sampling Technique from different rural areas of Habra Block, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. The findings reveals that a large portion of the areas of North 24 Parganas, is dominated by arsenic pollution and people suffer from arsenic-stricken diseases because of their ignorance and lack of awareness regarding arsenic pollution and its impact on Human Health. Some remedial measures should be taken to generate awareness among general people from government, semi-government organizations, NGOs and other individual and collective efforts. Further studies are necessary in this regard.
Keywords: Arsenic Pollution, Water level, Tube Well, Disease, Rural, Habra Block, West Bengal.

[1] Chatterjee d. "Geochemistry of Arsenic in the sediments of Bengal Delta Plan".
[2] Chakraborty R, University of Calcutta : Impact of Awareness of Arsenic on Health and Environment among the Rural People : a case study on the villages of North 24 Parganas.
[3] Das Indrani, Ghosh koushik and Sanyal S. K. of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya : "Phytoremediation of a potential option to
mitigate arsenic contamination in soil-water plant system."
[4] Dey Madhusnata : "Oietary Protection Against Arsenic Toxicity."
[5] Dr. Gupta Anirban : Shibpur Engineering College.
[6] Gupta Anirban: "Arsenic-free Safe Water – An appropriate Technology."
[7] Kundu Ashok, Rishi Bankim Chandra College : "Arsenic Free Drinking Water : The Gontra Experience."
[8] Nath K.J. : "The new menace in Asia Arsenic is Ground Water and its impact on community Health."
[9] Poddar D. Chakraborty Arup and Banerjee Tarak : "Journey Towards Reduction of sufferings of the people of West Bengal from the
clutch of Arsenic."
[10] Roy Choudhury A : "Arsenic exposure through drinking water creates health problem due to lack of awareness."

Abstract: The environment is considered as man's important asset that must be protected for his life support. Unfortunately, the situation is different where oil refinery and petrochemical plants operate. Environmental pollution in these areas poses serious threat to the ecosystem, often with undesirable effects. This paper, therefore, takes a look at the refinery operations in Warri Petrochemical Company, Nigeria (WPCN). The study adopts simple descriptive statistics in data analysis and discovers the prevalence of gas flaring, noise and vibrations as well as soil contaminations with liquid and solid waste disposal from the refinery. Policy recommendations are set forth based on research findings with a view to minimizing pollution in the study area.
Keywords: Environment, Pollution, Noise, Gas flaring, Refinery operations

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Abstract: This paper explains about the present status of forest conditions in the study area, which is one of the most striking resources of present watershed. The methodology used to the study of forest is satellite image interpretation, intensive field investigations and secondary data collection from forest department. The forest in watershed area have mainly four types viz.- Siwaliks Chir-pine, Siwaliks Sal, Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous, and Dry Bamboo Brake. The present watershed occupies 167 km2 (2004-2005) forest area. It is almost 32.62 percent of the total area of watershed, which is very high than the national level (19 percent) and approximately equal to the standard level of 33 percent area set under national forest policy, 1952. More then 80 percent of the hills and foothills are covered by forests in present watershed, which is much higher than the recommended figure of 60 percent in hills, as prescribed by National Forest Policy. However, it is a matter of concern that the quality, in some areas, is not good. Presently, increasing mismanagement as well as stealthily cutting of forest trees is also serious problem in the watershed. So, there is a need to maintain the quality and quantity of trees in the watershed

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Abstract: Lack of qualitative information under dynamic surface soil condition has affected the development and proper sustainable management of most agricultural soils globally. Although several methods of soil classifications have been shown to record important soil data in defining soil for multiple benefits, the specific dynamic surface soil condition under specific soil groups (Alfisols, Anthrosols, Aridisols, Calsisols, Entisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Molisols, Oxisol, Vertisols) is poorly understood in the Sudan Savannah zone of Kebbi State Nigeria. For this reason, a new method of soil classification in defining the capacity and quality of surface soils for multiple benefits has been introduced. This method is called Combined Soil Type Equation (CSTE). CSTE was used to classify and define the surface soil conditions of two or more different soil groups (appeared to be formed under the same surface soil environment) into one new soil group name. Results showed that fourteen different new soil group names were classified: Alanhisols, Alhioxalsols, Aralhisols, Araloxhisols, Aralsols, Aransols, Arhioxalsols, Arhisols, Enmoinarsols, Hicaoxalsols, Inalmosols, Inmoalsols, Vehisols, and Vemohisols.
Keywords: Surface soil, Soil group and Combine Soil Type Equation

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Abstract: The nutritional composition and mineral contents of the fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) from Lower River Benue was investigated. This was carried out using the methods outline in Association for Official Analytical Chemist (A.O.A.C. 1995) in the Vertinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. The results obtained showed that the snail contained 76.32%±0.84 moisture, 10.67%± 0.15 protein, 0.06%± 0.02 lipids, 5.54% ±0.11 ash, 0.03%± 0.01 crude fiber and 7.40%± 0.06 Nitrogen free extract. The following minerals were found to be present in the snail. These were calcium 129.18± 0.77mg/100g, potassium 71.13 ±0.51mg/100g, phosphorous 60.52 ±0.35mg/100g, iron 10.19 ±0.19, sodium 0.04± 0.01mg/100g, magnesium 31.19± 0.57mg/100g and zinc 1.31± 0.03mg/100g. This study therefore places P. ampullacea as a good source 0f major and micro- elements and a good source of healthy food for proper growth and development of the body. Its production either from the wild or cultured environment could be a good source of income for the teaming population.
Key words: P. ampullacea, nutritional values, mineral composition, income generation.

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Abstract: Sea level rise is the inevitable outcome of global warming, climate change and other catastrophic events like tsunami, land tilt, cyclones etc which lead to sudden change in sea level. As the sea level is rise mangroves are the first responders that affect in the coastline. Mangrove plays an important role in preventing coastal erosion, as it is an authentic matter this study was performed for analysing some of the mangrove species are sensitive to catastrophic sea level rise and its resulting inundation. Coastal areas of Flat bay were taken for this study where it is estimated that 46% of coastline was covered by mangroves. December 2004 tsunami and tectonic tilt of South Andaman results in inundation of the flat bay coastal regions and the raised sea level doesn't retrieve it leads to drastic changes in the mangrove environment of sippighat creek and nearby areas. Satellite image shows submerged and affected mangroves in the inundation caused by tsunami. In this area on comparing 1998 and 2011 satellite images out of 388.81 ha of mangroves 176.92 and 57.67 ha are affected and submerged respectively due to inundation and sea level rise. Submergence and degradation takes place in the seaward mangroves and the landward or riverine mangroves consequently invade to the land results in changes of mangrove distribution. Rejuvenation of mangroves occurs rapidly in the inundated areas of sippighat coast where 9.18 ha of mangrove community habitat at juvenile and sapling stage were observed in the field. The present status of mangroves in flat bay coast was calculated as 163.40 ha. These field investigations were compared with geospatial analysis and concluded the impacts of sea level rise on mangroves. Finally from the field survey and geospatial analysis evaluated that seaward mangroves are degraded more and landward mangroves are migrating landward.
Keywords - Mangrove, Remote Sensing, tsunami inundation, South Andaman, Flat Bay,

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Abstract: field experiment was conducted to study the effects of poultry manure, kitchen waste compost and NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L Moench) in the crop field of the Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh during April – August, 2011. There were six treatments- control (no fertilizer/poultry manure/compost), full NPK @ 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P ha-1 and 80 kg K ha-1, full poultry manure (PM) @ 30 ton ha-1, 50% NPK+ 50% PM, full kitchen waste compost @ 30 ton ha-1, and 50% NPK+ 50% compost. The treatments were arranged in randomized block design with three replications. The data collected were number of leaves, plant height, fruit length, fruit circumference, number of fruits and fruit yield. The results showed that full NPK fertilizer did not increase the growth and yield of ladies finger over control. Application of poultry manure, compost and their combination with NPK fertilizers significantly influenced the growth and yield. However, the combined application of 50% NPK+50% PM showed the best ladies finger performance compared to other treatments in the valley soils of Chittagong.
Keywords - poultry manure, kitchen compost, ladies finger, growth, yield.

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Abstract: A questionnaire survey of the problems associated with conservation of medicinal plants in Anambra State of Nigeria was conducted using structured questionnaire forms. Three local government areas were chosen from each of the Agricultural zones of the state for the study, which was also based on prevailing sub – vegetation zones. Results indicate that huge financial involvement is required to implant laudable conservation strategies: over – exploitation of the species for medicinal purposes poor environmental education of the public, uncontrolled habitat destruction and non – prioritization of species list for conservation were the major problems associated with medicinal plant conservation in the area.
Keywords - Problems conservation, medicinal plants, Anambra State

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Abstract: Total, 1N NH4OAc and 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd and Pb were determined in soils of four sites of Chittagong City contaminated by city sewage (Site-I), tannery (Site- II), fertilizer factory (Site- III) and cement factory (Site- IV) and collected on profile basis and distance from the source points. Total Cd contents of soils in different sites ranged from 0 to 2.48 mg kg-1 while the values for Pb varied from 7.14 to 54.31 mg kg-1. Ammonium acetate and 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the surface soils were in the range between 0.01 and 0.62 mg kg-1 and between 0.03 and 1.66 mg kg-1, respectively. Lead contents in surface soils extracted with 1N NH4OAc and 0.1 N HCl varied from 0.18 to 2.72 mg kg-1 and 2.00 to 50.51 mg kg-1 respectively. A close relationship between the total amounts of Cd and Pb and their extractable amounts with 1 N NH4OAc and 0.1 N HCl was found. The concentrations of total and extractable Cd and Pb were inversely correlated with soil pH. Strong positive correlations were observed for Cd and Pb with CEC and organic matter contents of soil.
Keywords - Dynamics, cadmium, lead, city sewage, tannery

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Abstract: Aim and Objective: The care of people living with HIV/AIDS is gaining much attention globally in Palliative medicine due to the impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic development of resource limited countries. The aim of this article is to review the benefits of Anti-retroviral therapy in palliative care of such patients in developing countries. Method: This is by review of relevant medical literature published between 1996-2012 with much emphasis on current standard palliative care of People living with HIV/AIDS and the various classes of anti-retroviral drugs used to bring about improved quality of life in these patients. Results: Areas that need to be improved through advocacy to the government and donor agencies were highlighted.
Keywords - Antiretroviral therapy(ART), Benefits, Palliative care, Developing nations.

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