IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-3 ~ Issue-2 ~ Jan–Feb 2013

Abstract: Hardware complexity of a motor drive can be reduced by estimating controls rather than measuring using sensors. In this way the corresponding sensors are eliminated and the system becomes more robust. This article is about speed control of a sensor less induction motor with predictive current controller technique. This particular speed control technique does not require direct measurements of motor speed or motor flux. The PCC is based on a closed loop observer, which is insensitive to parameter variations. This closed loop observer calculates the required state variables over wide frequency range. This technique is more reliable even at very low frequency due to its insensitive nature against changes of motor parameters. It is proved that the drive system is applicable to the high dynamic performance and wide range of rotor speed. The obtained simulation results confirm the good properties of the proposed speed sensor less induction motor drive.

Keywords- predictive current control, closed loop observer, sensorless induction motor.

[1] Jaroslaw: Guzinski, Gdansk University of Technology, Haitham Abu-Rub: Texas A&M University at Qatar "Predictive Current
Control Implementation in the Sensorless Induction Motor Drive ",IEEE 2011
[2} R. Kennel, A. Linder, "Predictive Control of Inverter Supplied Electrical Drives," in IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, PESC 2000, vol. 2, 18-23 June 2000, Galway, Ireland.
[3]. Jaroslaw Guzinski, Haitham Abu-Rub, "Preditive Current Control Implementation in Sensorless Induction Motor Drive"IEEE
transactions on power electronics,November , 2011
[4] B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Control, PTR, 2002.
[5] Joachim Holtz,Junato Quan ,"Sensorless Vector Conrol of IM at Very Low Speed using a Nonlinear Inverter Model." IEEE
transactions on industial applicatiines. , Vol.38, No.4 ,Jul-Aug 2002.
[6] Jean-marie Retif, Xuefang Lin-Shi,Florent Morel,"Preditive Current Control for an Induction Motor"in 21 avenue jean capelle
69621 Villeurbann Cedex,France,2008
[7] P. Vas, Vector Control of AC Machines. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press
(Oxford [England], New York) 1990.
[8] J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, C. Silva, M. Salgado, S. Rees, U. Ammann, P. Lezana, R. Huerta, P. Cortes, "Predictive control of three -
phase inverter," IEEE Electronic Letters, 29th April 2004 Vol. 40 No. 9.
[9] H. Abu-Rub, N. Oikonomou, "Sensorless Observer System for Induction Motor Control," in 39th IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, PESC 2008. 15-19 June 2008, Rhodes, Greece.
[10] H. Abu-Rub, J. Guziński, J. Rodriguez, R. Kennel, P. Cortés P., "Predictive current controller for sensorless induction motor drive," in IEEE-ICIT 2010 International Conference on Industrial Technology, 14-17 March 2010, Viña del Mar, Chile.

Abstract: Water is life. This simple statement embodies the central role water plays to individuals, families, communities, nations and regions. The study was carried out for the bacteriological quality assessment of drinking water and identifies the problems related to water quality, impact of the microbiological quality of water from house hold sources (hand pumps) on public health indicators. The scope of work is limited to private water sources and their specific microbiological quality in three union councils of Nowshera including Tarrujabba, AmanKot and Akbar Purra. With a little variance in percentage of Other acute Diarrhea reported from the BHUs in these union councils it is concluded that Bacteriological contamination of the water sources has significant impact on the public health in these union councils, causing huge number of water born morbidities and posing continuous threat to develop in to potential water born disease alerts and outbreaks.

Key Words: Bacteria, Diarrhea, Disease, House Hold, Water sources.

[1] Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Eaton NE, Elliott P, Fawell J(2000) Chlorination disinfection by-products in water and their
association with ad zerse reproductive outcomes: a review. Occup Environ Med ; 57:73–85.
[2] Howar G ,Schmoll O, Chilton J, and Chorus I (2006). Protecting the ground water for health, managing the quality of drinking water
sources. World Health Organization report, Chapter 18, 1-24.
[3] Neils R (2005) Drinking water crisis in Pakistan & issue of bottled water-Nestle's 'Pure Life' in Pakistan
[4] Gasana J, Morin J, Ndikuyeze, A. and Kamoso P (2002). Impact of Water Supply and Sanitation on Diarrheal Morbidity among
Young Children in the Socioeconomic and Cultural Context of Rwanda (Africa) Environmental Research Section A, 90, 76-88.
[5] WHO (2004), Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Facts and Figures, http://www.who.int/water sanitation health/publications
/factsfigures04/en/
[6] Mintz E, Bartram J, Lochery P. &Wegelin, M(2001) Not just a drop in the bucket: expanding access to point-of-use water treatment
systems. Am. J. Pub. Hlth 91, 1565–1570
[7] Ashbolt NJ (2004). Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Disease Outcomes in Developing Regions. Toxicology, 198, 229- 238
[8] Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL (2003). The global burden of diarrheal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992
and 2000. Bull. W.H.O. 81, 197-204
[9] Ford TE (1999). Microbiological Safety of Drinking Water: United States and Global Perspectives. Environmental Health
Perspectives 107, 191-206. [This is a review of data on global waterborne disease incidence].
[10] APHA(2005).Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st edition, American Public Health Association,
Washington, D.C.

Abstract: Utilization of plant extracts in pest management is a cheap, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. This study was designed to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of Piper guineensis, Allium sativum and Myristica fragrans on field insect pest damage to leaves of cowpea, prior to flowering. Ife brown cowpea seeds were cultivated on beds assigned to four treatment groups (including a control), in a completely randomized design. 200g/litre of each plant material was used to prepare the stock solution. Field application of extracts was done in the evenings, thrice a week for two months, and data on leaf parameters was collected monthly. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the treatment groups at 5% probability level. Only Piper guineensis treated cowpea plants had significantly higher total number of leaves and total leaf area than the control, as well as significantly lower number of damaged leaves, percentage leaf damage, and damaged leaf area, in both months. Piper guineensis was more effective in controlling insect pest damage to leaves of cowpea than Allium sativum and Myristica fragrans.

Key words: Leaf damage, Cowpea, Piper guineensis, Allium sativum, Myristica fragrans..

[1] http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/html/vigna_unguiculata.htm. Retrieved 5th December 2012.
[2] Alghali, A.M. (1991). Studies on cowpea farming practices in Nigeria with emphasis on insect pest control. Tropical Pest
Management, 37: 71-74.
[3] IITA (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture) (1984). Annual Report for 1982, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[4] Jackai L.E.N. (1993). The use of neem in controlling cowpea pest. IITA Research, 7: 5-11
[5] Karungi J., Adipala E., Ogengalatigo M.W., Kyamanywa S., and Oyobo N. (2000). Pest management in cowpea Part 1; influence of
planting time and planting density on cowpea field pest infestation in eastern Uganda. Crop Protection, 19: 231-236.
[6] Alabi O.Y., Odebiyi J.A., Jackai L.E.N. (2003). Field evaluation of cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) for resistance to
flower bud thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, Thysanoptera: Thripidae). International Journal of Pest Management 40 (4):
287-291.
[7] Egho E.O. (2010). Studies on the control of major insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) under calendar and
monitored application of synthetic chemical in ABRAKA, Southern Nigeria. Archives of applied Science Research, 2 (4): 224-234.
[8] Singh S.R. and Jackai L.E.N (1985). Insect pests of cowpea in Africa; their life cycle, economic importance, and potential for control.
In: Cowpea Research and Production, S.R. Singh and K.O. Rachie (Eds), John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 217-231.
[9] Adati T., Tamò M., Yusuf, S.R., Downham M.C.A., Singh B.B., and Hammond W. ( 2007). Integrated pest management for cowpea–
cereal cropping systems in the West African savannah, International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 27 ( 3-4): 123-137.
[10] Prates H.T., Santos J.P., Waquil J.M., Oliveira Ab, Foster J.E. (1998). Insecticidal

Abstract: Spermatotoxicity of aqueous leaf extract of guava (P. guajava) was accessed on the weight of testes and epididymes, sperm parameters and fertility in albino rat as a model. The male rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. The rats were administered with guava leaf extract at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW respectively for 70 days. The results showed dose-dependent significant (P<0.01) increases in weight of testes and epididymes, sperm count, sperm motility and sperm viability. Dose-dependent increases were also observed in conception rate of female rats sired by treated male rats from 41.67 to 83.33%, as well as the number of offspring from 17 to 42 respectively. The profound positive effects of aqueous leaf extract of guava on sperm parameters amongst others are not indications of spermatotoxicity.

Key words: Guava, toxicity, sperm parameters, conception rate, fertility,

[1] World Health Organization (WHO, 1992). WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human sciences and sperm-cervical mucus
interaction: Cambrige University Press.
[2] Pamplona-Roger, G. D. (1999). Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Madrid: Editorial Safeliz.
[3] Harnack, L. J.; Rydell, S. A. and Stang, J. (2001). Prevalence of the use of herbal products by adult in the Minneapolis / St Paul,
Minnesota and metropolitan area. Mayor Clinical Proceeding, 76: 688-694.
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Medical Parasitology, 83:527-534.
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Pharmacology, 2:9-12.
[6] Uboh, F.E.; Edet, E. E.; Eteng, M. U. and Eyong, E. U. (2010). Comparative effect of aqueous extract of P. guajava and ascorbic acid
on serum sexhormones levels in male and female rats. Journal of Applied Science and Research, 6(4): 275-279.
[7] Ekaluo, U.B.; Ekpenyong, E.; Ndome, C.B.; Udoh, P.B. and Ikpeme, E.V. (2011). Reproductive toxicity of processed seeds of horse
eye bean (Mucuna urens L.) in male rats. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 2: 250-253.
[8] Ekaluo, U.B.; Ikpeme, E.V.; Udensi, O.; Markson, A.A.; Madunagu, B.E.; Omosun, G. and Umana, E.J. (2011). Anti-fertility activity
of aqueous leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) in male albino rats. World Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Biological
Sciences, 1: 1-5.
[9] Akinola, O. B.; Oladosu, O. S. and Dosumu, O. O. (2007). Spermatoprotective activity of the leaf extract of P. guajava Linn. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 14(4):273-6
[10] Cajuday, L. A. and Poscidio, G. L. (2010). Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam (Morigaceae) on the reproduction of male mice (Mus
musculus). Journal of Medical Plants Research, 4(12):1115-1121.

Abstract: The problem of excess fluoride in ground water was detected in many states of India as early as 1930s.Till 1999 as many as 17 states have been identified with the problem of excess fluoride in ground water sources. After view of problems related fluorosis many methods used for removal of excess of fluoride from drinking water in India. In this paper compile all the merits and demerits of some defluoridation methods including Nalgonda method, Activated Alumina, bone char, fly ash, brick and reverse osmosis methods etc. Key words: Fluorosis, defluoridation methods, Adsorption, India..

[1] Debasis Goswami and Arbinda K Das: Removal of fluoride from drinking water using a modified ash adsorbent Journal of scientific
and Industrial Research, 2006.
[2] Brajesh K. Shrivastava and A. Vani: Comparative Study of Defluoridation Technologies in India Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 1,
2009; 269-274
[3] A. V. Jamode, V. S. Sapkal and V. S. Jamode: Defluoridation of water using inexpensive adsorbents J. Indian Inst. Sci., Sept.–Oct.
2004, 84, 163–171
[4] G.Karthikeyan and A. Shunmuga sundarraj:Defluoridation Process,1999.
[5] Pranab kumar Rakshit: Studies on estimation of fluoride and defluoridation of drinking water, July2004.
[6] A.K.susheela: Sound planning and implementation of fluoride and fluorosis mitigation programme in an endemic village.
Proceedings: International workshop on fluoride in drinking water: Strategies, management and mitigation, Bhopal: 2001. p. 1-12.
[7] Pranati Eswar and Devaraj C G: Water defluoridation: Field studies in India, 2011.
[8] Leela Lyengar: 22 technologies for fluoride removal, 1996.
[9] Mitgating Fluorosis through safe drinking water by UNICEF's
[10] Mr. John Hustedt, Ms. Natasha Mistry, Ms. Anne-Line Sandåker, Ms. Sakshi Saini, and Mr. Aji John:A Study on the Rajasthan
Integrated Fluorosis Mitigation Programme in India,2008.

Abstract: Effect of soybean on weight of testes and epididymes, histology of testes, sperm count, sperm viability, sperm head abnormality and conception rate was investigated in eighty mature albino rats (20 males and 60 females) of 12 weeks old with similar body weights. The rats were assigned to four groups of 5 male rats each and treated with soybean meal at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively daily for 65 days. The treated and the control males were made to sire the untreated female rats in the ratio of 1:3 for conception rate. The male rats were then sacrificed and the testes and epididymes were dissected out and weighed. The testes were processed for testicular histology and the epididymes were processed for epididymal sperm count, viability and sperm head abnormality test. There were dose-dependent effects of soybean on sperm count, sperm viability and sperm head abnormality, as well as toxicity effects to testicular integrity and conception rate. Soybean had strong capability to reduce spermatogenic activities and sperm quality that could result in reproductive toxicity, reproductive dysfunctions and infertility in male animals.

Keywords: Soybean, male fertility, sperm head abnormality, sperm count, conception rate.

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the genus Glycine. In: Advances in Legume Science. R.J. Summerfields and A.H. Bunting (Editors). Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens.
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[2] Derosa, C.; Nikov, G. and Castle, E.P. (1998). Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public Health Implications. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1: 3-26.
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supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clinical Science 100: 613-618.
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epididymal steroid hormone receptor expression. Journal of Endocrinology 189: 565-573.
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[9] Sharpe, R. M.; Martin, B.; Morris, K.; Greig, I.; Mckinnell, C.; McNeilly, A. S. and Walker, M. (2002). Infant feeding with soy
formular milk: Effect on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular
activity. Human Reproduction 17: 1692 – 1703.
[10] Ekaluo, U.B.; Ikpeme, E.V.; Udensi, O.; Markson, A.A.; Madunagu, B.E.; Omosun, G. and Umana, E.J. (2011b). Anti-fertility
activity of aqueous leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) in male albino rats. World Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and
Biological Sciences, 1: 1-5.

Abstract: Effect of aqueous leaf extract of guava on level of some sex hormones and fertility was studied in albino rat as a mammalian model. The male rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. The rats were administered with guava leaf extract at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW respectively for 70 days. The results showed dose-dependent significant (P<0.01) increases in levels of LH/ICSH, FSH and testosterone. There was also a positive relationship between conception rate, number of offspring and average litter size. Hence, aqueous extract of guava leaf could be used as male fertility booster without toxic side effects.

Key words: Guava, serum sex hormone, testosterone, FSH, LH/ICSH, fertility.

[1] Nwiyi, O.C., Chinedu, N.S. and Ajani, O.O., (2008). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of P. guajava and Gongronema latifolium.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2 (8):189-192.
[2] Kamath, J.V.; Rahul, N.; Ashok-Kumar, C.K. and Lakshmi S. M. (2008). Psidium guajava: A review. Journal of Green
Pharmacology, 2:9-12.
[3] Gutierrez, R.M., Mitchell, S. and Solis, R.V., (2008). P guajava :a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(1):1-27.
[4] Goncalves, J.L., R.C. Lopez, D.B. and Oliveira, S. (2005). In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil
against diarrhea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99:403-407.
[5] Pamplona-Roger, G. D. (1999). Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Madrid: Editorial Safeliz
[6] Conde-Garcia, E.A., Nascimento, V.T. and Santiago-Santos, A.B. (2003). Inotropic effects of extract of Psidium guajava L. (guava)
leaves on the guinea pigatrium. Brazilian Journal Medicine and Biological Research., 36: 661-668.
[7] Uboh, F.E.; Edet, E. E.; Eteng, M. U. and Eyong, E. U. (2010). Comparative effect of aqueous extract of P. guajava and ascorbic
acid on serum sex hormones levels in male and female rats. Journal of Applied Science and Research, 6(4): 275-279.
[8] Gelain, D. P.; Casali, E. A. and Dal-Pizzol, F. (2005). Effect of follicle stimulating hormone and vitamin A upon purinergic secretion
by rats setoli cell. Molecular Cell Biochemistry, 278: 185-195.
[9] Greenspan, F. S and Strewler, G. J. (1997). Basic and clinical endocrinology-New York: McGraw Hill.
[10] Ekaluo, U.B.; Udoh, P.B.; Ikpeme, E. V. and Udensi, O. (2011). Effect of soybean (Glycine max L.) on the hormonal milieu of male
rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 14: 752-754.

Abstract: Climate change, currently the biggest threat that the world is facing today has impacts on different sectors such as agriculture, energy, forestry and health. United Nations Framework Conservation on Climate Change was formed to mitigate these threats. Parties to the conservation met at Kyoto, Japan and approved Clean Development Mechanism to combat Green house gas emissions. India has a vast opportunity to explore in terms of CDM and carbon-credits. Through its giant ongoing Infrastructure projects and projects on nonconventional energy sources, a new phase of development is still to be observed, moderate start of which has already begun. One of the projects, which is being applied for CDM is methane collection and utilization from sewage water treatment facilities. The objective of this paper is to identify the size of opportunities for gaining carbon credit through sewage treatment plants.

Keywords –- Biogas, Carbon Credit, CDM, Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol

[1] Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Carbon Trading in India by Jitendra Kumar Singh, 1Assistant Manager – Environment,
TCE Consulting Engineers Ltd.
[2] Chicago Climate Exchange Offset Project Protocol - Agricultural Methane Collection & Combustion Updated as of 9/30/2009
[3] Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWHSS Board), 'Sewage Treatment Plants Project Report 2006 -2007'.
[4] National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organization, 'The Environmental Atlas of India', Kolkata, 2001

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to study consequences of 2,4-D on nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content in wheat and its relationship to grain protein in the Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The field experiment consisting of four treatments viz. 2,4-D 0.5 Kg ha-1(35 DAS), 2,4-D 1.0 Kg ha-1 (35 DAS), 2,4-D 2.0 Kg ha-1 (35 DAS) and control was laid out in randomized block design. A significant increase in nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content in wheat was observed on application of 2,4-D 2.0 kg ha-1 (35 DAS) at all the stages of development. Irrespective of treatments, in general, an increasing trend of nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen content and protein content in wheat was observed upto 30 days after herbicide application and thereafter declined upto 120 days after spray. Protein content in grain was positively correlated with nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content in wheat leaves.

Keywords: 2,4-D, Nitrate Reductase activity, Nitrogen, Protein, Wheat

[1] A.O.A.C. (1970). Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington DC, USA.
[2] Beevers, L., Peterson, D.M., Shannon, J.C. and Hageman, R.H. (1963). Comparative effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid on
nitrate metabolism in corn and cucumber. Crop Physio.38: 675-679
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[4] Kent ,N.L .and Hutchinson, J.B. 1957. The effect of MCPA and 2,4-D herbicides on the quality of spring oats for milling and
provender feeding. Ann. Appl. Biol. 45: 481-488
[5] Nicholas, D.J.D. and Nason, A. (1957). Determination of nitrate and nitrite. Methods of Enzymol.3: 981
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emergence herbicide .Crop Prot. 25: 346-349

Abstract: The adoption of various information and communication intervention measures offers a veritable tool in creating public awareness on climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa which is most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Such intervention in climate change information and communication strategy include: use of Research Extension Farmer Information Linkage System (REFILS), which makes use of village extension workers to disseminate climate change information to rural dwellers, use of print and electronic media such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television, encouraging public participation, use of traditional knowledge and information systems, and building a strong environmental information systems, and building a strong environmental information policy on climate change in line with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) respectively. The application of these measures and observing good environmental practices as well as sustainable agricultural technologies will reduce climate change induced problems in the sub-region.

Keywords: Climate change, information and communication intervention strategy, Sub-Saharan Africa.

[1] Andreae, M.O. 1991 "Biomass burning in the tropics" Impact on environmental quality and global climate In: K. Davis and M.S.
Bernstam (eds). Resources, environmental and population: Present knowledge, future options pp 268-291. New York. Oxford
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Abstract: A study on the diversity of rotifers was carried out in seasonal and perennial ponds of Rajapalayam taluk, Virudhunagar district, for a period of 8 months from July 2007 to February 2008. During the study, 45 species of rotifers belonging to 10 families were documented. Among the 45 species, 11 are new records for the state and the recording of Brachionus donneri after its first description from the state is noteworthy.

Key words: Brachionus donneri, Diversity, Rotifers, Tamil Nadu, Virudhunagar district

[1] K. V. Ramesh, Environmental Microbiology (MJP publishers, Chennai, 2004)
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– 104.
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Abstract: The emission of particulate matter has been an integral part of the operations associated with the production of cement in Nigeria. This study plans to investigate the release of particulate pollutant concentration from Obajana cement plant in Nigeria. The meteorological concentrations of particulate matter have been measured by the Health and Safety Department of the cement plant using the SKC deployable particulate sampler at different locations of the plant for the year 2010 and 2011. The data obtained for the year 2010 are below the World Health Standard and Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environmental Standard of an annual average value of 260 and 500μg/Nm3. Higher values of particulate pollutant concentrations were recorded for the year 2011. The maximum value of particulate matter recorded for this year is 448.16μg/Nm3 which is below the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environmental Standard and far above the World Health Standard. This may results from improper adoption of the control strategies or lower quality performance of the dust capturing devices. For these two years data obtained the cement plant operates below the Nigerian acceptable limits on particulate matter concentration.

Keywords: Air pollution, Cement plant, Environmental limit, Nigeria and Particulate matters.

[1] Abdulkareem, A.S. and Odigure, J.O. (2009). Predictive Model for Pollutant Dispersion from Gas Flaring: A Case Study of Oil
Producing Area of Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31:12, 1004-1015.
[2] BUWAL, (1996). Schwebstaub-Messung and Gesundheitliche Bewertung. Bundesamt Für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft. (EDS).
Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 270, Bern.
[3] Federal Ministry of Environmental (FMEv) Nigeria Report, 2004/www.sciencedirect.com 02/December/2011-10:45.
[4] Reding, J.T. (1977). "Industrial Profile for Environmental Use": The Cement industry, Chapter 21.
[5] Reinhold, V.N. (1992). Air Pollution Engineering Manual. Air and Waste Management Association, New York.
[6] Smidth, F.L. (2006). Cement Making Process."Obajana Cement Plc. Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
[7] U.S. EPA, (2004). United State Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks.
Washington, D.C. EPA 430-R-04-003.
[8] WBCSD, (2005). World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Cement Sustainability Initiative. Draft for Discussion, PP 1- 7.

Abstract: This research work was necessitated as a result of high pollution rate of particulate matters within and outside cement plants in Nigeria. The study plans to applied Gaussian predictive model to quantify the concentration of particulate dispersion from a cement mill stack and to identify a safety distance for human settlement and activities. The meteorological concentrations of particulate matter have been measured using the SKC deployable particulate sampler both in the plant and far away from the cement mill stack. Concentration of Particulate matter was computed using the formulated Gaussian plume model that incorporates meteorological and source related factors to estimate particulates' concentration downwind from a cement mill stack. The simulated results are in agreement with the experimental results at an average value of 92% within a Gaussian distance of 200 – 2,000m. The simulated results of this work shows that the concentrations in the ambient air at a distance of about 1.5 – 4.5km from the stack is higher than the World Health Organisation standard annual average value of 260μg/m3 and 2.0 – 4.0km from the stack was also higher than the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environmental standard annual average value of 500μg/m3. Due to other fugitive emissions from cement plants, a simulated safety distance beyond 7.0km from the plant is recommended for human settlement and activities.

Key words: Air pollution, Cement plant, Gaussian plume model, Nigeria and Particulate matter.

[1] Abdulkareem, AS and Odigure, JO (2009). Predictive Model for Pollutant Dispersion from Gas Flaring: A Case Study of Oil
Producing Area of Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31:12, 1004-1015.
[2] Armistead, GR (1988). Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmosphere Pollutant Concentration. Institute
of National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
[3] Bala, IA (2003). Assessment of CO, CO2 and Suspended Particulate Matter Emissions. B.Eng, Thesis, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.
[4] Beychok, MR (1995). Fundamental of Stack Gas Dispersion. 3rd Edition, Irvin, California.
[5] Beychok, MR (2005). Fundamental of Stack Gas Dispersion. 4th Edition, authors-Published ISBN 09644588- 02.
[6] EIA, (2008). Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Industrial Hygiene Services. Environmental Division, Vadodara,
for Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh.
[7] Holmes, NS and Morawska, L., (2006). A review of Dispersion Modelling and its Application to the Dispersion of Particles: An
Overview of Different Dispersion Models Available. Atmospheric Environment. 40 (30):5902-5928.
[8] Karl, BS and Partha, RD (2000). Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide. ISBN 0-07-058059-6. Printed and Bound
by R.R Donnell.
[9] Rao, PV (2002). Textbook of Environmental Engineering. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
[10] Rao, CS (2006). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. Revised 2nd edition, Chemical Engineering – Birla Institute of
Technology and Science, Pilani. New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi

Abstract: Green tea polyphenols have gained enormous attention as an effective natural herb that is used in most parts of the world and is a rich source of polyphenols, which are antioxidant in nature. Despite medical treatment, the lethality of severe acute pancreatitis is still high (20-30%). Experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a high dose of L-arginine in rats. This study was focused to study the effect of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on L-Arg induced AP in rats. GTP was pretreated at a dose of 20 mg/ kg b.wt. for 3 days then AP was induced by intra peritoneal (i.p.) injection of L-Arg (3.2 g/kg b. wt.) twice at 1 hour time interval. Markers such as serum amylase, pancreatic and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) were significantly increased in AP induced animals, oxidants and antioxidants such as malendialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly decreased in AP induced animals except MDA, these parameters were brought back to near normal status on pretreatment with GTP. The result suggests that GTP pretreatment offered a significant protection against AP and might be a promising potential candidate.

Key Words: Green tea polyphenols, acute pancreatitis, L-arginine, antioxidants

1] L. Czako, T. Takacs, I.S. Varga, L. Tiszlavicz, D.Q. Hai, P. Hegyi, B. Matkovics, J. Lonovics, Involvement of oxygen-derived free
radicals in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis, Digestive Diseases Science, 43, 1998, 1770-1777.
[2] T.H. Baron, D.E. Morgan, Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, New England Journal Medicine, 340, 1999, 1412-1417.
[3] H.G. Beger, B. Rau, J. Mayer, U. Pralle, Natural course of acute pancreatitis, World Journal of Surgery, 21, 1997, 130-135.
[4] C.K. Weber, G. Adler, From acinar cell damage to systemic inflammatory response: current concepts in pancreatitis,
Pancreatology, 1, 2001, 356-362.
[5] R. Makhija, A.M. Kingsnorth, Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis, Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatis Surgery, 9, 2002, 401–410.
[6] D. Closa, M. Bardaji, G. Hotter, N. Prats, E. Gelpi, L. Fernandez- Cruz, J. Rosello-Catafau, Hepatic involvement in pancreatitisinduced
lung damage, American Journal of Physiology, 270, 1996, G6-G13.
[7] X. Zhao, R. Andersson, X. Wang, M. Dib, X. Wang, Acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury: pathophysiological mechanisms and
potential future therapies, Scandian Journal of Gastroenterology, 37, 2002, 1351–1358.
[8] L. Czako, T. Takacs, I.S. Varga, D.Q. Hai, L. Tiszlavicz, P. Hegyi, Y. Mandi, B. Matkovics, J. Lonovics, The pathogenesis of L-arginine- induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis : inflammatory mediators and endogenous cholecystokinin, Journal of Physiology
Paris, 94, 2000, 43-50.
[9] A. Dabrowski, S.J. Konturek, J.W. Konturek, A. Gabryelewicz, Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of caerulein-induced
acute pancreatitis, European Journal of Pharmacology, 377 (1999) 1-11.
[10] I.S. Varga, B. Matkovics, L. Czako, D.Q. Hai, M. Kotorman, T. Takacs, M. Sasvari. Oxidative stress changes in L-arginine-induced
pancreatitis in rats, Pancreas, 14, 1997, 355-359.

Abstract: The implications of fumonisin B1(FB1) on growth, pubertal development and egg quality of laying hens were studied in a 16-week experiment. 120 Isa-Brown Point-of-lay(POL) birds were divided into four groups. Four diets were prepared to contain 0.2, 5.2, 10.2 and 15.2 ppm of FB1 constituting diets 1(control), 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Each group was assigned to one diet in a completely randomised design .The age at which 50% of the birds on each diet began to lay was considered their pubertal age. Thirty eggs were selected per treatment every week for five weeks to assess egg quality. Results showed that daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the birds were not significantly affected (p>0.05) . Statistically similar values(p>0.05) were obtained for the pubertal ages of the birds. FB1 did not exert any significant influence (p>0.05) on the egg quality traits investigated except the yolk colour of birds on diet 4 which was statistically superior (p<0.05) to those on other diets. Egg cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly influenced(p>0.0) by FB1 levels. These imply that laying birds can tolerate dietary FB1 up to 15.2ppm without compromising their growth, nutritional and reproductive potentials of their eggs.

Key words: Egg quality, Fumonisin B1, Isa Brown point-of-lay, Pubertal development,

[1] W. F. O. Marasas, Fusarium moniliforme – a mycotoxicological miasma. Mycotoxins and phycotoxin. edited by P.S Steyn and R.
Vleggaar (Amsterdam:Elsevier) 1986, 19-20.
[2] T.S. Kellerman, W.F.O. Marasas, P.G. Thiel, W.C.A. Gelderblom, M. Cawood, and J.A.W. Coetzer . Leukoencephalomalacia in two
horses induced by oral dosing of fumonisin B1, Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 57, 1990, 269-275.
[3] W.F.O. Marasas, T.S. Kellerman, W.C.A. Gelderblom, J.A.W. Coetzer, P.G. Thiel, and J.J. Van Derlugt. Leukoencephalomalacia in
a horse induced by Fumonisin B1 isolated from Fusarium moniliforme, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 1988,
197-203.
[4] L.R. Harrison, B.M. Colvin, J.T. Greene, L.E. Newman and J.R. Jr Cole, Pulmonary oedema and hydrothorax in swine produced by
fumonisin B1, a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2, 1990, 217-221.
[5] W.C.A. Gelderblom, N.P.J. Kriek, W.F.O. Marasas, and P.G. Thiel, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of the Fusarium moniliforme
metabolite, fumonisin B1 in rats, Carcinogenesis, 12, 1991, 1247-1251.
[6] P.G. Thiel, W.F.O. Marasas, E.W. Sydenham, G.S. Shephard, and W.C.A. Gelderbom, The implications of naturally occurring levels
of fumonisin in corn for human and animal health, Myctopathologia, 117,1997,3-9.
[7] F.A. Gbore, E.O. Ewuola, J.T. Ogunlade, K.O. Idahor, A.O. Salako, and G.N. Egbunike, Spermatogenesis, gonadal sperm reserves
and fertility of rabbits fed micro doses of fumonisin, Nig. J. Anim. Prod.34(2), 2007, 316-322.
[8] J.T. Ogunlade, E.O. Ewuola, F.A. Gbore, R. Bandyopadhyay, J. Niezen, and G.N. Egbunike, Testicular and Epididymal Sperm
Reserves of Rabbits Fed Fumonisin contaminated diets, W. Applied Sci. J. 1(1), 2006, 35-38.
[9] US. F.D.A. Background paper in support of fumonisin levels in Animal feed. US food and Drug Administration Centre for
Veterinary Medicine, June 6, 2000.
[10] D.R. Ledoux, A.J. Bermudez, and G.E. Rottinghaus, Effects of feeding Fusarium moniliforme culture material, containing known
levels of fumonisin B1 in the young turkey poult, Poult. Sci. 75(12), 1996,1472-1478.

Abstract: A study on the diversity of rotifers was carried out in seasonal and perennial ponds of Rajapalayam taluk, Virudhunagar district, for a period of 8 months from July 2007 to February 2008. During the study, 45 species of rotifers belonging to 10 families were documented. Among the 45 species, 11 are new records for the state and the recording of Brachionus donneri after its first description from the state is noteworthy.

Key words: Brachionus donneri, Diversity, Rotifers, Tamil Nadu, Virudhunagar district

[1] Abdulkareem, A.S. and Odigure, J.O. (2009). Predictive Model for Pollutant Dispersion from Gas Flaring: A Case Study of Oil
Producing Area of Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31:12, 1004-1015.
[2] BUWAL, (1996). Schwebstaub-Messung and Gesundheitliche Bewertung. Bundesamt Für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft. (EDS).
Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 270, Bern.
[3] Federal Ministry of Environmental (FMEv) Nigeria Report, 2004/www.sciencedirect.com 02/December/2011-10:45.
[4] Reding, J.T. (1977). "Industrial Profile for Environmental Use": The Cement industry, Chapter 21.
[5] Reinhold, V.N. (1992). Air Pollution Engineering Manual. Air and Waste Management Association, New York.
[6] Smidth, F.L. (2006). Cement Making Process."Obajana Cement Plc. Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
[7] U.S. EPA, (2004). United State Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks.
Washington, D.C. EPA 430-R-04-003.
[8] WBCSD, (2005). World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Cement Sustainability Initiative. Draft for Discussion, PP 1- 7.

Abstract: This research work was necessitated as a result of high pollution rate of particulate matters within and outside cement plants in Nigeria. The study plans to applied Gaussian predictive model to quantify the concentration of particulate dispersion from a cement mill stack and to identify a safety distance for human settlement and activities. The meteorological concentrations of particulate matter have been measured using the SKC deployable particulate sampler both in the plant and far away from the cement mill stack. Concentration of Particulate matter was computed using the formulated Gaussian plume model that incorporates meteorological and source related factors to estimate particulates' concentration downwind from a cement mill stack. The simulated results are in agreement with the experimental results at an average value of 92% within a Gaussian distance of 200 – 2,000m. The simulated results of this work shows that the concentrations in the ambient air at a distance of about 1.5 – 4.5km from the stack is higher than the World Health Organisation standard annual average value of 260μg/m3 and 2.0 – 4.0km from the stack was also higher than the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environmental standard annual average value of 500μg/m3. Due to other fugitive emissions from cement plants, a simulated safety distance beyond 7.0km from the plant is recommended for human settlement and activities.

Key words: Air pollution, Cement plant, Gaussian plume model, Nigeria and Particulate matter.

[1] Abdulkareem, AS and Odigure, JO (2009). Predictive Model for Pollutant Dispersion from Gas Flaring: A Case Study of Oil
Producing Area of Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31:12, 1004-1015.
[2] Armistead, GR (1988). Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmosphere Pollutant Concentration. Institute
of National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
[3] Bala, IA (2003). Assessment of CO, CO2 and Suspended Particulate Matter Emissions. B.Eng, Thesis, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.
[4] Beychok, MR (1995). Fundamental of Stack Gas Dispersion. 3rd Edition, Irvin, California.
[5] Beychok, MR (2005). Fundamental of Stack Gas Dispersion. 4th Edition, authors-Published ISBN 09644588- 02.
[6] EIA, (2008). Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Industrial Hygiene Services. Environmental Division, Vadodara,
for Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh.
[7] Holmes, NS and Morawska, L., (2006). A review of Dispersion Modelling and its Application to the Dispersion of Particles: An
Overview of Different Dispersion Models Available. Atmospheric Environment. 40 (30):5902-5928.
[8] Karl, BS and Partha, RD (2000). Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide. ISBN 0-07-058059-6. Printed and Bound
by R.R Donnell.
[9] Rao, PV (2002). Textbook of Environmental Engineering. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
[10] Rao, CS (2006). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. Revised 2nd edition, Chemical Engineering – Birla Institute of
Technology and Science, Pilani. New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi.