IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4 ~ May–June 2013

Abstract: Wheat is a second major staple food crop in south Asia after, rice. The wheat acreage to South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) is more than 36 million hectare (FAO 2007). But it is also seems less to fulfill the needs of population. Different environmental factors and pollutants decrease its yield further. Aluminum decreases its root- shoot length and biomass at different concentrations; but nutrient supply decreases the toxic effects.

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[9]. Jiang, H.X., Chen, L.S., Zheng, J.G., Han, S., Tang, N. and Smith, B.R. 2008. Aluminum-induced effects on Photosystem II photochemistry in citrus leaves assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Tree Physiol. 28:1863-1871.
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Abstract: A sample lead seal is being prepared in a HPDC D250 machine. In which the experiment is being done by collecting the various parameters affecting the causes for a defect in a component, Where the affecting parameters are pouring temperature ranging from (400-450)OC, tool temperature (80-110) OC, pouring time (1.8-4.5) seconds and cooling medium (air and oil). This experiment was conducted at room temperature; the data's have been collected at various trails and being interrupted by statistical analysis software to find the significance of various parameters affecting the defect in the component. Design of experiment (DOE) by Taguchi method is being conducted by generating an orthogonal array. A response for defect is being input into the worksheet and analysis is being carried out. The signal-to-noise ratio graph shows you the various parameters affecting in a each defect such as blowhole, bubble and flash defect .Taguchi method is evident to conclude that major significance is caused by pouring Temperature for blowhole defect, pouring time influences the major bubble defect in a component and the flash defect is being signified by major parameters like tool temperature and cooling medium.

Keywords- high pressure die casting, blowhole, bubble and flash.

[1]. North American Die Casting Association (2009), 241 Holbrook Drive, Wheeling, IL 60090
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[8]. Hallam C.P. and Griffiths W.D., (2004), "A model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient for the aluminium die casting proce ss",
Metallurgical and materials transactions B, vol.35B, pp. 723.
[9]. Zhi-Peng a Guo, Shou-Mei a Xiong, Bai-cheng a Liu, Bai-cheng a Liu, Li b Mei, Allison b Jhon.,(2008)"Determination of the heat
transfer coefficient at metal-die interface of high pressure die casting process of AM50 alloy" International journal of heat and mass
transfer 51, pp. 6032-6038.
[10]. Zhi-Peng a Guo, Shou-Mei a Xiong, Bai-cheng a Liu, Bai-cheng a Liu, Li b Mei, Allison b Jhon. (2008), "Effect of process
parameter, casting thickness and alloys on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the high pressure die casting pr ocess"
Metallurgical and material transactions A, The minerals, metals and materials society and ASM international 2008. Vol.39A.pp.
2896.

Abstract: The senior staff members of the Federal University of Technology Minna (F U. T) are placed with the enormous task of directing students towards their future aspirations. The accumulated strain caused by the daily activities carried out by the staff members leaves them tired and stressed. This state of mind could evolve and may cause deep psychological problems like high-blood pressure, sleep deprivation and aggressive or anti-social behaviours. The advancement in medical technology has provided various means to cure most of these ailments associated with stress. Although one does not disregard these orthodox and conventional therapies or remedies, rather one sees a possibility to alleviate stress related problems of senior staff by evoking the senses in an environment whose visible features have been modified through landscaping. Pertinent information collected from the University's academic planning office showed that the staff/student ratio was higher in most departments than the required standards stipulated by the Nigerian Universities commission (N.U.C). This indicates a high probability that senior staff members are overworked. Results obtained in the field work provided interesting results. The responses provided by staff tallied significantly with general data provided by researched sources and the conclusion arrived at shows that introducing a carefully planned landscaped environment designed to incorporate selected plants and features will have restorative effects on staff members by stimulating their emotions positively thereby alleviating the incurred stress levels.

Keywords: evoking, landscaping, orthodox, restorative effects, strain, stress,

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Abstract: The present investigation was carried on the diversity and distribution of mangroves in Kumbalam Island of Ernakulam district to study the present status of mangrove vegetation. In the present investigation, the diversity and distribution of mangrove vegetation were studied since 2010. In order to study the distribution pattern of mangrove species, Quadrat analysis was adopted in the study site. From the study, 7 species of true mangroves, 2 species of semi-mangroves and 8 species of mangrove associates were identified. In kumbalam, the major obstacle for the conservation of mangrove vegetation is the population pressure and most of the mangrove vegetation areas belonged to the private properties. The present study revealed that mangroves in Kumbalam Island are under threat. At present, all these species are at serious risk as no systematic attempt has been made to conserve them. Therefore, by emphasizing the need for urgent and determined to conserve Kumbalam mangrove ecosystem in situ.

Key Words: True mangroves, Semi-mangroves, Mangrove associates, dwindling populations and threats

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Abstract: Body weight, lipid profile, atherogenic index and coronary risk index were determined in rats fed commercial chicken salad with dressing. Twenty four weaning albino rats were divided into three groups of eight animals, baseline, rat chow (control) and chicken salad with dressing and fed respective diets, for five weeks. Body weights, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were determined using standard methods. Atherogenic and coronary risk indices were also calculated. Body weights and lipids profiles of animals on regular rat chow and chicken salad groups increased with age. Weight gain in rats fed chicken salad with dressing increased significantly (P<0.05) and had higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol values compared with the rat chow group. The observed increases in parameters evaluated might be due to the chicken component and salad dressing comprising of both mayonnaise and salad cream. Despite the observed absolute increase in the lipid profile values of the chicken salad with dressing group, the coronary risk index, atherogenic index, HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratios were within normal range and not significantly (P>0.05) different from the corresponding values for the rat chow fed group. It is however desirable that a similar study be carried out with human subjects.

Keywords: Atherogenic Index, Body Weight, Chicken Salad, Coronary Risk Index, Salad Dressing, Lipid Profile.

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Abstract: A number of samples of Bismuth(III) iodotungstate were prepared by mixing the solutions of Bismuth nitrate, Potassium iodate and Sodium tungstate in varying ratios. One of the samples was selected for study because the ion exchange capacity and the yield of the exchanger was found to be satisfactory. The characterization of the exchanger included the determination of the ion exchange capacity of the exchanger by downflow column method and PH titration method. Both the methods exhibited the ion exchange capacity to be 1.0 meq/g. Further studies included the study of IR, TGA, XRD and Distribution studies. IR of the exchanger indicated the presence of the expected components of the exchanger. Thermal gravimetric analysis has clearly shown the loss of weight of exchanger due to the loss of water molecules & other components at different temperatures. X-Ray diffraction pattern proved the exchanger to be amorphous in nature. Chemical stability of the exchanger was studied in different acid and base solutions of different concentrations. The exchanger was heated at different temperatures and after every heating the ion exchange capacity of the exchanger was determined. This shows the decline in the ion exchange capacity on increasing the temperature. Kd values for different metals ion were determined and found the maximum value for Ni++. Where as minimum value was found to be for Zn++. The results appeared to be satisfactory. Keywords: Inorganic cation-exchanger, Ion-exchange capacity, Chemical stability, Thermal stability, Distribution studies.

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Abstract: The planet Earth where biota live constitutes troposphere whose existence is under question mark. Greenhouse effect, also called as Global Warming, is actually a theory which proposes that pollution by common anthropogenic pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane, CFC's, NOx , ground ozone etc, may lead to an increased global earth surface temperature . These have caused an increase in approximately 0.74±0.18⁰C (1.33±0.32⁰F) temperature between the start and the end of the 20th century. Present review deals with causo-mechanism of global warming (greenhouse effect), its impact on biotic community and possible control measures. Keywords:Green house effect (Global Warming ); Greenhouse gases; Surface temperature, Ice-albedo feedback; Infrared-radiation, Negative feedback, Positive feedback; Mitigation; Geo engineering.

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Abstract: The effect of abattoir effluent on Gandu area of Sokoto State was examined for the physio-chemical properties during the rainy and dry season. The value pH, phosphate, Nitrate, nitrogen contents dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD, potassium, percentage calcium magnesium and electrical conductivity was determined. The pH of well water DO, dissolved oxygen and nitrate all fall below the WHO tolerance level for drinking water quality standard these parameters shows that the water is not fit for human animal consumption.

Key Words; Pollution, Abattoir, waste- water- treatment, waterborne diseases

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Abstract: The risks of increase of the level of the salted underground water and its salinization effect on the soils in oasian creations are inescapable because of their altitude which is very close to that of the next salted depressions. To control this phenomenon, some monitoring points called piezometers were installed in these perimeters, among them the one of El Bahaier located at the north of Kébili city in Tunisia and being the subject of the follow-up of the current study. Two measurement operations of the level of the underground table and its salinity were carried out in the functional piezometers of this oasis in march and april 2011; in parallel, two series of soils samples were taken around these same piezometers on a depth of 1 meter. The determination of the salinity of these soils samples showed that the most waterlogged zones are those which are salinized explaining as well as the increase of the underground water level is a principal cause of the soils salinization in these zones known by their high potential evapotranspiration and very weak rainfall. This observation is confirmed by the correlation tests between various couples of parameters, where the correlation coefficient r was generally high and significant. Moreover, the effect of the waterlogging and the soils salinity on the output of the principal culture practised in this perimeter, the date palm (Phoenix dactilifera), was highly significant. The improvement, the clearing out and the cleaning of the drains are necessary to push the level of in-depth subsoil water more and to relieve the trees of its negative effect on their production. However, an optimal level of this water table located at 2 meters of depth would be more beneficial on the yield.

Keywords: groundwater, soil, oasis, salinization, waterlogging, Tunisia.

[1]. Association française pour l'étude du sol (AFES), 2008. Référentiel pédologique français. Editions Quæ. p.196-200
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Abstract: Water is an important element of the physical environment and a valuable resource with numerous and varied uses. Rivers are the primary source of water for drinking, irrigation and other domestic purposes. The present study has been undertaken to know the extent of effects of pollutants on the physicochemical characters and nutrient load of River Kalpathypuzha at Palakkad, where the River is grossly polluted. Three stations have been selected. All parameters were found to be the maximum in different station. Chemical parameters like pH, DO2, DCO2, BOD COD and total alkalinity were found to be more in Station III than in Station I and Station II respectively. Nutrients like calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and silicate were analyzed.

Keywords: Water quality, Kalpathypuzha, Palakkad, Polluted, Alkalinity.

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Abstract: Variation characteristic of rainfall andvisibility enhances the understanding of the significance of indicated trends of variability to everyday life and factors that might be responsible for such variations. This research work critically analyses the seasonal trends between rainfall and visibility in Ilorin, Nigeria. The data used for this work was obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological services, Oshodi, Lagos State. Simple graphical method was adapted to analyze the trends of variation, using average monthly values for each parameter. The minimum value of visibility and a high value of rainfall of 0.16 km and 285.5mm respectively were recorded during the month of July and May. The results of analyses revealed that the curves on the rainfall are directly proportional to observed curves on visibility.

Keywords: hail, rain gauge,rainfall, trend, weather, and visibility.

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[6]. Usman, A; Ismaila, G.S;Olaore, K.O. and S.K. Lawal. (2011). Developing A Model For Predicting The Visibility For Sokoto Using Fraction Of Sunshine Hours Data. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 6: 378-380.

Abstract: Fine particulate matter coming from the vehicular exhaust emission of motorized pedicabs (kuligligs) in Manila were characterized for its elemental composition using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). A personal cascade impactor, placed at the tailpipe of the "kuligligs", was used to collect the fine particulate matter coming from its exhaust emission. EDX analysis revealed that the particles coming from the emission of these "kuligligs" have complex compositions, which includes several elements like Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb.

Keywords – boat engine, elemental analysis, fine particulate matter,"kuliglig", SEM/EDX

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Abstract: Sokoto (13.010N, 5.150E) lies within the hot /dry semi desert climate type i.e. Sahel Savannah climate zone and is identified as one of the regions in West Africa that is severely affected by the dust particles originating from Sahara desert. In this paper, we computed the residence time of dust aerosol in Sokoto region using visibility data for 20 years (1991-2010) obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The method used yielded results which show variations in the values of the monthly and annual mean residence time of values 2.4-12.9 and 5.21 days respectively for the Harmattan months (November to March). These values are in general agreed with measurable values and similar to other naturally occurring aerosols in the atmosphere. Reasons are adduced for the variations.

Keywords: Dust aerosols, Harmattan, Residence time, Visibility

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[3] Babatunde, E.E. Akoshile, C.O Garnesh, SWilloughby,A.A Ajibola, T.B Falaiye, O.A, Adimula, I.A Aro, T.O Observation bio-effect of SW-global solar radiation in Ilorin in the tropics. Adv.Space Res.43(2008) 990-994.
[4] Papastefanou. C and Bondietti, E.A Mean Residence times of Atmospheric Aerosols in the boundary layer as determined from 210Bi/210Pb Activity Ratios. J. Aerosol Sci. vol.12 No 7 .(1991) Pp 927-43.

[5] Gong, S.L Barrie, L.A and Blanchet, J.P.Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere1.Journal of Geophysical Research.Vol.102,No.D3 (1997),pp 3805 -3818.

[6] Martell, E.A Transport patterns and residence times for Atmospheric trace constituents vs altitudes. In Radionuclides in the Environment, ACS Syrup. Set. No. 93(1970) pp. 138-157. American Chemical Society, Washington DC

[7] Kuroda, P. K Use of radioactive isotopes as atmospheric tracers. In Applications of Nuclear and Radiochemistry (Edited by Lambrecht, R. M. And Morcos, N.) (1982) pp.457- 481. Pergamon Press, New York. [8] Rajan, R An Introduction to Atmospheric Aerosol system. Mahatma University Kottayam (2010) pp 12-17,18-20, 30-36.

[9] Retalise, A Hadjimitsis, D.G, Michaelides S, .Tymvios, F Chrysonlakis, N Clayton, C.R.I and Themistocleous, K .Comparison of aerosol optical thickness with in situ visibility data over Cyprus, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.10 (2010) 421-428.

[10] Afeti, G.M and Resch, F.J. Physical characteristics of Saharan dust near Gulf of Guinea .Atmospheric Environment34,(2000)1273-1279.

Abstract: Various data capture tools are in existence today for either intrusive or non-intrusive capturing of data packets. The raw packet trace obtained with such capture tools can be used to determine a lot of information concerning a connection. Usually the data capture tools give insight into the behaviour of the traffic patterns, congestion window evolution and control. Through the possible analysis of the captured data, possible areas of network improvement could be established. One of such capturing tools, Wireshark, was used to capture some packets on an established TCP connection between a client with an IP address 192.168.0.140 and a distant server having IP address 128.227.74.66. In this paper an analysis of the captured data is presented. Phenomenon such as congestion window evolution in the connectionwasobserved on the time sequence graph which also gave an indication of the lost packets in the transmission.These lost packets were identified through the repeated ACKs on the relevant frames.With the captured data, the round trip time of 177ms was calculated, and the average bottleneck bandwidth obtained was 91.97𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 which compared favourably with the expected network bandwidth of 100 Mbps.In the captured data, a TCP-out-of-order packet was identified with a time stamp of 2.245038 indicating a lost packet.

Keywords:TCP,congestion window, bottleneck bandwidth, round trip time,

[1]. Derfler F. J. Jr., (2000) Practical Networking QUE A Division of Macmillan, Indiana, USA.
[2]. Hunter P. (1994) Local Area Networks Making the Right Choices Addison-Wiley Publishing Company, England, UK
[3]. Kurose, J. F. and Ross, K. W. (2001) Computer Networking A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, Addison Wiley Longman, Inc., USA.
[4]. Sanders, C. (2007) Practical Packet Analysis – Using Wireshark to solve real-world Network Problems,No Starch Press Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107.

Abstract: Transparent conducting Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films with an average thickness of 130.5nm were deposited on glass substrate at room temperature by RF sputtering technique. The samples were then annealed under nitrogen atmosphere at 423K, 573K and 723K respectively. The structural and electrical properties of the films were studied using four-point probe technique, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The as-grown (sample that has not been annealed) was found to have a resistivity of 11× 10-4Ω.cm while that of the annealed samples lies between 3.5×10-4 Ω.cm – 6.0 ×10-4 Ω.cm. The XRD analysis of the annealed samples shows that they are crystalline with prepared orientation of (002) plane. Other data analyzed include the grain size, strain and the residual stress.

Keywords:ZnO thin films,sputtering technique, structural properties,electrical properties, annealed samples.

[1]. Ayouchi, R.; Leinen, D.; Martn, F.; Gabas, M.; Dalchiele, E.; and Ramos-Barrado, J. R."Preparation and characterisation of transparent ZnO thin filmsobtained by spray pyrolysis". Thin Solid Films. 426(1-2): p. 68-77,2003
[2]. Buba,A.D.A and Adelabu,J.S.A,"Optical and Electrical Properties of Chemically Deposited ZnO Thin Films"The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology .11,2,pp.429-434,2010
[3]. Byeong-Yuh, O. Min-Chang, J. Doo-Soo,K, Woong, L. Jae-Min, M "Post annealing of Al-doped ZnO films in hydrogen atmosphere"Journal of Crystal Growth.281,pp.475-480,2005
[4]. Chaoyang, L. Mamoru,F. Tokiyoshi,M. Takahiro,H. Hiroshi,F and Takashi,H "RF power and thermal annealing effect on the properties of Zinc Oxide films prepared by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering"Hindawi Publishing coporationResearch Letters in Materials Science ,pp.1-5,2007
[5]. Czternastek, H "ZnO thin films prepared by high pressure magnetron sputtering"Opto-Electronics Review.12,1,pp.49-52,2004.
[6]. Schuetze, A. P. Wayne, L. Chris, B and Wilhelmus, J.G.A,"Laboratory on the Four-point Probe Technique",American Journal of Physics. 72,pp.149-53,2004
[7]. Ekem,N. Korkmaz, S. Pat,M.Z,. Balbang,N.E. Cetin,M.O ,Vladoiu, R;Musa, G,"ZnO thin film preparation using RF sputtering at various oxygen contents" ,Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced materials.10,12, pp. 3279-3282,2008.
[8]. Eya, D.D.O "Optical properties and applications of Cadmium selenide(CdSe) Thin films prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique"The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology.7,1,pp.64-68,2006.
[9]. Godbole,B. Nitu, B;Shyambihari . Deepti, V. Vganesan, G. "Growth Mechanism of ZnO films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique"Materials Science and Applications.2,pp.643-648,2011.
[10]. Habibi, M.H and Khaledi, M.S : "Structure and morphology of nanostructured Zinc Oxide thin films prepared by dip vs. spin-coating methods".J.Iran Chem.Soc. 5,4,pp.603-609,2008.

Abstract: Fura is a popular food that is traditionally consumed by the Hausas and Fulanis of Northern Nigeria and Niger republic. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of malting millet on the taste of the eventual fura produced. Some members of the public were picked to carry out sensory evaluation on fura made from unmalted millet which served as the control group, 1-day malted type and that of 2-day malted grains and graded them according to their taste. The data generated were analyzed for significance using one way and 2- way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA analized difference between samples of fura by each group of persons. The 2- way ANOVA compared the assessments given by the different group of persons to judge the overall sensory acceptability of the fura types. Sensory evaluation of fura produced from malted and unmalted grain show that there is a high preference to Fura produced by 2-day malting than the others.

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[2]. Clutterbuch V.J. and Brigs D.E. (1993). Enzymes formation and release by isolated barley aleurone layers. Phytochem 12:53.
[3]. Dronzek. B.L. Hwag P. and Bushuk W. (2002) scanning electron Microscopy of starch from sprouted wheat. Cereal chem. 49:232
[4]. Jones, R.L. (1980). The isolation of endoplasmic reticulum from barley aleurone layers Planta (Berlin) 150:70.
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Abstract: Hospitals are a place where patient's problems are designed, analyzed and treated. During these activities generation of solid waste is unavailable. This solid waste describe with the term "hospital waste" refer to all waste, biological or non-biological that is discarded and will never be used again. Hospital waste consists of mainly three group waste: medical waste, infections waste and domestic waste. "Medical waste" refers to materials accumulated as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human being. "Infection waste" refers to the portion of medical waste that is in contact with a patient who has infections disease and it is capable of producing an infection disease. Most of the time medical waste is considered to be infectious waste. If all the waste is mixed then the hospital waste is presumed to be infectious waste. Hospital waste has not attracted the attention as other type of wastes, particular in developing countries, despite the fact that the medical waste is labeled as hazardous because it poses serious and direct threat to human health.

Key Words: Bio-medical, Category, BOD, COD and Suspended Solid.

[1]. Agarwal R. (1998). Status of Alternative Medical Waste Disposal Technologies in the US, A Srishti Extract for aiding health care facilities.
[2]. APHA, AWWA and WPCF, (2005). standard methods; for the Examination of Waste Sewage and Industrial waste, New York.
[3]. Bio- Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule, July 20, 1998.
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Abstract: Boiled buffalos milk has been used to precipitate out metal ions of Cd,Pb and Hg from its salt solution of nitrates. The white flocculent containing metal ion and milk protein has been filtrated out the white flocculent after several wash was dried tested by Xray Fluroescence for the presence of these metals in the white flocculent. Xray Fluroescence results confirm the presence of these metal in the white flocculent .ICP-AES analysis for the white flocculent containing metals have also carried out to quantitative measurement of metal in the white flocculent . ICP-AES results show for cadmium ion from conc of 450ppm in control solutions it becomes 95ppm,in case of Pb ion Control conc of 960ppm it becomes 15ppm and for Mercury control conc of 21660ppm it becomes 500ppm after addition of 20ml aliquot of boiled buffalo milk in 100ml of metal ions solution. The dilution effect taken in to account reduction in the metal ions conc from control solutions actually goes to the white Flocculent Milk protein by replacing Ca from the original Milk protein by toxic heavy metal ions a theory has been proposed based on the std reduction potential chart of metal ions. Thus biological fluid buffalos milk which is available in plenty in the world can be used for replacing synthetic reagents thus checking the environmental pollution thus can emerge as one of the best Green chemistry reagents and it may help in the metal processing industries of these toxic metals to ease pollution.

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