IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-5 ~ Issue-1 ~ July–August 2013

Abstract: The mechanism of incentive and disincentive given in formal organizations such as farmers, namely: Gapoktan, Forum of forest Farmers and farmers groups supporting forest governance of HLSW sustainable. The research explained that mechanism incentive and a disincentive to organizations formal farmers in group incentives indirectly, with category sector incentives and enabling incentives. The type of incentive that is measured by the variable response and socio-economic conditions of the Community farmer explained that the type of incentives issued by the holder of the regulation in the utilization of protected forest governance Sungai Wain (HLSW) fall into the category of quadrants I and IV. Quadrant I) explained that an incentive-based community empowerment is required by the farming community forests in protected forest Sungai Wain (HLSW) to preserve its sustainable conservation. (Quadrant IV) describes the response of the Community farmer's low against these types of incentives issued by the holders of protected forest management regulations Sungai Wain (HLSW). The type of incentive is so normative and not in accordance with standard quality of goods that are expected by farmers. (Quadrant IV) describes the response of the Community farmer's low against these types of incentives issued by the holder of the regulation of the management of Sungai Wain (HLSW). The type of incentive is so normative and not in accordance with standard quality of goods that are expected by farmers. Behavior villagers forest governance associated with HLSW categorized in support and maintain the conservation forest participate in the sustainable and sustainability. Behavior of villagers described three aspects, with forest social aspect, namely: economic aspect cultural aspect. Mapping the distribution of stakeholders based on the strengths and interests of the stakeholder group which produces: (1) great power and great interests consist of: UP HLSW, BLH, BP DAS Mahakam Berau, (2) the power of a small but substantial interests consist of: the community forest village, DTKP and Balikpapan Pertamina UP V, (3) the power of a small but small interests consist of: PT. Singlurus Pratama, and (4) Great power but small interests consist of: DISPORABUDPAR, DISDIK, BPMPPKB and DINKES. Factors supporting the socio economical that is being base main in formulating policies supporting the pattern incentives in governance HLSW with scored 0,788. Score who gets ranking I (first) showed factor supporting believed by group villagers forest area in HLSW and the parties related with governance HLSW sustainable and sustainability. Factor supporting social capital scored 0,165 while factor supporting socio ecological scored 0,182.

Keywords: Governance, Incentive-Disincentive Systems and Paradigm of Sustainable Forest.

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Abstract: Adulteration is the process by which the quality or the nature of a given substances is reduced through the addition of a foreign or an inferior substance and the removal of a vital element. And it's ugly face is come out in the form of it's harmful effects as stomach disorder giddiness and joint pain, diarrhea, liver disorder, dropsy, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory distress, oedema, cardiac arrest, glaucoma carcinogenic effects, paralysis etc. According to Singh, Anita; et al. (2011) milk is staple food for both the group of children urban as well as rural area. From both the regions a wide variation of adulterants mixing was observed which causes diarrhea eyesight problems headache etc. Kumar, Ashish. (2011) reviewed that adulteration were detected in milk to the tune of 70% with water, turmeric powder-43% with chalk powder, red chilli powder-100% with artificial color, sugar 37% with chalk powder. Khapre,M.P.,2011 found that 68.5% Households, wife (home-maker) buys the grocery. Majority of them never read the food labels. All the selected food items were adulterated ranging from 76 % to 11%. According to Srilakshmi, 2001 lead is a toxic element and its contamination with food cause nausea, abdominal pain, anaemia, brain damage etc. mercuric salts found in fish is most toxic. It effects the brain. According to "The Hindu, Life & Style>>Food, July 13, 2010," Danger lurks in the packaged food we find on kitchen shelves. Profiteers routinely adulterate food items like milk, dal, ghee, honey and so on. In recent years, food adulteration has evolved into a very profitable business, causing serious health hazards. Some can even cause cancer. The Hindu, Monday, Jul 20, 2009, Tamil Nadu-Chennai, "A chunk of the green leafy vegetables sold in Chennai is found to contain toxic metals that have the potential to harm various organs of the body. Above studies shows that instead of several food laws, acts, standards there is something lacuna which makes it still prevailing in our daily food items.

Key words: Adulteration, Carcinogenic, Hazards, Toxic

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Abstract: Three common brands of seasonings labeled X, Y, Z were analyzed for proximate, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and mineral composition. The moisture content of the samples was found to range between 0.99 and 3.01%. Crude protein, crude fat and ash contents were : 9.18-12.87 ; 2.50-3.50 and 54.00-75.00% dry matter (DM) respectively. MSG content ranged between 0.34 and 0.67%. The concentrations of some metals-copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), and lead(Pb) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the results revealed that some of these metals were present in some brands but absent in others.

Keywords – Minerals, Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Nigeria, Proximate Analysis, Seasonings

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Abstract: The word "Menopause" literally means the "End of Monthly Cycles". It is from the Greek word pausis [Cessation] and the root men-[month]. The menopause is a normal part of life, like a puberty it is not a disease or a condition. During this phase due to lack of estrogen people can face many problems like hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings, osteoporosis, lack of concentration and memory loss . They need to be controlled thenmenopausal people can lead normal life. Natural estrogens can be very helpful during menopause to mitigate the problems.Estrogen like chemicals found in plants such as soy, barley,wheat, ragi,red beans,chickpeas, sesame seeds, and black licorice which are called as natural estrogens or phytoestrogens. These food grains were used to prepare a diet mix to control menopausal symptoms and estimated the phytoestrogen contents. Significantly high level of phytoestrogen was observed in prepared product.

Key Words: Menopause, hot flashes, mood swings, estrogen, phytoestrogen

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Abstract: This study examines the activities of Ogling in Kaduna town. It investigates those involved and the effect of Ogling. This is achieved through administration of questionnaire and interview 0f selected drivers. The people in Kaduna are very much aware of the major causes of accidents but they have less consideration for Ogling The study has revealed that over 70% accept they have been totally attracted by pedestrians'. The attraction seems to be more during the hot season which is put a nearly50 %. Probably because of heat people tend to wear light clothes. Nearly one half of respondents wish to see the person that attracts them again, while just over one half are not interested in seeing that person again. In Kaduna, because drivers cannot take their eyes 0ff beautiful women//hot guys, 49.5 % claim they have crashed in to the car in front of them while ogling About one quarter of those who have accidents careless on the experience while over 70% did not like the experience. But all of the respondents say they will not tell their spouses the real cause of the accident and over three quarters indicate they cannot stop ogling. In general, the ratio of men vs women ogling is 3:2. The men blame it on the women's provocative dressing. Thus, there is every need to imbibe decent code of dressing so that men who admitted been the major actors of ogling, will look less

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Abstract: Some physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels in water samples obtained from twenty hand dug wells in Gambari, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria were analysed in order to investigate and assess the drinking water quality. Conventional analytical methods were employed for the determination of the physicochemical parameters while heavy metals in the water samples were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results of physicochemical parameters in the water analysed showed various ranges as follows: pH (5.57 -7.1, mean; 6.454), conductivity (225.67-1353μscm-1, mean; 498.45 μscm-1), Alkalinity (0.43-4.73 mg/L, mean; 1.27 mg/L), Total hardness (30.33-86.33 mg/L, mean; 44.92 mg/L), Dissolved oxygen (0.73-7.5 mg/L, mean; 4.39 mg/L), Nitrates (0.00-5.0 mg/L, mean; 0.41 mg/L) and Sulphate (0.00-6.33 mg/L, mean; 0.34 mg/L). Also, from the results of the heavy metals analysed, high concentrations were recorded in certain wells especially in sample collected from GASP. The results indicated that the drinking water quality is becoming deteriorated because most of the water samples were found to be at minimum satisfactory level except for GASP (located within a cassava processing and milling industry) found to be at unsatisfactory level because ninety five percent of the parameters tested were found to be at high levels in concentration

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Abstract: Agriculture is mainly rain-fed in Zimbabwe and the provision of accurate rainfall information by the Meteorological Services Department is crucial to agricultural productivity in the country. The seasonal rainfall forecasts are used as an early warning tool produced with a lead time of at least 3 months such that it is important for the users to know their accuracy. Rainfall data and seasonal forecasts from the Meteorological Services Department were used to create 3 by 3 contingency tables for each homogeneous rainfall region which were then used to compute statistics which indicate the accuracy of the forecasts in the country. The study observed that national seasonal climate forecasts are finer and more accurate than regional (SARCOF) ones. In Zimbabwe, the forecasts were found to be 55 and 60% accurate for the rainfall region 3, 64 and 90% for region 2 and 73 and 80% for region 1 for the JFM and OND seasons, respectively. In all the regions the accuracy was found to be higher during the OND season than the JFM season. Limited uptake by farmers (Manatsa et al., 2012) was therefore, attributed to limited access and knowledge of the science (Patt, 2001) than to the accuracy of the forecasts. The study encourages the climate experts to reach out to the farmers to train them as well as to train all partners involved in distributing the forecasts to the users such as the Agricultural extension officers. The study also developed a new forecast interpretation tool which is handy for any user of climate data. Further research leading to forecasting of extremes such as dry spells ahead of a season and inclusion of other indicators such as the Indian Ocean Dipole could improve the accuracy of seasonal forecasts. The binary system which indicates whether there will be drought or not should be adopted into the national climate forecasting system replacing the current one which uses probabilities and three categories of possible outcomes.
Keywords: seasonal forecast, rainfall region, rainfall, climate experts, Indian Ocean Dipole, Meteorological, early warning, ENSO, climate, seasons, forecast, dry spell

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Abstract: The main objective of the study was to define socio-economic and health status with the context of climate change in the interior coastal region of the Bay of Bengal. There were selected three villages of Dumuria upazila, Khulana, Bangladesh in order to address the objectives. Both secondary data and primary data through participatory approaches e.g. Personal Interviews (15 participants per village) were considered. From the field survey, the stratification of wealth group indicated that the poor groups embodying the largest number of household and the major economic activity among the respondents is agriculture, the most vulnerable sector of climate change are high level of vulnerability of communities in the study area. The local people (64.44% of the respondents) perceived the increase in temperature and precipitation over the 7 years. From the empirical climatic data, there were also observed the fluctuations of humidity and rainfall; temperature trend was also observed that the winter is becoming cooler but the summer is hotter. Therefore, there were also found that the fluctuations of the crops production with seasonal variations. On the context of health concern, nutritional status was found well with adequate food and safe drinking water and also using hygiene sanitation. There were also reported some health problems those are related to climatic phenomenon.

Keywords: Climate change, People Perception, Crop Production, Health Status

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Abstract: In present study pot experiments for Tomato plant were conducted to evaluate the effect of Carbendazim (fungicide), 2,4-D and Metribuzin (herbicides) on certain beneficial microorganisms of rhizosphere. Total counts of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were lower in the treated soil than the untreated soil. The significant negative effect of the herbicides and fungicide on counts of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB were observed. The period of retardation or stimulation in growth differed according to the type of pesticide and type of micro-organisms under study.

Key words: Carbendazim, 2,4-D, Metribuzim, Non-target Microorganisms, Azotobacter, Azospirillum

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Abstract: This study involved a laboratory experiment on the efficiency of the plant duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza in improving the quality of two polluted wetlands of Eloor industrial area, Ernakulam, Kerala. The efficiency was tested by measuring some of physicochemical characteristics of the control and plant treatments after each eight days. All the parameters show considerable rate of reduction. In wetland I, The highest rates of reduction after 8 days of treatment were for heavy metals, accounting 95%, 79%, and 66% for Lead, Copper and Zinc, respectively, followed by 53% for Chromium, 45% for Mercury, 26% for Cobalt, 20% for manganese and 7% for Nickel. Other factors like pH, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate , sulphate, TDS, TSS and Turbidity reduced by 12%, 37%, 49%, 100%, 36%, 16%, 53%,85% and 52% respectively. In wetland II also heavy metals were removed with Cd(100%), Fe(98%), Pb(91%), Cu(74%) Zn(62%) and Hg(53%) removed more efficiently. The results showed that this aquatic plant can be successfully used for wastewater pollutants removal. Other physiochemical parameters like pH, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate , sulphate, TDS, TSS and Turbidity reduced by 14%, 40%, 60%, 100%, 38%, 65%, 73%, 85%, and 51% after 8 days of treatment.

Key words: Phytoremediation, Spirodela polyrrhiza, Lemnaceae, Wetland, Heavy metals

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Abstract: The toxicity of shea Butter effluent (SBE) was investigated with emphasis on hematological, and biochemical profiles of Clarias gariepinus. adults of 280g_+0.3. The haematological indices revealed that increased in the concentration of the effluent brings about a corresponding decrease in the PVC, RBC, and Hemoglobin of the test organism. In the other way round, the volume of white Blood cell decreased at concentration of 0.003, 0.005, 0.007, and 0.009 but increased sharply at 0.011ppt concentration.In the same vein, the shea butter effluents causes a decline in the biochemical composition of Clariasgariepnusvis-à-vis Albumin, protein, cholesterol, Glucose and Urea when compared to the control treatment. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to aquatic environment should not be encouraged.

Keyword: Shea butter, Effluent, Clarias gariepinus, heamatological, biochemical

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Abstract: In April 2012 , a survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to all staff focusing on staff compliance and knowledge in managing hospital wastes. 500 questionnaires had been distributed. However only 363 questionnaires had been collected which is 72.6% of the sample. After the survey, various interventions had been carried out from May 2012 to September 2012 including producing the guidelines to manage hospital wastes, continuous teaching for all staff, monthly briefing at every department and monthly round by a team headed by outsource officer who is in charge of waste management to check the compliance, guidelines on audit of waste and training of head of departments on how to conduct waste audit. In October 2012 ,waste audit was conducted to find out the compliance among staff including clinical waste, chemical waste, domestic and food waste, electrical and electronic equipment waste. Audit check points include consignment notes, reports as required by laws and regulations, handling, segregation, storage, collection, transportation and disposal. Results were later compared to both national and international benchmarking .The clinical and chemical waste generated in KPJ Seremban were 39% compared to 20%-40% for Malaysian hospitals and 15% for American hospital. For domestic and kitchen waste, KPJ Seremban generated 61% compared to 60%-80% for Malaysia hospitals and 85% for American hospitals. Therefore KPJ Seremban was within the national and international standards.

Key Words: Hospital wastes, survey , waste audit, benchmarking

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