IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-6 ~ Issue-4 ~ Sep–Oct 2013

Abstract: This paper deals with the uses of zeolites and zeolite-based materials for developing gas sensors. The purpose of using zeolites in sensors is usually to improve sensitivity and selectivity by preferential adsorption, in addition, thin films assure a fast response time of the sensor. The compound or cluster sensing towards a gas assembled into the cages or channels of zeolites property of the materials were disussed in this paper. The possibility of these materials is tinted and avenues for further research are suggested. Keywords: Zeolite; gas sensing; guest/host materials; absorption.

[1]. Breck, D.W. Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Chemistry and Use; Wiley: New York, USA, 1974.
[2]. Baerlocher, Ch.; Meier, W.M.; Olson, D.H. Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types. 5th ed.; Elsevier:London, 2001.
[3]. Valdés Granda, M.; Pérez-Cordoves, A.I.; Díaz-García, M.E. Zeolites and zeolite-based materials in analytical chemistry. Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 24-30.
[4]. Coronas, J.; Santamaria, J. The use of zeolite films in small-scale and micro-scale applications.Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59, 4879-4885.
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[6]. Meier, B.; Werner, T.; Klimant, I.; Wolfbeis, O.S. Novel oxygen sensor material based on a ruthenium bipyridyl complex encapsulated in zeolite-Y-dramatic differences in the efficiency of luminescence quenching by oxygen on going, from surface-adsorbed to zeolite-encapsulated fluorophores. Sensor. Actuator. B-Chem. 1995, 29, 240-245
[7]. Payra, P.; Dutta, P.K. Development of a dissolved oxygen sensor using tris(bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) complexes entrapped in highly siliceous zeolites. Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 2003, 64,109-118.
[8]. Coutant, M.A.; Payra, P.; Dutta, P.K. Oxygen transport in zeolite Y measured by quenching of encapsulated tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium. Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 2003, 60, 79-90.
[9]. Lin, L.; Guthrie, J.T. Novel oxygen-enhanced membrane assemblies for biosensors. J. Membr.Sci. 2006, 278, 173-180.
[10]. Rauch, W.L.; Liu, M. Development of a selective gas sensor utilizing a perm-selective zeolite membrane. J. Mater. Sci. 2003, 38, 4307-4317.

Abstract: Indiscriminate hill cutting is one of the major environmental problem in Sylhet city. As this city has many hills and hillocks (Tilas), its environment is closely related with hills. So massive indiscriminate hill cutting can create environmental problems. Sylhet is an Earthquake prone area of Bangladesh and it is situated in the most risky zone of seismic map of the country. This paper is an investigation of Indiscriminate cutting of hills in Sylhet city. The main causes of hill cutting, public perception of the people living on hilly areas about hill cutting, awareness level of them are the main focus point of this paper. We also tried to find out the awareness level condition of people buying plots from the housing companies in hilly areas.

Keywords: Hill Cutting, Hills and Hillocks, Sylhet City, Hill Cutting awareness.

[1] SCC: Official information (unpublished),Sylhet City Corporation, Sylhet, Bangladesh. (2010)

[2] Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), "Bangladesh National Building Code", 1993.

[3] M A Ansary & M. Sharfuddin , " Earthquake Hazards scenario in Greater Sylhet Region" proc. H & H 2000 conference ,Dhaka and Exter, 238.

[4] Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

[5] Amanullah Bin Mahmood and Mamunul H. Khan, "Landslide Vulnerability of Bangladesh Hills and Sustainable Management Options: A Case Study of 2007 Landslide in Chittagong City". International Seminar Management and Mitigation of Water Induced Disaster 21-22 April 2008 Kathmundu, Nepal.

[6] Md. Sirajul Islam, 2G. M. Jahid Hasan and 3Md. Aktarul Islam Chowdhury "Destroying hills in the northeastern part of Bangladesh: A qualitative assessment of extent of the problem and its probable impact" Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, Winter 2006, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 301-308

[7] Barrister M. Omar Bin Harun Khan, Cutting of hills: Lack of law or lack of law enforcement?, Law and Our rights , Issue No: 27 July 7, 2007, The Daily Star.

[8] Md. Sirajul Islam, 2G. M. Jahid Hasan and 3Md. Aktarul Islam Chowdhury "Destroying hills in the northeastern part of Bangladesh: A qualitative assessment of extent of the problem and its probable impact" Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, Winter 2006, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 301-308

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the determination of Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and Zn in 30 samples of roasted cashew nuts from six towns in Southeastern Nigeria. The elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy with background correction after ashing of the nuts at 450 °C and mineralizing with acids. The results (mg/kg; dry matter) showed that K (overall mean) occurred at 6200±130, Mg at 2900±110, Na at 2600±180, Ca at 360±40, Zn at 71±6, Fe at 69±6, Cu at 23±2, Mn at 21±2, Ni at 0.25±0.07 and Cr at 0.078±0.036. Consumption of cashew nuts in the two retail weights of approximately 35 and 79 g will provide (mg/day): 217–489 K, 102–229 Mg, 91–205 Na, 13–28 Ca, 2.5–5.6 Zn, 2.4–5.5 Fe, 0.8–1.8 Cu and 0.7–1.7 Mn. Compared to the Reference Daily Intake, these values will amount (%) to 40-90 for Cu, 35-85 for Mn and 13-31 for Fe. PCA analysis revealed interrelationships among the metals and suggested that the metals were of natural sources. Roasted cashew nuts would therefore serve as a dietary source of essential elements and pose no toxicological health risks.

Keywords: Foods, micronutrients, Nigeria, roasted cashew nut, trace elements

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[7] E.U. Asogwa, L.A. Hammed, T.C.N. Ndubuaku, Integrated production and protection practices of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(25), 2008, 4868–4873.
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Abstract: The change of biophysical and social environment as the effect of the change and the conversion of forest area into coal mining area has supported the villagers of forest village around the coal mining area to adapt so they can still exist as in a community and improve their welfare. This study aims to (1) analyze coal based forest village community's behavioral adaptation to the change of biophysical and social environment due to the change and conversion of the forest area into coal mining area (2) analyze all the strategic behaviors of the community of coal based forest village community in adapting to the change of biophysical and social environment because of the change and the conversion of the forest area into the coal mining area (3) formulate strategic adaptation models of the villagers of coal-based forest village towards the change of biophysical and social environment due to the change and conversion of forest area into coal mining area. This research was conducted in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan. The research method used to achieve these goals involved Miles and Huberman qualitative approach.

Keywords: Adaptation behaviors, Strategic behaviors, and Strategic adaptations

[1]. Adesina AA, Chianu J. 2002. Determinants of Farmers' Adoption and Adaptation of Alley Farming Technology in Nigeria. Agroforestry Sys 55: 99–112.
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[3]. Arifin. 2008. Social Change in Rural Areas (A Study of Process and Impacts of Agricultural Land Conversion into Housing Development areas in Pakis Sub-district, Malang Regency). Dissertation of Brawijaya University. Malang. pp.407 (unpublished).
[4]. Aryadi, Mahrus. 2010.Cultural Adaptation of rural communities to Forest community Program. Dissertation of Brawijaya University. Malang. pp. 366 (unpublished).
[5]. Artur L, Hilhorst D. 2012. Everyday Realities of Climate Change Adaptation in Mozambique. Glo Clim Change 22: 529–536.
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[9]. Hatu, Rauf A. 2010.Agricultural Land conversion into Sugarcane Plantations and its Impacts on Rural Communities (A case study on social changes among farmers in Tolangohula sub-district, Gorontalo Regency).Dissertation of Brawijaya University, Malang. pp 443 (unpublished).
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Abstract: The present paper gives an account of two species of powdery mildew fungi hither to unrecorded from Kerala. The described species are Pseudoidium clitoriae and Fibroidium balsaminae with their host range and distribution.

Keywords: Powdery mildews, Kerala, Pseudoidium, Oidium, Fibroidium, Appressoria

[1] P. Narayanaswami and K. Ramakrishnan, Powdery mildews of Coimbatore, Madras state, The Madras University Journal, 37-38, 1969, 84-89.
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[4] N. Ale-Agha, H. Boyle, U. Braun, H. Butin, H. Jage, V. Kummer and H.D. Shin, Taxonomy, host range and distribution of some powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales), Schlechtendalia, 17, 2008, 39-54.
[5] V.B. Hosagoudar and D.K. Agarwal, Powdery Mildews of India –Check list (Associated publishing company, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, 2009).
[6] Y.S. Paul and V.K. Thakur, Indian Erysiphaceae (Scientific Publishers India, Jodhpur, 2006).
[7] U. Braun and R.T.A. Cook, Taxonomic manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery mildews) CBS Biodiversity Series II (CBS-KHAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2012).
[8] N. Ahmed, D.K. Agarwal, O.M. Bambawal and K.C. Puzari, Erysiphaceae of India Monographic treatment (New Delhi 2007).
[9] N.R. Rajderkar, Occurrence of two powdery mildews on Balsam, Impatiens balsamina L., Mycopathologia et. Mycologia Applicata 28 (1-2), 1966, 149-152.
[10] C.K. Biju, V.B. Hosagoudar and S. Sreekumar, Additions to the Powdery mildews of Kerala, India, Bioscience discovery 2(1), 2011, 38-42.

Abstract: Objective: Aqueous leaves extracts of Ocimum gratissimum has been reported to possess hypoglycaemic effects. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigated the LD50 of the crude aqueous leaves extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and the effect of sub-chronic doses of the extract on liver and kidney function parameters of albino rats. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical and acute evaluation of the possible toxicity risk of Ocimum gratissimum aqueous leaves extracts were investigated in this study. Sixteen albino rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups of four marked as control group, groups A, B, and C respectively. Groups A, B and C were treated with oral administration of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum at 100mg, 200mg and 400mg/kg body weight daily respectively for two weeks. Control group received no treatment for subchronic toxicity.

Keywords: Aqueous Ocimum gratissimum extract, Phytochemical, LD50, sub-chronic toxicity, albino rats, toxicological effect.

[1]. Lewis WM. and Elvin-Lewis MPF. Medical Botany: Plants Affect Man's; John Wiley and son Inc. USA 1995; 216-220
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Abstract: A survey of the fungi in Thai shrimp ponds was conducted with purpose of determining the biodiversity of lignicolous fungi present. The seasonal colonization pattern by lignicolous fungi on wooden baits submerged in three shrimp ponds in Chachoengsao Province was determined over a 20-month period extending from April 2010 to January 2012. The wooden baits were deployed every 3 months and left submerged for a month before they were recovered and evaluated. The fungi were identified and isolated into axenic cultures. The total number of fungi recorded was 21 species. The highest numbers of fungal species found were 18 species from the April 2010 sample, which comprised 12 Ascomycota and 6 anamorphic fungi. Four fungi were commonly encountered (frequency >30%), namely Lulworthia grandispora, Haiyanga salina, Verruculina enalia and Periconia prolifica. One species of Massarina can be considered as "rare" (frequency <1%). Shannon-Wiener index (H') for the fungi was determined to be in the range 1.37-2.18, whilst evenness (J') value was close to 1 (0.62-0.79) suggesting that the major fungal species that were found were regularly encountered and present in high abundance. The percentage of occurrence of fungal species was significantly positive correlated with water salinity and temperature.

Keywords : Diversity, Fungi, Shrimp pond, Thailand

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[8] K.D. Hyde and S.B. Pointingr, Marine Mycology : A practical approach (Hong Kong, Fungal Diversity Press, 2000).

[9] J. Kohlmeyer, and V. Kohlmeyer, Illustrated key to the filamentous higher marine fungi. Botanica Marina, 34, 1991, 1-61.

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Abstract: Development, growth and reproduction are influenced by daily and seasonal variations of photoperiod in teleost fish. Experiments were carried out to investigate the environmental regulation of reproduction in cat fish (Clarias batrachus) with special reference to the role of photoperiod. The effect of the photoperiod and temperature regimes on reproductive function was assessed by GSI and histological techniques. The Photo regimes taken up for the study were; 5hr L / 19 hr D at 22 0C ,9 hr L / 15 hr D at 220C and 18hr L / 6 hr D at 220C . The results reveal the advancement in reproduction of fishes by changing photoperiodic regimes. Gonadosomatic index(GSI) have been calculated. GSI values was high in 18hr L/6 hr D.

Key words: Clarias batrachus, reproduction, histology, photoperiod , GSI,

[1]. Acharia, K., Lal, B., Singh, T. P. and Pati, A. K. 2000. Circadian phase dependent thermal stimulation of ovarian recrudescence in
Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus. – Biological Rhythm Research 31: 125–135.
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Environmental and Metabolic Endocrinology, pp. 91–100. University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India.
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Abstract: This paper is based on the various reports related to the environmental impacts of war on the Asian countries since the atomic explosion of World War II. After the explosion has caused the physical damage to the object by bombs of high explosive content, the dangerous material is directed to the environment. It is this part of warfare material in the form of chemicals, radiations, heat etc. that hangs around in the environment and damage those who were never a part of the war.

Key word; Atomic, damage, explosion, impact

[1]. www.restoring water systems in Iraq
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Abstract: The effect of household preparation prior to consumption was assessed in five vegetables commonly consumed in Nigeria: Telfaria occidentalis, Celosia argentea, Amaranthus caudatus, Solanum macrocarpon and Talinum triangulare purchased from a local market in south-west Nigeria. Wholesomeness, colour, moisture and ascorbic acid content were determined using standard laboratory procedures. The results obtained showed that the sizes of the shreds and time of exposure resulted in variation of the ascorbic acid content which ranges between 11% and 56% when compared with the fresh. And moisture content which ranges between 2% and 45%. Thus, care must be exercised in the types of processes and exposure time during vegetables preparation.

Keywords: Vegetables, ascorbic acid, shredding, moisture content.

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[7]. Odufuwa, Kuburat Temitope, Atunnise Adeleke, Kinnah, Hudson joseph, Adeniji P. O, Salau, Bamidele Adewale (2013). Changes in Saponins Content of Some Selected Nigerian Vegetables during Blanching and Juicing. IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology; 3(3)38-42.
[8]. Salau, B. A, Ajani E .O, Odufuwa, K. T, Adegbesan, B. O, and Soladoye, M. O. (2010). Effect of processing on iodine content of some selected plants food. African Journal of Biotechnology; 9(8) 1200-1204.
[9]. Salau B. A, Emmanuel O. Ajani, Michael O. Soladoye and Bisuga Nurudeen A., (2011). Evaluation of iodine content of some selected fruits and vegetables in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(6), pp. 960-964,
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Abstract: In spite of Millennium Development Goals coming to a close, safe water and sanitation pose universal challenges for public health as water-borne diseases dominate the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In developing countries, about 2.2 million people die every year due to basic hygiene-related diseases, and typhoid is on the increase. The major route of transmission is contaminated water. Salmonella of human origin indicates pollution from human wastes. Four river water and three borehole water samples were collected in four rural coastal communities of Bayelsa state, Nigeria and analysed for total coliforms and S. Typhi. Samples were filtered by a membrane filter of pore size 0.45μm (Milipore) and enriched on Selenite F broth and incubated for 24h followed by plating on Salmonella-Shigella Agar.

Keywords : Surface water, River water, Water-Borne Disease, Coliforms, Salmonellae, Water Pollution, Typhoid fever, Borehole water.

[1]. Abednego, M.M.; Mbaruk, A.S.; John, N.M.; John, M.M. Water-borne bacterial pathogens in surface waters of Nairobi river and health implication to communities downstream Athi river. International journal of life science and pharma research. 2013, 3 (1) 4-7

[2]. Adams, S.B.; Kolo, R.J. Public health implications of Gurara River around Izam Environs, Niger state Nigeria. Fisheries society of Nigeria (FISON) conference proceedings 13th-17th November 2006. Calabar Nigeria. 2006, 167-173.

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[4]. Aliero, AA and Ibrahim AD Antibiotic Resistance and the Prospects of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Salmonellosis, Salmonella - A Diversified Superbug, Mr. Yashwant Kumar (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-781-9, InTech, Available from:http://www.intechopen.com/books/salmonella-a-diversified-superbug/-antibiotic-resistance-and-the-prospects-of-medicinal-plants-in-the-treatment-of-salmonellosis. 2012, (4): 65

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Abstract: Food consumption is one important aspect of life, therefore it is necessary to safeguard food from contamination, as contaminated food poses serious public health threat, especially foods that are prepared and sold outside for public consumption. Food handlers infected by several enteropathogens have been implicated in the transmission of many infections to the consumers. This study was conducted to survey the bacteriological quality and prevalence of enteric bacteria in ready to eat foods as very little information available on vended food in Bayelsa State, a coastal area in Nigeria. The study used the spread plate method for the growth of Salmonella spp, E coli, E coli 0157, Proteus sp, Klebsiella on SSA, EMB, Sorbitol Macconkey and Blood Agar with biochemical differentiation using Kigler Iron Agar (KIA) along with Motility, Indole and Urea (MIU) tests. A total of 16 isolates were tested of which salmonella species were (5), E coli (4), E coli 0157 (4), Proteus sp and Klebsiella sp (2) each. The isolates tested against selected antibiotics showed varying degree of susceptibility with total resistance observed in Augmentin, Ceftazidine and Cefuroxime. It is concluded that the isolation of Salmonella and E coli 0157 pose a significant health threat especially among children and the aged, as diarrhoea and typhoid incidence are reportedly high among these age groups. The results further suggest that there is necessity for educational/health orientation programmes for consumers and food vendors on hygiene, food handling and sanitation through awareness creation and capacity building.

Key Words: Street Food, Amassoma, Niger Delta Area, Food Handlers, Food-Borne Illnesses.

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